Vertebrate Ichnology

Tetrapod Tracks and Trackways

1st Edition - November 30, 2024
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Spencer G Lucas, Adrian Hunt P, Hendrik Klein
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 8 3 7 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 9 7 1 - 0

Vertebrate Ichnology: Introduction, History, Methodology and Devonian-Neogene Tetrapod Tracks is a complete review and analysis of vertebrate trace fossils, including how vertebrat… Read more

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Vertebrate Ichnology: Introduction, History, Methodology and Devonian-Neogene Tetrapod Tracks is a complete review and analysis of vertebrate trace fossils, including how vertebrate trace fossils inform our understanding of major evolutionary events. It covers all aspects of the vertebrate trace fossil record including tetrapod footprints, fish traces and other trails, burrows, nests and more. Each record is reviewed by prominent experts with extensive illustrations and can be used as a tool to solve problems of vertebrate biochronology and biogeography. Megabiases in the record are identified, and trace fossils applied to analysis and the understanding of major events in the evolutionary history of vertebrates.

This is a useful daily reference for paleontologists and geologists; and teaching professors or other researchers working in trace fossils and related fields, including university and graduate students.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Vertebrate ichnology: Introduction and summary
1 Introduction
2 History
3 The vertebrate ichnology of locomotion
3.1 Methods and terminology
3.2 Devonian tetrapod footprints
3.3 Carboniferous tetrapod footprints
3.4 Permian tetrapod footprints
3.5 Triassic tetrapod footprints
3.6 Jurassic tetrapod footprints
3.7 Cretaceous tetrapod footprints
3.8 Paleogene and Neogene tetrapod footprints
3.9 Quaternary tetrapod footprints
3.10 Hominin footprints
3.11 Inferring behavior from footprints
3.12 Fish trails and imprints
4 The Ichnology of Consumption
4.1 Methods
4.2 Vertebrate Dentalites
4.3 Regurgitalites
4.4 Consumulites
4.5 Vertebrate coprolites
4.5 Gastroliths
4.7 Other bromalites
5 The vertebrate ichnology of occupation and reproduction
5.1 Vertebrate burrows
5.2 Reproduction
6 The vertebrate ichnology of geoheritage
6.1 Geoconservation
7 Current status and future of vertebrate ichnology
Acknowledgments
History of the study of vertebrate trace fossils
1 Introduction
2 Footprints
2.1 First steps, 1820–50s
2.2 Scattered studies, 1860–1940s
2.3 Focused research, 1940–70s
2.4 The vigorous subdiscipline of footprint ichnology, 1980s-present
3 Dentalites
3.1 Beginnings, 1820s
3.2 A dearth of interest, 1830–1950s
3.3 Developing interest, 1950–2000
3.4 A maturing subdiscipline, 2000–present
4 Regurgitalites
4.1 First reports, 1930–1950
4.2 Growing interest, 1950–2000
4.3 Accelerated interest, 2000–Present
5 Consumulites
5.1 A few reports from marine taxa, 1820s to 1900
5.2 Sporadic reports, 1900–90
5.3 Increasing interest, 1990–present
6 Gastroliths
6.1 First steps, 1668–1907
6.2 Incidental reports, 1907–2004
6.3 Comprehensive research, 2004–Present
7 Coprolites
7.1 Buckland and copromania, 1820–90s
7.2 New research, 1890–1910
7.3 The quiet years, 1910–50
7.4 Human and Pleistocene nonhuman coprolites, 1950–90
7.5 A maturing subdiscipline, 1990–Present
8 Other bromalites, burrows, and nests
9 Invertebrate versus vertebrate ichnology
10 Prospectus: The future of vertebrate ichnology
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Methods and terminology in vertebrate track ichnology
1 Introduction
2 Terminology
3 Methodology and its challenges
3.1 Field identification
3.2 The 3D revolution
3.3 Track outlines: Where does a track start and end?
4 Qualitative methods
4.1 Trackmaker identification
4.2 Sources of variation: What determines the shape of a track?
4.3 Ichnotaxonomy
4.4 Neoichnology, experiments, and simulations
5 Quantitative methods
5.1 Mean or median, if any?
5.2 Logarithmic transformation, scaling, and statistical tests
5.3 Regression analysis: Ordinary least squares or reduced major axis?
5.4 Exploratory methods
5.5 Shape analysis
5.6 Trackways
5.7 Tracksites
5.8 The rise of artificial intelligence
6 Conclusion
Chapter 2. Devonian tetrapod footprints and tetrapod origins
1 Introduction
2 Supposed Devonian tetrapod footprints
3 Devonian tetrapod footprints
3.1 Genoa River, Australia
3.2 Easter Ross, Scotland
3.3 Valentia Island, Ireland
4 Discussion
4.1 Distribution
4.2 Footprints and tetrapod origins
Chapter 3. Carboniferous tetrapod footprints
1 Introduction
2 Some history
