Visual Optics and the Optical Space Sense

List of Contributors

Foreword

Contents of Volume 1

Contents of Volume 2

Contents of Volume 3

Part I: Visual Optics


1. Introduction

I. Branches of Optics

II. Basic Principles of Geometrical Optics

Bibliography


2. Refraction at Plane and Spherical Surfaces

I. Eefraction at a Single Surface

II. Eefraction by a Parallel Plate

III. Eefraction by a Prism

IV. Ophthalmic Prism

V. Refraction at a Spherical Surface


3. The Thin Spherical Lens in Air

I. Definitions

II. Lens Forms

III. Surface Powers: Thin Lens Power

IV. Conjugate Foci Relationships

V. Principal Foci and Focal Lengths

VI. Graphical Construction of Images

VII. Newton's Relation

VIII. Magnification Formula

IX. Thin Lenses in Contact

X. Vision Through a Lens

XI. Prismatic Effect of Spherical Lenses

XII. Effective Power of a Lens


4. Reflexion at Plane and Spherical Surfaces

I. Reflexion at a Plane Surface

II. Reflexion at a Spherical Surface


5. Optical Systems in General

I. The Gaussian Theory

II. Equivalent Power

III. Principal Points and Planes

IV. Graphical Construction of Images

V. Conjugate Foci Relationships

VI. Vertex Powers and Focal Lengths

VII. Unequifocal Systems: the Nodal Points

VIII. Calculation of Equivalent Power

IX. The Thick Lens

X. Combinations of Lenses or Systems

XI. Afocal Systems

XII. Lens-Mirror Systems

References


6. The Astigmatic Lens

I. Introduction: The Cylindrical Surface

II. Piano- and Sphero-Cylinders

III. Ophthalmic Prescriptions

IV. Principal Meridians and Principal Powers

V. Transposition

VI. Image Formation: The Astigmatic Pencil

VII. The Toroidal Surface: Toric Lenses

VIII. Prismatic Effects of Astigmatic Lenses

IX. Astigmatic Lenses in Contact: Obliquely Crossed Cylinders

References


7. Aberrations of Optical Images

I. Aberrations in General

II. Spherical Aberration

III. Coma

IV. Oblique Astigmatism

V. Curvature of the Image

VI. Distortion

VII. Chromatic Aberration

References


8. The Eye as an Optical System

I. The Schematic Eye

II. The Purkinje Images

III. Dimensions of the Living Eye

IV. Aberrations of the Eye

References


9. Ametropia and Its Correction

I. Spherical Ametropia

II. Ametropia in General

III. Aphakia

IV. Astigmatism

V. Accommodation

VI. Detection and Measurement of Ametropia and Astigmatism

VII. Methods of Correcting Ametropia

VIII. The Magnification Properties of Correcting Lenses

References


10. Retinoscopy and Ophthalmoscopy

I. Retinoscopy

II. Ophthalmoscopy

References

Part II: The Optical Space Sense


11. Introduction to the Optical Space Sense

I. Sensation and Perception

II. Stimulus

III. Three-Dimensional Perception

References


12. Objective and Subjective Space

I. Actual and Perceived

Reference


13. Spatial Localization According to Direction

I. Basic Concepts

II. The Blind Spot

III. Identical Visual Directions and Corresponding Retinal Points

IV. Discrepancies between Visual and Objective Direction

V. The Form Sense

VI. Comparative Discrimination of Lengths

VII. Visual Discrimination of the Vertical

VIII. Perception of Motion

References


14. Perception of Distance and of Size

I. The Monocular Image—Perspective

II. Spatial Localization from the Monocular Image

III. Secondary Cues to Spatial Localization

IV. Ambiguous Depth Perception from Drawn Figures

References


15. Spatial Localization Through Binocular Vision

I. Stereopsis

II. Aspects of Stereoscopic Vision Revealed in Studies of Stereoscopic Acuity

References


16. The Problem of the Horopter

I. Introduction

II. Experimental Determination

III. Analytical Method of Describing Horopter Curves

IV. Evaluation of Methods

V. Apparent Fronto-Parallel Plane and Viewing Distance

References


17. Special Topics in Binocular Spatial Localization

I. Apparent Distortion in Stereoscopic Perception of Space

II. The Induced Effect

III. Color Stereoscopy

IV. Validity of Stereoscopic Depth

V. Stereoscopy in the Monocular Fields of Peripheral Vision

VI. Panum's Limiting Case

VII. The Hoefer Effect

VIII. Binocular Secondary Spatial Cues

IX. Concomitant Koles of Secondary Depth Cues and Stereoscopic Depth Perception

X. Nature of Stereopsis

XI. A Metric for Binocular Visual Space

XII. Instrumentation

References


18. Ocular Dominance and Binocular Retinal Rivalry

I. Ocular Dominance

II. Binocular Retinal Rivalry

References

Author Index

Subject Index