
Viral Infections and Antiviral Therapies
- 1st Edition - November 10, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Amal Kumar Dhara, Amit Kumar Nayak
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 8 1 4 - 5
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 7 2 4 2 - 0
Viral Infections and Antiviral Therapies provides comprehensive coverage of viral infections and their transmission. Coverage includes antiviral agents, therapeutics, their mechan… Read more

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- Describes antiviral agents and therapeutics for viruses such as rotaviruses, enteroviruses and coronaviruses
- Discusses strategies for the delivery of antiviral agents and vaccinations
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Section I: Introduction
- Chapter 1. Introduction to antiviral therapy
- Abstract
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Virus replication cycle
- 1.3 Virus transmission and types of viral infections
- 1.4 Antiviral agents
- 1.5 Antiviral agents obtained from plant sources
- 1.6 Antiviral vaccines
- 1.7 Immunotherapy and role of nutraceuticals in viral infection
- 1.8 Challenges in the development of antiviral agents
- 1.9 Conclusion
- References
- Further reading
- Section II: Viral infections and transmission
- Chapter 2. Emerging viral diseases
- Abstract
- 2.1 The everchanging landscape of infectious diseases
- 2.2 Causes of emergence
- 2.3 Ebola virus
- 2.4 Dengue virus
- 2.5 Chikungunya virus
- 2.6 West Nile virus
- 2.7 Zika virus
- 2.8 Yellow fever virus
- 2.9 Nipah virus
- 2.10 Influenza virus
- 2.11 Corona viruses
- 2.12 Prevention and control
- 2.13 The global response
- 2.14 Conclusions and the way forward
- References
- Chapter 3. Evolution and transmission of viruses
- Abstract
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Viral Evolution
- 3.3 Transmission
- 3.4 Modes of transmission of viruses
- 3.5 Conclusion
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 4. Mode of viral infections and transmissions
- Abstract
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Epidemiological triad and viral infection
- 4.3 Transmission of infection and clinical presentation
- 4.4 Modes of transmission of viral infection
- 4.5 Conclusion
- 4.6 Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 5. Transmission and intervention dynamics of SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Coronaviruses
- 5.3 Transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2
- 5.4 Intervention, strategies, and impacts
- 5.5 Summary
- References
- Chapter 6. Sexually transmitted viral infections
- Abstract
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Human papilloma virus (HPV infection)
- 6.3 Effects of human papilloma virus on pregnancy and the neonate ,
- 6.4 Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2
- 6.5 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection
- 6.6 Hepatitis A (HAV infection)
- 6.7 Hepatitis B (HBV infection)
- 6.8 Hepatitis C (HCV infection)
- 6.9 Prevention of sexually transmitted viral infections
- 6.10 Health education
- 6.11 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 7. Testing viral infections
- Abstract
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The purpose of laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
- 7.3 Sample collection, packaging, and transport
- 7.4 Type of specimen
- 7.5 Labeling/requisition form has the following information
- 7.6 Methods in diagnostic virology
- 7.7 Conclusion
- Further reading
- Chapter 8. Electron microscopic methods for virus diagnosis
- Abstract
- Abbreviations
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Other plant viruses
- 8.3 Concluding remarks and future trends
- References
- Section III: Antiviral agents and therapeutics
- Chapter 9. Virotherapy
- Abstract
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Oncolytic virus in common cancers and molecular changes observed during infection
- 9.3 Breast cancer
- 9.4 Lung cancer
- 9.5 Bladder and endometrial cancer
- 9.6 Renal and prostate cancer
- 9.7 Leukemia
- 9.8 Hepatocellular carcinoma
- 9.9 Melanoma
- 9.10 Brain cancer
- 9.11 Oncolytic viruses under clinical trial
- 9.12 Future directions
- Softwares used for images
- Author contribution
- Conflicts of interest
- Funding statement
- Authors statement
- References
- Chapter 10. Challenges in designing antiviral agents
- Abstract
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Strategies for the design of antiviral agents
- 10.3 Biggest challenging viruses
- 10.4 New trends, challenges, and opportunities
- 10.5 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- Consent for publication
- References
- Chapter 11. Anti-influenza agents
- Abstract
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 The virus
