Viral Infections and Antiviral Therapies

Viral Infections and Antiviral Therapies provides comprehensive coverage of viral infections and their transmission. Coverage includes antiviral agents, therapeutics, their mechanisms and treatment strategies. The book is organized into four sections, including an introduction to antiviral therapies, viral infections and their transmission, antiviral agents and therapeutics, and a market overview and future developments. The chapters in each section of the book discuss various key topics that are contributed to by an international group of leading experts.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section I: Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction to antiviral therapy
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Virus replication cycle
1.3 Virus transmission and types of viral infections
1.4 Antiviral agents
1.5 Antiviral agents obtained from plant sources
1.6 Antiviral vaccines
1.7 Immunotherapy and role of nutraceuticals in viral infection
1.8 Challenges in the development of antiviral agents
1.9 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Section II: Viral infections and transmission
Chapter 2. Emerging viral diseases
Abstract
2.1 The everchanging landscape of infectious diseases
2.2 Causes of emergence
2.3 Ebola virus
2.4 Dengue virus
2.5 Chikungunya virus
2.6 West Nile virus
2.7 Zika virus
2.8 Yellow fever virus
2.9 Nipah virus
2.10 Influenza virus
2.11 Corona viruses
2.12 Prevention and control
2.13 The global response
2.14 Conclusions and the way forward
References
Chapter 3. Evolution and transmission of viruses
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Viral Evolution
3.3 Transmission
3.4 Modes of transmission of viruses
3.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 4. Mode of viral infections and transmissions
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Epidemiological triad and viral infection
4.3 Transmission of infection and clinical presentation
4.4 Modes of transmission of viral infection
4.5 Conclusion
4.6 Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 5. Transmission and intervention dynamics of SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Coronaviruses
5.3 Transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2
5.4 Intervention, strategies, and impacts
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6. Sexually transmitted viral infections
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Human papilloma virus (HPV infection)
6.3 Effects of human papilloma virus on pregnancy and the neonate ,
6.4 Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2
6.5 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection
6.6 Hepatitis A (HAV infection)
6.7 Hepatitis B (HBV infection)
6.8 Hepatitis C (HCV infection)
6.9 Prevention of sexually transmitted viral infections
6.10 Health education
6.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Testing viral infections
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The purpose of laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
7.3 Sample collection, packaging, and transport
7.4 Type of specimen
7.5 Labeling/requisition form has the following information
7.6 Methods in diagnostic virology
7.7 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 8. Electron microscopic methods for virus diagnosis
Abstract
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Other plant viruses
8.3 Concluding remarks and future trends
References
Section III: Antiviral agents and therapeutics
Chapter 9. Virotherapy
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Oncolytic virus in common cancers and molecular changes observed during infection
9.3 Breast cancer
9.4 Lung cancer
9.5 Bladder and endometrial cancer
9.6 Renal and prostate cancer
9.7 Leukemia
9.8 Hepatocellular carcinoma
9.9 Melanoma
9.10 Brain cancer
9.11 Oncolytic viruses under clinical trial
9.12 Future directions
Softwares used for images
Author contribution
Conflicts of interest
Funding statement
Authors statement
References
Chapter 10. Challenges in designing antiviral agents
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Strategies for the design of antiviral agents
10.3 Biggest challenging viruses
10.4 New trends, challenges, and opportunities
10.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
Consent for publication
References
Chapter 11. Anti-influenza agents
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The virus
11.3 Anti-influenza agents
11.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12. Anti-herpes virus agents
Abstract
12.1 Herpes simplex: a DNA virus
12.2 Clinical administration of viral infection
12.3 Disadvantages of acyclovir
12.4 Ethnomedicine: a gift of God to solve the problems of synthetic drugs
12.5 Mode of action of plant-derived anti-herpes virus agents
12.6 Inhibition of virus replication
12.7 Inhibition of herpes simplex viruses by immunomodulation
12.8 Interference with virus release
12.9 Inhibition of herpes simplex viruses by autophagy
12.10 Inhibition of viral entry into the host cell
12.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Antiretroviral therapy
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Formulation of antiretroviral treatment
13.3 General principles for antiretroviral therapy initiation
13.4 Considerations before initiation of antiretroviral therapy
13.5 Monitoring on the patient on antiretroviral therapy
13.6 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
13.7 Antiretroviral failure
13.8 Drug interaction
13.9 Antiretroviral drug resistance
13.10 Preexposure prophylaxis
13.11 Postexposure prophylaxis
13.12 Prevention of mother child transmission
References
Chapter 14. Rotavirus and antirotaviral therapeutics: trends and advances
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Supportive/symptomatic therapies
14.3 Antiviral drugs/mimetics
14.4 Passive immunotherapy
14.5 Immunotherapeutics
14.6 Immunomodulators
14.7 Cytokines-based therapeutics
14.8 Toll-like receptors-based therapeutics
14.9 Herbal/medicinal plants
14.10 Probiotics
14.11 Advances in drug delivery: nanotechnology-based approach
14.12 Neutraceuticals
14.13 Antioxidants
14.14 Combinational therapy
14.15 Other potential therapeutic approaches
14.16 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 15. Current therapeutic strategies and novel antiviral compounds for the treatment of nonpolio enteroviruses
