Visceral and Ectopic Fat
Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease
- 1st Edition - October 28, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Editor: Hildo J. Lamb
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 1 8 6 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 0 1 2 - 1
While the health consequences and mechanisms by which visceral fat causes disease are well-studied, relatively less is known about ectopic fat, its patterns of deposition and its… Read more
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Request a sales quoteWhile the health consequences and mechanisms by which visceral fat causes disease are well-studied, relatively less is known about ectopic fat, its patterns of deposition and its effects on the pathoetiology of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Visceral and Ectopic Fat: Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease covers the wealth of literature that has been amassed over the past decade on this topic. This reference brings all the research and clinical data together in one volume and helps clinicians and academic researchers understand more thoroughly the underlying mechanisms and interrelation between fat depots and ectopic fat stores in relation to health and disease. It showcases some of the recent developments in adipose tissue biology, particularly on the impact of interventional strategies - bariatric surgery, liposuction, physical and dietary intervention - of which information is desired among health specialists and policy makers.
- Brings together up-to-date research on imaging, genetics, and risk factors for chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and fatty liver disease
- Takes a deep dive into the current state of knowledge regarding fat stores, ectopic fat, regulation of fat stores, clinical implications, interventions, and imagining techniques
- Provides up-to-date information specifically focused on visceral and ectopic fat. In addition, both pathophysiological and preventive and treatment aspects of the problem will be considered
- Covers a broad range of organs - different fat stores such as skeletal muscle, bone marrow, liver and kidney
- Discusses potential interventions to reduce abdominal fat
Endocrinologists; diabetologists; general practitioners; cardiologists; and internal medicine
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I. Fat stores
- Chapter 1. Overall, abdominal, and visceral obesity in men and women: an introduction
- Overweight and obesity: definition, prevalence, and relation to disease
- Body fat distribution: abdominal obesity, visceral fat, and ectopic fat
- Sex differences in body fat distribution and health consequences
- Summary and conclusion
- Chapter 2. Obesity and fat distribution in children and adolescents
- Childhood obesity has reached pandemic proportions
- Abdominal obesity in children is a better indicator of health risks than BMI
- Determinants of visceral fat in children and adolescents
- Measurement of visceral fat in children
- Visceral fat and metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents
- Conclusions
- Chapter 3. Brown adipose tissue: metabolic role and non-invasive quantification in humans
- BAT physiology
- Background on history of BAT: perceived impact on human health and scientific interest in past three decades
- Overview of potential analysis techniques for assessing BAT activity
- Overview of tracers with their molecular targets
- Discussion: clinical applications?
- Chapter 4. Epicardial and pericoronary fat
- Introduction
- Terminology
- Anatomical characteristics of EAT
- Biochemical features and physiological function of EAT
- Cardiac imaging of EAT
- EAT in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis
- EAT in other cardiac diseases
- EAT in metabolic diseases
- EAT in patients with COVID-19
- Treatment options for modifying EAT volume
- Part II. Ectopic fat stores
- Chapter 5. Non-invasive profiling of ectopic and adipose lipids using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging
- Introduction
- Lipid composition and its consequences in magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy data acquisition
- Analysis of the magnetic resonance spectrscopy data
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Applications
- Adipose tissue (deep subcutaneous adipose tissue/visceral adipose tissue/brown adipose tissue)
- Bone marrow fat
- Breast
- Liver
- Heart
- Skeletal muscle
- Summary
- Chapter 6. Flexibility of ectopic lipids in skeletal/cardiac muscle and liver
- Measurement of the flexibility of ectopic lipids
- Ectopic lipids in the context of negative energy balance
- Ectopic lipids in the context of positive energy balance
- Chapter 7. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from a benign finding to a life-threatening cardiometabolic liver disease
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical consequences
- Diagnostics
- Treatment
- Development and implementation of clinical care paths and guidelines for NAFLD
- Conclusion
- Chapter 8. Myocardial lipids—techniques and applications of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human heart
- Localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the heart
- Lipids in the healthy human myocardium—effects of nutrition, fasting, and exercise
- Myocardial lipids in disease
- Concluding remarks and outlook
- Chapter 9. Pancreas ectopic fat: imaging-based quantification
- Introduction
- Pancreas and ectopic fat
- Pancreas state assessment
- Information from MRI
- Big Data and AI
- Future directions
- Chapter 10. Fat accumulation around and within the kidney
- Introduction
- Perirenal fat and renal sinus fat
- Renal parenchyma triglyceride
- Clinical implications of excessive kidney fat
- Summary and perspectives
- Chapter 11. Skeletal muscle fat
- Introduction
- Skeletal muscle fat infiltration
- Intramyocellular lipids
- Flexibility of IMCL
- Methods to assess lipids in the muscle
- Postprocessing and assessment of fat infiltration imaging
- Postprocessing and quantitation of 1H-MR spectra from skeletal muscle
- Summary
- Chapter 12. Bone marrow adipose tissue
- Introduction
- Bone marrow fat origin
- Main characteristics in physiology
- In vivo imaging
- Secretory profile and endocrine regulation of BMAT
- BMAT and skeletal health
- BMAT and hematopoiesis
- BMAT in cancer
- BMAT and metabolic diseases
- Concluding remarks
- Part III. Regulation of fat stores
- Chapter 13. Regulation of fat stores—endocrinological pathways
- Insulin
- Thyroid hormone
- Growth hormone
- Cortisol
- Sex hormones
- Summary
- Chapter 14. Inflammation of the adipose tissue: metabolic consequences during weight (re)gain and loss
- Introduction
- Weight gain
- Weight loss
- Weight regain
- Adipose tissue inflammation during obesity: how does it lead to complications?
