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Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders

1st Edition - June 6, 2023

Editors: Colin R Martin, Vinood Patel, Victor R Preedy

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 9 8 3 5 - 5

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 5 7 2 - 4

Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders offers readers a comprehensive reference addressing their relationship to brain health in a wide variety of neurological diseases.… Read more

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Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders offers readers a comprehensive reference addressing their relationship to brain health in a wide variety of neurological diseases. Examining various compounds, this broad coverage allows readers to learn about the role nutrient deficiency plays in the pathology of many conditions, as well as their potential in treatment. The book covers diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, and MS, along with severe neurological conditions like brain injury, stroke, headache and migraine. This volume provides a platform for research on vitamins, minerals and future investigations of these compounds.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Vitamins and minerals in the context of reference values and requirements
Abstract
Dietary reference values
Caveats of the dietary reference values
The dilemma for the dietetic and medical professions
References
Part I: Alzheimer's disease and dementias
Chapter 2: α-Tocopherol for Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Introduction
α-Tocopherol
α-Tocopherol in AD
Preclinical studies
Clinical studies of α-Tph supplementation
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Alzheimer's disease
Summary points
References
Chapter 3: Cognitive impairment and micronutrients: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine and implications for dementia
Abstract
Introduction
Dementia and cognitive impairment: Clinical aspects
Evidences from observational studies
Evidences from interventional studies
B vitamins metabolism
Molecular mechanisms of interaction with central nervous system
Application to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of B vitamins
Key facts of dementia
Summary points
References
Chapter 4: Magnesium and Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Introduction
Metabolism of Mg: Generalities on physiology and neurodegeneration pathophysiology
Alzheimer's disease: Generalities
Neuroglial processes underlying the potential relationship between AD neurodegeneration and abnormalities of Mg metabolism
Should Mg be used in the treatment of AD?
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Key facts of the role of magnesium (Mg) in AD
Summary points
References
Chapter 5: Copper, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia
Abstract
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease
Cu intake and regulation in physiology
Cu imbalance in Alzheimer's disease
Implementation of a Cu diet to decrease the CuAD risk
Application to other neurological conditions
Other component of interest: Oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease
Applications to other areas: Cu in type 2 diabetes
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 6: Chromium and Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease
Characteristic features of AD in terms of brain insulin resistance
Other triggers associated with AD and brain insulin resistance
Chromium
Nutrition and neuroprotection
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Alzheimer's disease
Key facts of chromium
Summary points
References
Part II: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Chapter 7: Riboflavin and lower motor neuron diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Riboflavin transporters deficiencies (RTD)
Riboflavin and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Part III: Brain injury
Chapter 8: Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) in brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin C
Traumatic brain injury
Therapeutic effects of vitamin C
Risks and adverse effects
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 9: Antioxidants in brain injury with or without antibiotics
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Epidemiology
Mechanism of TBI propagation
Classification of TBI for targeted therapy
Antioxidants used in TBI
Antibiotics in combination with antioxidants
Concluding remarks
Applications to other neurological conditions
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 10: Vitamin D level and the outcome after traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D
Traumatic brain injury and neuroendocrine disturbance
Vitamin D deficiency and androgen synthesis in TBI
Role of vitamin D in neuroprotection
Paucity of vitamin D in association with severity of TBI
Applications to other areas of neurological conditions
Other component of interest
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 11: Zinc and traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Zinc in physiology
Implications of altered zinc homeostasis in TBI
Dietary zinc in TBI
Zinc deficiency in TBI
Zinc supplementation in TBI
The potential for therapeutic approaches that target zinc
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini dictionary of terms
Key facts of TBI
Key facts of zinc in the brain
Summary points
References
Part IV: Cerebral palsy
Chapter 12: Cerebral palsy: Evaluating vitamin D levels
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D physiology
Role of vitamin D
Cerebral palsy and vitamin D
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of cerebral palsy (CP): Evaluating vitamin D levels
Dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part V: Dietary neurotoxins
Chapter 13: Linking copper and neurotoxic activities to the CNS
