Waste-Based Zeolite
Synthesis and Environmental Applications
- 1st Edition - May 30, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Authors: Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Niladri Shekhar Samanta, Pranjal Pratim Das
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 3 1 6 - 7
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 3 1 7 - 4
Waste-Based Zeolite: Synthesis and Environmental Applications focuses on the use of waste-based materials to fabricate zeolite and its subsequent use in environmental applicati… Read more
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Waste-Based Zeolite: Synthesis and Environmental Applications focuses on the use of waste-based materials to fabricate zeolite and its subsequent use in environmental applications. It presents recent progress in zeolite synthesis using wastes products such as fly ash, steel slag, biomass waste, water treatment plant sludge, and municipal waste, among others. It discusses the application of waste-based zeolite for environmental applications such as biodiesel production, as well as considering techniques for recovering spent zeolite. Many industries produce substantial quantities of waste material comprising various hazardous constituents that lead to pollution and threaten the environment.
However, such waste can often be a rich source of precursor ingredients for zeolite synthesis, and waste-based zeolites could potentially provide an economically and environmentally viable alternative to commercially available zeolites. This book illuminates this fascinating avenue of research.
- Investigates the synthesis of waste-based zeolites and their application for environmental remediation
- Covers the classification, structure, and characterization techniques of waste-based zeolites
- Discusses waste-based zeolites as a potential catalyst for biofuel production
- Considers the regeneration analysis and recovery of spent zeolite material
Industry professionals, researchers, and academicians working with zeolites
1: Introduction to zeolite
1.1 Background of zeolite
1.2 Classification of zeolite
1.3 Zeolites structure and their potential application
1.4 Mechanism of zeolite formation and effect of synthesis parameters on the obtained products
1.5 Various techniques for zeolite synthesis and their limitations
1.5.1 Hydrothermal treatment
1.5.2 The alkaline fusion-assisted hydrothermal treatment
1.5.3 Molten-salt method
1.5.4 Green synthesis (ionothermal) technique
1.5.5 Microwave energy
1.5.6 Ultrasound energy
1.5.7 Ball milling energy approach (solvent-free and solvent-aided synthesis route)
1.6 Characterization of zeolite
1.6.1 Elemental analysis
1.6.1.1 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
1.6.1.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
1.6.1.3 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy
1.6.2 Phase and functional group detection
1.6.2.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
1.6.2.2 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
1.6.2.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
1.6.3 Electron microscopy analysis for imaging (FESEM)
1.6.4 Electron microscopy and Microstructure analysis (FETEM)
1.6.4 Surface area analysis
2 Application of zeolite
3 Summary
References
2: Solid waste as a potential source for zeolite synthesis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Industrial waste
2.2.1 Steel industry slag
2.2.1.1 Characterization of steel slag
2.2.1.2 Utilization of steel slag
2.2.1.3 Scope of zeolite synthesis from steel slag
2.2.2 Power plant fly ash (coal fly ash)
2.2.2.1 Characterization of coal fly ash (CFA)
2.2.2.2 Utilization of fly ash
2.2.2.3 Scope to zeolite formation from CFA
2.3 Biomass waste
2.3.1 Characterization of biomass ash 2.3.2 Utilization of biomass ash
2.3.3 Biomass ash as a potential source for zeolite synthesis
2.4 Municipal solid waste
2.4.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of municipal waste
2.4.2 Applications of municipal waste
2.4.3 Municipal solid waste as a zeolite source
2.5 Other solid waste sources
2.5.1 Characterization of miscellaneous solid waste
2.5.2 Utilization of various types of solid waste
2.5.3 Possible utilization towards zeolite synthesis
2.6 Challenges and future trends
2.7 Summary References
3: Preparation of different types of zeolite from steel slag
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Zeolite synthesis from various slag sources
3.2.1 Blast furnace slag (BFS)
3.2.1.1 Various types of zeolite synthesis using BFS
3.2.2 Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag
3.2.2.1 Different kinds of zeolite preparation utilizing EAF slag