- 11.3 Anti-influenza agents
- 11.4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 12. Anti-herpes virus agents
- Abstract
- 12.1 Herpes simplex: a DNA virus
- 12.2 Clinical administration of viral infection
- 12.3 Disadvantages of acyclovir
- 12.4 Ethnomedicine: a gift of God to solve the problems of synthetic drugs
- 12.5 Mode of action of plant-derived anti-herpes virus agents
- 12.6 Inhibition of virus replication
- 12.7 Inhibition of herpes simplex viruses by immunomodulation
- 12.8 Interference with virus release
- 12.9 Inhibition of herpes simplex viruses by autophagy
- 12.10 Inhibition of viral entry into the host cell
- 12.11 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 13. Antiretroviral therapy
- Abstract
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Formulation of antiretroviral treatment
- 13.3 General principles for antiretroviral therapy initiation
- 13.4 Considerations before initiation of antiretroviral therapy
- 13.5 Monitoring on the patient on antiretroviral therapy
- 13.6 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
- 13.7 Antiretroviral failure
- 13.8 Drug interaction
- 13.9 Antiretroviral drug resistance
- 13.10 Preexposure prophylaxis
- 13.11 Postexposure prophylaxis
- 13.12 Prevention of mother child transmission
- References
- Chapter 14. Rotavirus and antirotaviral therapeutics: trends and advances
- Abstract
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Supportive/symptomatic therapies
- 14.3 Antiviral drugs/mimetics
- 14.4 Passive immunotherapy
- 14.5 Immunotherapeutics
- 14.6 Immunomodulators
- 14.7 Cytokines-based therapeutics
- 14.8 Toll-like receptors-based therapeutics
- 14.9 Herbal/medicinal plants
- 14.10 Probiotics
- 14.11 Advances in drug delivery: nanotechnology-based approach
- 14.12 Neutraceuticals
- 14.13 Antioxidants
- 14.14 Combinational therapy
- 14.15 Other potential therapeutic approaches
- 14.16 Conclusion and future prospects
- References
- Chapter 15. Current therapeutic strategies and novel antiviral compounds for the treatment of nonpolio enteroviruses
- Abstract
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Structure and life cycle
- 15.3 Clinical manifestations
- 15.4 Antiviral agents
- 15.5 Advances in vaccine development for HFMD and EV-D68 infections
- 15.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 16. Antiviral agents against flaviviruses
- Abstract
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Flaviviruses
- 16.3 Why develop novel antiviral drugs?
- 16.4 Recent advances in inhibitors targeting flaviviruses
- 16.5 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 17. Pathophysiology of HIV and strategies to eliminate AIDS as a public health threat
- Abstract
- 17.1 Background
- 17.2 Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection
- 17.3 Strategies to eliminate human immunodeficiency virus as a public health threat
- References
- Chapter 18. Herbal drugs to combat viruses
- Abstract
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Phytochemicals preventing attachment of virus to host cell
- 18.3 Phytochemicals preventing penetration and uncoating of viruses
- 18.4 Phytochemicals inhibiting replication of viral nucleic acids
- 18.5 Phytochemicals preventing assembly and release of virus
- References
- Chapter 19. Strategies for delivery of antiviral agents
- Abstract
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Classes of antiviral drugs
- 19.3 The general mechanism of viral infections
- 19.4 Challenges in the treatment of viral infections
- 19.5 Combination therapy (fixed-dose combination) for the treatment of viral infections
- 19.6 Hybrid compounds designed for the treatment of viral infections
- 19.7 Lipid-based drug delivery systems
- 19.8 Polymer-based drug delivery system for viral infections
- 19.9 Conclusion and future perspective
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 20. Nanovesicles for delivery of antiviral agents
- Abstract
- Abbreviation
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Overcoming the challenges of traditional delivery of antiviral agents
- 20.3 Nanovesicles
- 20.4 Nanovesicles and biomimetic nanovesicles for delivery of antiviral agents
- 20.5 Conclusion and future prospects
- References
- Chapter 21. Antiviral biomaterials
- Abstract
- 21.1 Introduction to antiviral biomaterials
- 21.2 Mechanism of action
- 21.3 Applications of antiviral biomaterials
- 21.4 Recent advancements
- 21.5 Summary/conclusion
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 22. Antiviral biomolecules from marine inhabitants
- Abstract
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Marine polysaccharides
- 22.3 Other marine polysaccharides as antiviral biomaterials
- 22.4 Marine peptides as antiviral biomaterials