- Determining adipose tissue inflammation
- Conclusion
- Part IV. Clinical aspects
- Chapter 15. Role of adipose tissue remodeling in diabetic heart disease
- Adipose tissue physiology in health and the pathophysiological role of adipose tissue in transition from obesity to diabetes
- Adipose tissue and signaling pathways in diabetes and heart disease
- Sex differences in adipose tissue remodeling effects on cardiovascular disease
- Adiponectin, proinflammatory adipocytokines, and cardiovascular disease in diabetes
- Imaging ectopic adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Conclusions
- Chapter 16. Cardiovascular disease
- Introduction
- Obesity hypertension: role of magnetic resonance imaging
- Fat deposits in obesity hypertension
- Cardiovascular structure and function in obesity hypertension
- Coronary artery disease in obesity
- Arrhythmias
- Heart failure
- Conclusion
- Chapter 17. Obesity in relation to cardiorenal function
- Introduction
- Obesity-related cardiorenal dysfunction
- Preclinical studies
- Epidemiological and translational studies in humans
- Future outlook
- Funding
- Chapter 18. Obesity and asthma
- Physical function: lung function and genetic factors
- Epidemiology: clinical features and findings
- Disease pathogenesis: immunological mechanisms
- Chapter 19. Obesity and the brain: structural and functional imaging studies, and opportunities for large-scale imaging genetics
- Introduction
- Structural brain imaging and obesity
- Functional brain imaging studies and obesity
- Genetic analyses of obesity and the brain
- Future directions
- Conclusions
- Part V. Interventions
- Chapter 20. The impact of very-low-calorie diets on ectopic fat deposition
- Introduction
- Visceral adipose tissue
- Hepatic ectopic fat
- Very-low-calorie diet in the treatment of type II diabetes
- Calorie restriction and cardiac lipid deposition
- Skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and very-low-calorie diets
- Impact of very-low-calorie diet on bone marrow fat
- Conclusion
- Chapter 21. Intermittent fasting
- Intermittent fasting methods
- Physiology of intermittent energy restriction
- Effect of intermittent energy restriction on health parameters in animal models
- Effect of intermittent energy restriction on health parameters in humans
- The effect of intermittent energy restriction versus continuous energy restriction on weight and fat in humans
- Sustainability of intermittent energy restriction
- Potential risks of intermittent energy restriction
- Conclusion
- Chapter 22. Exercise
- Introduction
- Definition of key terms
- Current recommendations
- Aerobic training interventions
- Resistance training interventions
- How much is enough?
- The unique role of exercise in the prevention and management of chronic disease
- Conclusion
- Chapter 23. Combined lifestyle interventions
- Introduction
- Medical nutrition therapy
- Physical activity
- Sleep
- Behavioral interventions
- Summary
- Chapter 24. Medical therapy
- Introduction
- Metformin
- Orlistat
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists
- Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors
- Conclusions
- Chapter 25. Gastric volume reduction interventions and effects on visceral fat and metabolic biomarkers
- Introduction
- Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
- Primary obesity surgery endoluminal (POSE) procedure
- Intragastric balloon therapy
- Conclusion
- Chapter 26. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: influence on adipose tissue and metabolic homeostasis
- Introduction
- RYGB procedure description
- Mechanisms of RYGB
- RYGB—effect on weight loss and obesity-related comorbidities
- Pathogenesis of obesity through adipose tissue
- Molecular markers in obesity have changed quantities after RYGB
- Changes in adipose tissue
- Bile acids and metabolic and bariatric surgery
- Visceral fat
- Ectopic fat
- Subcutaneous fat
- Overview of metabolic benefits after RYGB
- Class 1 obesity and metabolic and bariatric surgery
- Conclusion
- Chapter 27. Fecal transplant
- The gut microbiome
- Gut microbiome modulation
- Fecal microbiome transplantation
- Fecal transplantations—murine models
- Fecal microbiome transplantation in humans
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 28, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier
- No. of pages: 422
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128221860
- eBook ISBN: 9780128230121
HL
Hildo J. Lamb
Prof. dr. Hildo J. Lamb MD, PhD is Professor of Radiology and Director of Cardiovascular Imaging at Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. His clinical focus is on cardiovascular radiology, thoracic radiology, mammography, and pediatric radiology. His main research focus is currently on diseases related to obesity and diabetes mellitus. He is actively involved in scientific research in the field of non-invasive cardiovascular and body imaging, focusing on development of cardiovascular imaging techniques with fast conversion to clinical application, including 3D imaging, fast acquisition techniques and MR spectroscopy. He is a member of the Dutch scientific council for medical specialists (FMS), board member of the Dutch council for healthcare evaluation program, Dutch representative in the UEMS (European Union of Medical Specialists) section Radiology and member of the scientific board of the ESR. He is deputy editor of cardiovascular imaging for JMRI and a member of the cardiovascular scientific program committee for RSNA.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Radiology and Director of Cardiovascular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, The NetherlandsRead Visceral and Ectopic Fat on ScienceDirect