3.2.3 Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag
3.2.3.1 Zeolite synthesis from LD-slag
3.3 Major challenges and solution
3.4 Future prospective
3.5 Conclusion References
4: Synthesis of zeolite from coal fly ash
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of CFA
4.3 Surface morphology
4.4 The crystalline structure of CFA
4.5 Techniques for zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash
4.5.1 Traditional hydrothermal method
4.5.2 Fusion-facilitated alkaline hydrothermal treatment
4.5.3 Molten salt method
4.5.4 Microwave assistance technique
4.5.5 Ultrasound energy technique
4.5.6 Reagents addition method
4.6 Critical assessment and solution
4.7 Summary References
5: Synthesis of zeolite from biomass fly ash
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Outline of Zeolite synthesis from biomass ash
5.2.1 rice husk ash (RHA)
5.2.1.1 Characterization of RHA
5.2.1.2 Several types of zeolite synthesis from RHA
5.2.2 Sugarcane bagasse fly ash (SBFA)
5.2.2.1 Characterization of SBFA
5.2.2.2 Zeolite preparation from SBFA
5.4.3 Palm oil mill fly ash (POMFA)
5.4.3.1 Characterization of POMFA
5.4.3.2 Different kinds of zeolite preparation from POMFA
5.4.4 Bamboo leaf
5.4.4.1 Characterization of bamboo leaf
5.4.4.2 Zeolite synthesis from bamboo leaf biomass
5.5 Challenges and future perspective
5.6 Summary References
6: Utilization of municipal solid waste fly ash for zeolite preparation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Various techniques to prepare zeolite from municipal solid waste
6.2.1 Alkali fusion followed by hydrothermal technique
6.2.1.1 Effects of operating temperature
6.2.1.2 Effects of mineralizer concentration
6.2.1.3 Effects of solid-to-liquid ratio
6.2.2 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal method
6.2.2.1 Effect of treatment time
6.2.2.2 Effects of mineralizer concentration
6.2.2.3 Effect of NaOH concentration
6.3 Challenges and future recommendation
6.4 Conclusion References
7: Zeolite synthesis from miscellaneous waste resources
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of miscellaneous sources and zeolite synthesis
7.3 Zeolite synthesis from various solid wastes
7.3.1 Water treatment plant sludge
7.3.2 Glass waste
7.3.3 Alum sludge
7.3.4 Lithium sludge
7.3.5 Aluminium scrap
7.3.6 Bauxite residue
7.3.7 Crushed stone powder
7.3.8 Opal waste rock
7.3.9 Cupola slag
7.3.10 Porcelain waste
7.4 7.5 Recyling of spent zeolites as a source of raw material for pristine zeolite synthesis Challenges and future recommendation
7.6 Summary References
8: Various aspects in the application of waste-based zeolite
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Waste-based Zeolites for environmental remediation
8.2.1 Hazardous gas removal
8.2.1.1 CO2 removal
8.2.1.2 Removal of sulphur compounds
8.2.1.3 Removal of N compounds
8.2.1.4 Elimination of VOCs compounds
8.2.1.5 Elimination of Hg vapor
8.2.2 Wastewater treatment application
8.2.2.1 Heavy metals removal
8.2.2.2 Dye removal
8.2.2.3 Water softening
8.2.3 Zeolites as a potential source of biodiesel production
8.3 Challenges
8.4 Conclusion References
9: Differences between commercial zeolite and waste-derived zeolite
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characterization study of pure vs synthetic zeolite 9.2.1 XRD analysis 9.2.2 FESEM analysis
9.2.3 BET analysis
9.3 Applications of pure and waste-derived zeolite
9.3.1 Ion-exchange capacity
9.3.2 Biomedical applications
9.3.3 Other applications
9.4 Cost analysis of commercial grade and Si/Al-contained waste-derived zeolite
9.5 Summary References
10: Advancement in zeolite regeneration techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Regeneration process
10.2.1 Chemical regeneration
10.2.1.1 Zeolite regeneration by the chemical process
10.2.1.2 Optimization for zeolite regeneration by NaClO-NaCl solution
10.2.1.3 Optimization for NaClO-NaCl regeneration
10.2.2 Biochemical regeneration
10.2.3 Biological regeneration
10.2.3.1 Principle of bio-regeneration
10.2.4 Electrochemical process
10.3 Future prospective 10.4 Conclusion References
1.1 Background of zeolite
1.2 Classification of zeolite
1.3 Zeolites structure and their potential application
1.4 Mechanism of zeolite formation and effect of synthesis parameters on the obtained products
1.5 Various techniques for zeolite synthesis and their limitations
1.5.1 Hydrothermal treatment
1.5.2 The alkaline fusion-assisted hydrothermal treatment
1.5.3 Molten-salt method
1.5.4 Green synthesis (ionothermal) technique
1.5.5 Microwave energy
1.5.6 Ultrasound energy