- 22.5 Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 23. Plant polysaccharides as antiviral agents
- Abstract
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Antiviral mechanisms in polysaccharides
- 23.3 Plant polysaccharides
- 23.4 Antiviral activities of plant polysaccharides
- 23.5 Plant polysaccharide adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccine
- 23.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
- References
- Chapter 24. Antiviral peptides against dengue virus
- Abstract
- 24.1 Introduction
- 24.2 Antiviral peptides targeting dengue virus
- 24.3 Strategies to identify and develop antiviral peptides against dengue virus
- 24.4 Direct interactions between antiviral peptides with host cell receptors and enzymes
- 24.5 Advantages of peptides as antiviral agents
- 24.6 Limitations of peptides
- 24.7 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Disclosure of interest
- References
- Chapter 25. mRNA vaccines for COVID-19
- Abstract
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.2 General advantages associated with messenger RNA vaccines
- 25.3 General concerns associated with messenger RNA vaccines
- 25.4 The target viral antigen selection for the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
- 25.5 Development of the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
- 25.6 Lipid nanoparticles-mediated delivery of the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
- 25.7 Vaccine uptake at the injection site and translation at the cellular level
- 25.8 Immune responses induced by COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
- 25.9 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 26. Immunotherapy as an emerging and promising tool against viral infections
- Abstract
- Abbreviation
- 26.1 Introduction
- 26.2 Vaccines
- 26.3 Antibody-based therapies
- 26.4 Chimeric antigen receptor T cells immunotherapy
- 26.5 Defensin therapy
- References
- Chapter 27. Role of nutraceuticals as immunomodulators to combat viruses
- Abstract
- 27.1 Introduction
- 27.2 Immunity and its classification
- 27.3 Virus evasion of the host immune system
- 27.4 Mechanism of action of nutraceuticals
- 27.5 Nutraceuticals
- 27.6 Conclusion
- References
- Section IV: Others
- Chapter 28. In vitro and in vivo approaches for evaluating antiviral efficacy
- Abstract
- 28.1 Introduction
- 28.2 In vitro approaches
- 28.3 In vivo assays approaches
- 28.4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 29. Clinical Trials and Regulatory considerations of Antiviral agents
- Abstract
- Abbreviations
- 29.1 Introduction
- 29.2 Classification of antiviral agents
- 29.3 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration in the development of antiviral agents
- 29.4 The US regulator (Food and Drug Administration)
- 29.5 Applications submitted to division of antiviral products (US FDA)
- 29.6 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for antiherpes viral drugs
- 29.7 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for anti-HIV drugs
- 29.8 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for Antiinfluenza viral drugs
- 29.9 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for Antihepatitis viral drugs
- 29.10 Clinical trials of herbal molecules as antiviral agents
- 29.11 Conclusions and future prospects
- References
- Chapter 30. Future perspectives of antiviral therapy
- Abstract
- 30.1 Introduction
- 30.2 General classification of antiviral drugs
- 30.3 Problems and limitations in antiviral drugs
- 30.4 Modern perspectives in the development approaches of antivirals
- 30.5 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 10, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 808
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323918145
- eBook ISBN: 9780323972420
AD
Amal Kumar Dhara
AN
Amit Kumar Nayak
Dr. Amit Kumar Nayak (MPharm, PhD) is working as a professor, at the Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India. He has earned his PhD from IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has over 14 years of research experiences in the field of pharmaceutics, especially in the development and characterization of novel biopolymeric and nanostructured drug delivery systems. Till date, he has authored more than 138 research and review publications in various high-impact peer-reviewed journals and 135 book chapters. He has edited/authored 23 international books to his credit. Dr. Nayak has presented his research work at several conferences. He has received University Foundation Day Research Award, 2019 and 2022 by Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha. Dr. Nayak is a life member of the Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI) and a registered pharmacist.