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Structure and life cycle
15.3 Clinical manifestations
15.4 Antiviral agents
15.5 Advances in vaccine development for HFMD and EV-D68 infections
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Antiviral agents against flaviviruses
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Flaviviruses
16.3 Why develop novel antiviral drugs?
16.4 Recent advances in inhibitors targeting flaviviruses
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 17. Pathophysiology of HIV and strategies to eliminate AIDS as a public health threat
Abstract
17.1 Background
17.2 Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection
17.3 Strategies to eliminate human immunodeficiency virus as a public health threat
References
Chapter 18. Herbal drugs to combat viruses
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Phytochemicals preventing attachment of virus to host cell
18.3 Phytochemicals preventing penetration and uncoating of viruses
18.4 Phytochemicals inhibiting replication of viral nucleic acids
18.5 Phytochemicals preventing assembly and release of virus
References
Chapter 19. Strategies for delivery of antiviral agents
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classes of antiviral drugs
19.3 The general mechanism of viral infections
19.4 Challenges in the treatment of viral infections
19.5 Combination therapy (fixed-dose combination) for the treatment of viral infections
19.6 Hybrid compounds designed for the treatment of viral infections
19.7 Lipid-based drug delivery systems
19.8 Polymer-based drug delivery system for viral infections
19.9 Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20. Nanovesicles for delivery of antiviral agents
Abstract
Abbreviation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Overcoming the challenges of traditional delivery of antiviral agents
20.3 Nanovesicles
20.4 Nanovesicles and biomimetic nanovesicles for delivery of antiviral agents
20.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 21. Antiviral biomaterials
Abstract
21.1 Introduction to antiviral biomaterials
21.2 Mechanism of action
21.3 Applications of antiviral biomaterials
21.4 Recent advancements
21.5 Summary/conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 22. Antiviral biomolecules from marine inhabitants
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Marine polysaccharides
22.3 Other marine polysaccharides as antiviral biomaterials
22.4 Marine peptides as antiviral biomaterials
22.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23. Plant polysaccharides as antiviral agents
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Antiviral mechanisms in polysaccharides
23.3 Plant polysaccharides
23.4 Antiviral activities of plant polysaccharides
23.5 Plant polysaccharide adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccine
23.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 24. Antiviral peptides against dengue virus
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Antiviral peptides targeting dengue virus
24.3 Strategies to identify and develop antiviral peptides against dengue virus
24.4 Direct interactions between antiviral peptides with host cell receptors and enzymes
24.5 Advantages of peptides as antiviral agents
24.6 Limitations of peptides
24.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Disclosure of interest
References
Chapter 25. mRNA vaccines for COVID-19
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 General advantages associated with messenger RNA vaccines
25.3 General concerns associated with messenger RNA vaccines
25.4 The target viral antigen selection for the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
25.5 Development of the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
25.6 Lipid nanoparticles-mediated delivery of the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
25.7 Vaccine uptake at the injection site and translation at the cellular level
25.8 Immune responses induced by COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines
25.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26. Immunotherapy as an emerging and promising tool against viral infections
Abstract
Abbreviation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Vaccines
26.3 Antibody-based therapies
26.4 Chimeric antigen receptor T cells immunotherapy
26.5 Defensin therapy
References
Chapter 27. Role of nutraceuticals as immunomodulators to combat viruses
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Immunity and its classification
27.3 Virus evasion of the host immune system
27.4 Mechanism of action of nutraceuticals
27.5 Nutraceuticals
27.6 Conclusion
References
Section IV: Others
Chapter 28. In vitro and in vivo approaches for evaluating antiviral efficacy
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 In vitro approaches
28.3 In vivo assays approaches
28.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 29. Clinical Trials and Regulatory considerations of Antiviral agents
Abstract
Abbreviations
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Classification of antiviral agents
29.3 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration in the development of antiviral agents
29.4 The US regulator (Food and Drug Administration)
29.5 Applications submitted to division of antiviral products (US FDA)
29.6 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for antiherpes viral drugs
29.7 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for anti-HIV drugs
29.8 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for Antiinfluenza viral drugs
29.9 Clinical trials and Food and Drug Administration recommendations for Antihepatitis viral drugs
29.10 Clinical trials of herbal molecules as antiviral agents
29.11 Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 30. Future perspectives of antiviral therapy
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 General classification of antiviral drugs
30.3 Problems and limitations in antiviral drugs
30.4 Modern perspectives in the development approaches of antivirals
30.5 Conclusion
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Viral Infections and Antiviral Therapies

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Amal Kumar Dhara

Amit Kumar Nayak