1.5.7 Ball milling energy approach (solvent-free and solvent-aided synthesis route)
1.6 Characterization of zeolite
1.6.1 Elemental analysis
1.6.1.1 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
1.6.1.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
1.6.1.3 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy
1.6.2 Phase and functional group detection
1.6.2.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
1.6.2.2 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
1.6.2.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
1.6.3 Electron microscopy analysis for imaging (FESEM)
1.6.4 Electron microscopy and Microstructure analysis (FETEM)
1.6.4 Surface area analysis
2 Application of zeolite
3 Summary
References
2: Solid waste as a potential source for zeolite synthesis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Industrial waste
2.2.1 Steel industry slag
2.2.1.1 Characterization of steel slag
2.2.1.2 Utilization of steel slag
2.2.1.3 Scope of zeolite synthesis from steel slag
2.2.2 Power plant fly ash (coal fly ash)
2.2.2.1 Characterization of coal fly ash (CFA)
2.2.2.2 Utilization of fly ash
2.2.2.3 Scope to zeolite formation from CFA
2.3 Biomass waste
2.3.1 Characterization of biomass ash 2.3.2 Utilization of biomass ash
2.3.3 Biomass ash as a potential source for zeolite synthesis
2.4 Municipal solid waste
2.4.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of municipal waste
2.4.2 Applications of municipal waste
2.4.3 Municipal solid waste as a zeolite source
2.5 Other solid waste sources
2.5.1 Characterization of miscellaneous solid waste
2.5.2 Utilization of various types of solid waste
2.5.3 Possible utilization towards zeolite synthesis
2.6 Challenges and future trends
2.7 Summary References
3: Preparation of different types of zeolite from steel slag
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Zeolite synthesis from various slag sources
3.2.1 Blast furnace slag (BFS)
3.2.1.1 Various types of zeolite synthesis using BFS
3.2.2 Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag
3.2.2.1 Different kinds of zeolite preparation utilizing EAF slag
3.2.3 Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag
3.2.3.1 Zeolite synthesis from LD-slag
3.3 Major challenges and solution
3.4 Future prospective
3.5 Conclusion References
4: Synthesis of zeolite from coal fly ash
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of CFA
4.3 Surface morphology
4.4 The crystalline structure of CFA
4.5 Techniques for zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash
4.5.1 Traditional hydrothermal method
4.5.2 Fusion-facilitated alkaline hydrothermal treatment
4.5.3 Molten salt method
4.5.4 Microwave assistance technique
4.5.5 Ultrasound energy technique
4.5.6 Reagents addition method
4.6 Critical assessment and solution
4.7 Summary References
5: Synthesis of zeolite from biomass fly ash
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Outline of Zeolite synthesis from biomass ash
5.2.1 rice husk ash (RHA)
5.2.1.1 Characterization of RHA
5.2.1.2 Several types of zeolite synthesis from RHA
5.2.2 Sugarcane bagasse fly ash (SBFA)
5.2.2.1 Characterization of SBFA
5.2.2.2 Zeolite preparation from SBFA
5.4.3 Palm oil mill fly ash (POMFA)
5.4.3.1 Characterization of POMFA
5.4.3.2 Different kinds of zeolite preparation from POMFA
5.4.4 Bamboo leaf
5.4.4.1 Characterization of bamboo leaf
5.4.4.2 Zeolite synthesis from bamboo leaf biomass
5.5 Challenges and future perspective
5.6 Summary References
6: Utilization of municipal solid waste fly ash for zeolite preparation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Various techniques to prepare zeolite from municipal solid waste
6.2.1 Alkali fusion followed by hydrothermal technique
6.2.1.1 Effects of operating temperature
6.2.1.2 Effects of mineralizer concentration
6.2.1.3 Effects of solid-to-liquid ratio
6.2.2 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal method
6.2.2.1 Effect of treatment time
6.2.2.2 Effects of mineralizer concentration
6.2.2.3 Effect of NaOH concentration
6.3 Challenges and future recommendation
6.4 Conclusion References
7: Zeolite synthesis from miscellaneous waste resources
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of miscellaneous sources and zeolite synthesis
7.3 Zeolite synthesis from various solid wastes
7.3.1 Water treatment plant sludge
7.3.2 Glass waste
7.3.3 Alum sludge
7.3.4 Lithium sludge
7.3.5 Aluminium scrap
7.3.6 Bauxite residue
7.3.7 Crushed stone powder
7.3.8 Opal waste rock
7.3.9 Cupola slag
7.3.10 Porcelain waste
7.4 7.5 Recyling of spent zeolites as a source of raw material for pristine zeolite synthesis Challenges and future recommendation