Abstract
Introduction
How do we get copper?
Nutritional aspects and disease
Homeostasis of copper in the brain
Copper and cellular neurodegeneration
Copper supplementation
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part VI: Epilepsy
Chapter 14: Vitamin E and neuroprotection in epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
The pathogenic triad
Vitamin E: General characteristics
VE and its effects on the pathogenic triad of epilepsy
Conclusion
Mini dictionary
Key facts of vitamin E
Summary points
References
Chapter 15: Selenium use in epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Selenium as an antioxidant
Glutathione peroxidase
Thioredoxin reductase
Selenium deficiency
Selenium toxicity
Selenium and neurological disorders
Selenium and epilepsy
Human studies
Animal studies
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of selenium
Summary
References
Chapter 16: Correlation of reduced vitamin C and minerals with epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Neuronal distortion in epilepsy
Classification of epileptic seizures
Reduced vitamin C in epilepsy
Reduced minerals in epilepsy
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of reduced vitamin C and minerals in epilepsy
Summary points
References
Chapter 17: Thiamine, transporters, and epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Chemical structure and biological forms of thiamine
Absorption and transport of thiamine
Thiamine transporters
Functions of thiamine in metabolic processes
Role of thiamine other than as a cofactor
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of thiamine metabolism
Summary points
References
Part VII: Headaches and migraines
Chapter 18: Riboflavin usage in pediatric migraine
Abstract
Introduction
Underlying research on riboflavin
Clinical studies of riboflavin
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Summary
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 19: Vitamin B12, folate, and migraine
Abstract
Introduction
The pathogenesis of migraine
Serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 in migraine
Folate and vitamin B12 supplementation for migraine prophylaxis
Homocysteine-induced vascular risk—Clinical implications
Folate-B12 deficiency and homocysteine in the pathogenesis of migraine
Applications to other primary headache disorders
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of migraine
Summary points
References
Chapter 20: Vitamin D and migraine
Abstract
Introduction
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Summary points
References
Part VIII: Multiple sclerosis
Chapter 21: Iron, zinc, and multiple sclerosis patients
Abstract
Introduction
Brain iron metabolism
Iron deposition in the brain of MS patients
Iron and oligodendrocytes
Possible sources of iron deposit
Genetics of iron metabolism
The molecular mechanisms of zinc-induced neurotoxicity and the possible role of zinc in MS
Role of zinc in oligodendrocyte death
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 22: Considerations on vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D metabolism and cellular effects
Vitamin D status and supplement use associate with MS activity
Heterogeneity in causality and confounding
Heterogeneity in participant selection
Heterogeneity in dosing
Benefits of vitamin D supplements beyond MS
Conclusion
Applications on other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part IX: Neuroinflammation
Chapter 23: Neuroinflammation: Role of magnesium
Abstract
Neuroinflammation
Magnesium and neurological disorders
Mg deficiency and neuroinflammation
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Other components of interest
Summary points
References
Chapter 24: Vitamin B12 as a neuroprotectant in neuroinflammation
Abstract
Introduction
B12 regulates energy metabolism and immune response
B12 is antioxidant and modulates the oxidative stress response
B12 boosts the synthesis of H2S within the CNS
B12 prevents NMDAR-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity
B12 rescues neurons from homocysteine-mediated cell death
B12 modulates the expression of inflammatory genes through cell epigenetic landscape changings
B12 regulates pivotal neuroinflammation signaling pathway-associated genes
Final remarks and conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 25: Vitamin D3 (VD3) effects on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D3 and physiological features
Vitamin D: Neuroinflammation and OS
VD3 and neurodegenerative diseases
Applications of VD3 to other neurological/pathological conditions
Other components of interest for neurological conditions
Concluding remarks
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of vitamin D3 (VD3) effects on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 26: Vitamin C and neuroinflammation
Abstract
Introduction
Neuroinflammation overview
Vitamin C overview
Application to other neurological conditions
Other areas of interest
Mini-dictionary terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 27: Vitamin A and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on neuroinflammatory changes in the brain
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin A
Vitamin A metabolism
Brain, vitamin A, and its metabolites
ATRA and alcoholic neurotoxicity
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of ATRA
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 28: Fluoride excess and neuroinflammation
Abstract
Introduction
Sources of fluoride exposure
Fluoride exposure-associated major health burden
Impact of fluoride in neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral
Effect of sodium fluoride on free radical enzymes and oxidative stress
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuroinflammation
Summary points
References
Part X: Parkinson's disease
Chapter 29: Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolism
Introduction to Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease and vitamin D
Gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and vitamin D
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Parkinson's disease
Key facts of hypovitaminosis D
Summary points
References
Chapter 30: Tocotrienols and Parkinson's disease: In vitro and in vivo modeling
Abstract
Introduction
Chemical structure and bioavailability of vitamin E
Antioxidant activity of vitamin E
Nonantioxidant activities of vitamin E
Clinical studies on effects of α-Toc treatment for PD
Neuroprotective effects of T3s in PD models in vitro and in vivo via nonantioxidant activities
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Parkinson's disease
Key facts of vitamin E
Summary points
References
Chapter 31: B vitamins: Pyridoxal phosphate and parkinsonism
Abstract
Introduction
Pyridoxal phosphate and the brain in health and disease
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of B vitamins: Pyridoxal phosphate and parkinsonism
Summary points
References
Chapter 32: Antioxidant vitamins in Parkinson's disease: Vitamins A, C, E
Abstract
Introduction
The “oxidative stress” hypothesis
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Interventional studies
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of antioxidant vitamins
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 33: Role of calcium in Parkinson's disease
Abstract
Introduction
Parkinson's disease: Influence of diet in neurodegenerative mechanisms
Nutritional sources of calcium
Determinants of calcium levels
Calcium and Parkinson's disease
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest: Role of magnesium in Parkinson's disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 34: Micronutrient levels in Parkinson's disease
Abstract
Neurodegeneration
Types of neurodegeneration
Role of micronutrients in pathogenesis of neurological disorders
Evaluate the correlation of electrolytes with biochemical parameters in biological samples of Parkinson's disease patients at different stages
Discussion
Summary
Summary points
References
Chapter 35: Genes and dietary metals in Parkinson's disease
Abstract
Introduction
Dietary metals and minerals in PD
Chromosomal genes and PD
Mitochondrial genes and PD
Genes and dietary metals in PD
Other components of interest
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part XI: Peripheral neuropathy
Chapter 36: Vitamin D and diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Abstract
Introduction
Applications to other neurological conditions
Others components of interest
Key facts of Vitamin D
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 37: B vitamins on the nervous system: A focus on peripheral neuropathy
Abstract
Introduction
Peripheral neuropathy due to vitamin B deficiency
B vitamins in the management of peripheral neuropathies
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of peripheral neuropathy induced by B vitamins deficiency
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Further reading
Part XII: Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment
Chapter 38: Dietary B-vitamin deficiencies and maternal oversupplementation on neurodevelopment: An updated narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Dietary deficiencies in B-vitamins
Dietary oversupplementation of folates
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 39: Essential trace elements in neurodevelopment: An updated narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Manganese
Copper
Selenium
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 40: Role of folic acid in neuronal development, neurotransmission and hypothalamic regulation of energy intake
Abstract
Introduction
Effect of deficiency and excess of folate on neuronal development
Role of folate in neurotransmission
Hypothalamic development and food intake regulation
Programming effects of maternal methyl donor vitamins on hypothalamic regulation of food intake and metabolism
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of folate
Summary points
References
Part XIII: Stroke
Chapter 41: Vitamin B12, hyperhomocysteinemia, and stroke
Abstract
Introduction
Forms of B12
Homocysteine metabolism
B12 deficiency: “Biochemical” and “metabolic” deficiency
Risk of stroke with hyperhomocysteinemia
Prevention of stroke with B vitamins
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 42: Dietary sodium and stroke: A new narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiologic studies
Potential mechanisms
Regional difference in the sodium-stroke association
The shape of the association between sodium intake and stroke risk
Measuring sodium intake
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Current recommendations for sodium intake
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of stroke
Key facts of stroke
Summary points
References
Chapter 43: Calcium intake and the risk of stroke
Abstract
Introduction
Calcium and stroke
Calcium and atherosclerosis
Calcium and hypertension
Calcium intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes
Calcium intake and the risk of obesity
Conclusion
Summary points
Definition of terms and abbreviations
References
Chapter 44: Recommended resources for the study and investigation of vitamins and minerals in neurological disorders
Abstract
Acknowledgments (in alphabetical order)
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Summary points
References
Index

Colin R Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and WellbeingUniversity of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Vinood Patel

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor in the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at King’s College Hospital, London, UK Emeritus Professor in Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine at King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor at the University of Hull, UK