7.6 Summary References
8: Various aspects in the application of waste-based zeolite
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Waste-based Zeolites for environmental remediation
8.2.1 Hazardous gas removal
8.2.1.1 CO2 removal
8.2.1.2 Removal of sulphur compounds
8.2.1.3 Removal of N compounds
8.2.1.4 Elimination of VOCs compounds
8.2.1.5 Elimination of Hg vapor
8.2.2 Wastewater treatment application
8.2.2.1 Heavy metals removal
8.2.2.2 Dye removal
8.2.2.3 Water softening
8.2.3 Zeolites as a potential source of biodiesel production
8.3 Challenges
8.4 Conclusion References
9: Differences between commercial zeolite and waste-derived zeolite
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characterization study of pure vs synthetic zeolite 9.2.1 XRD analysis 9.2.2 FESEM analysis
9.2.3 BET analysis
9.3 Applications of pure and waste-derived zeolite
9.3.1 Ion-exchange capacity
9.3.2 Biomedical applications
9.3.3 Other applications
9.4 Cost analysis of commercial grade and Si/Al-contained waste-derived zeolite
9.5 Summary References
10: Advancement in zeolite regeneration techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Regeneration process
10.2.1 Chemical regeneration
10.2.1.1 Zeolite regeneration by the chemical process
10.2.1.2 Optimization for zeolite regeneration by NaClO-NaCl solution
10.2.1.3 Optimization for NaClO-NaCl regeneration
10.2.2 Biochemical regeneration
10.2.3 Biological regeneration
10.2.3.1 Principle of bio-regeneration
10.2.4 Electrochemical process
10.3 Future prospective 10.4 Conclusion References
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 30, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Language: English
MP
Mihir Kumar Purkait
Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India. His current research activities are focused in four distinct areas viz. i) advanced separation technologies, ii) waste to energy, iii) smart materials for various applications, and iv) process intensification. In each of the area, his goal is to synthesis stimuli responsive materials and to develop a more fundamental understanding of the factors governing the performance of the chemical and biochemical processes. He has more than 20 years of experience in academics and research and published more than 300 papers in different reputed journals (Citation: >16,500, h-index = 75, i-10 index = 193). He has 12 patents and completed 43 sponsored and consultancy projects from various funding agencies.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, IndiaPM
Piyal Mondal
Piyal Mondal is a post-doctoral research associate in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. His research interests lie in green synthesis of metal nanoparticles for real life applications.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, IndiaNS
Niladri Shekhar Samanta
Niladri Shekhar Samanta is a research scientist in the Centre for the Environment at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. His research is dedicated to the synthesis of zeolite from steel industry solid waste (slag) and its utilization in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
Affiliations and expertise
Research Scholar, Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India.PD
Pranjal Pratim Das
Dr. Pranjal Pratim Das is a Technical Associate at the National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt. of India. He has completed his PhD from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India. He received his M. Tech and B. Tech in Food Engineering and Technology from Tezpur (Central) University, Assam, India. His research work is purely dedicated to industrial wastewater treatment via electrochemical and advanced oxidation techniques. He has extensively worked on the application of hybrid ozone-electrocoagulation process to treat heavy metals and cyanide-contaminated effluents from different unit operations of steel industry. He has authored several scientific book publications, research/review articles and book chapters in various reputed international journals on water and wastewater treatment. He has fabricated and demonstrated many lab-scale modules for the green energy generation from sewage wastewaters. He has also worked on the treatment of ground and surface waters and has delivered many pilot plant set-ups to several water treatment facilities across the state of Assam (India) for the supply of safe drinking water
Affiliations and expertise
Technical Associate, National Jal Jeevan Mission, Ministry of Jal Shakti (Govt. of India), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, IndiaRead Waste-Based Zeolite on ScienceDirect