2.1 First discoveries and a significant conclusion (1840s)
2.2 Diverse and mostly scattered discoveries (1840s–1970s)
2.3 Syntheses (1960s–present)
3 Carboniferous ichnotaxa
3.1 Amphisauropus Haubold, 1970 (Fig. 3.5A)
3.2 Attenosaurus Aldrich, Aldrich and Jones (1930) (Fig. 3.6)
3.3 Batrachichnus Woodworth 1900 (Fig. 3.7A)
3.4 Characichnos Whyte and Romano 2001 (Fig. 3.8)
3.5 Cincosaurus (Fig. 3.9A,B)
3.6 Dimetropus Romer and Price 1940 (Fig. 3.10A)
3.7 Dromopus Marsh 1894 (Fig. 3.5B)
3.8 Hylopus Dawson 1882 (Fig. 3.11)
3.9 Ichniotherium Pohlig 1892 (Fig. 3.10B)
3.10 Limnopus Marsh, 1894 (Fig. 3.7C)
3.11 Matthewichnus (Haubold, 1970 (Fig. 3.7B))
3.12 Notalacerta Butts 1891 (Fig. 3.9C,D)
3.13 Pseudobradypus (Matthew, 1903a (Figs. 3.12 and 3.13))
3.14 Varanopus (Moodie, 1929 (Fig. 3.5C))
4 Distribution of Carboniferous tetrapod footprints
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carboniferous tetrapod footprint record of the Maritimes Basin
4.3 Mississippian tetrapod footprints
4.4 Pennsylvanian tetrapod footprints
5 Carboniferous footprint biochronology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Valentian biochron
5.3 Bluebeachian biochron
5.4 Jogginsian biochron
5.5 Robledoan biochron
6 Carboniferous tetrapod footprints and biotic events
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pentadactyly and lateral sequence walking
6.3 Oldest temnospondyls and anthracosaurs
6.4 Oldest amniotes
6.5 Kasimovian bottleneck
6.6 Carboniferous–Permian transition
7 Conclusions
Chapter 4. Permian vertebrate tracks
1 Introduction
2 History of study
3 Material and methods
3.1 Institutional abbreviations
3.2 Localities with specimens in situ
4 Systematic ichnology
4.1 Batrachichnus Woodworth, 1900 (Fig. 4.1A and B)
4.1.1 Type ichnospecies
4.1.2 Holotype
4.1.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.1.4 Distribution
4.1.5 Diagnosis (after Woodworth, 1900, emended)
4.1.6 General description
4.1.7 Discussion
4.1.8 Trackmakers
4.2 Limnopus Marsh, 1894 (Fig. 4.1C and D)
4.2.1 Type ichnospecies
4.2.2 Holotype
4.2.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.2.4 Distribution
4.2.5 Diagnosis (after Marsh, 1894, emended)
4.2.6 General description
4.2.7 Discussion
4.2.8 Trackmaker
4.3 Amphisauropus Haubold, 1970 (Fig. 4.2A and B)
4.3.1 Type ichnospecies
4.3.2 Holotype
4.3.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.3.4 Distribution
4.3.5 Diagnosis (after Haubold, 1970, emended)
4.3.6 General description
4.3.7 Discussion
4.3.8 Trackmaker
4.4 Matthewichnus Haubold, 1970 (Fig. 4.2C and D)
4.4.1 Type ichnospecies
4.4.2 Holotype
4.4.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.4.4 Distribution
4.4.5 Diagnosis (after Haubold, 1970, emended)
4.4.6 General description
4.4.7 Discussion
4.4.8 Trackmaker
4.5 Ichniotherium Pohlig 1892 (Fig. 4.2E and F)
4.5.1 Type ichnospecies
4.5.2 Lectotype
4.5.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.5.4 Distribution
4.5.5 Diagnosis (after Voigt, 2005, emended)
4.5.6 General description
4.5.7 Discussion
4.5.8 Trackmaker
4.6 Dimetropus Romer and Price, 1940 (Fig. 4.3A and B)
4.6.1 Type ichnospecies
4.6.2 Holotype
4.6.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.6.4 Distribution
4.6.5 Diagnosis (after Voigt, 2005, emended)
4.6.6 General description
4.6.7 Discussion
4.6.8 Trackmaker
4.7 Tambachichnium Müller, 1954 (Fig. 4.3C and D)
4.7.1 Type ichnospecies
4.7.2 Holotype
4.7.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.7.4 Distribution
4.7.5 Diagnosis (after Müller, 1954, emended)
4.7.6 General description
4.7.7 Discussion
4.7.8 Trackmaker
4.8 Brontopus Heyler and Lessertisseur, 1963 (Fig. 4.4A and B)
4.8.1 Type ichnospecies
4.8.2 “Plastotype”
4.8.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.8.4 Distribution
4.8.5 Diagnosis (after Marchetti et al., 2019e, emended)
4.8.6 General description
4.8.7 Discussion
4.8.8 Trackmaker
4.9 Dolomitipes Marchetti et al., 2019d (Fig. 4.4C and D)
4.9.1 Type ichnospecies
4.9.2 Holotype
4.9.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.9.4 Distribution
4.9.5 Diagnosis (after Marchetti et al., 2019e, emended)
4.9.6 General description
4.9.7 Discussion
4.9.8 Trackmaker
4.10 Karoopes Marchetti et al., 2019e (Fig. 4.4E and F)
4.10.1 Type ichnospecies
4.10.2 Holotype
4.10.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.10.4 Distribution
4.10.5 Diagnosis (after Marchetti et al., 2019e, emended)
4.10.6 General description
4.10.7 Discussion
4.10.8 Trackmaker
4.11 Capitosauroides Haubold, 1971b (Fig. 4.4G and H)
4.11.1 Type ichnospecies
4.11.2 Holotype
4.11.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.11.4 Distribution
4.11.5 Diagnosis (from Buchwitz et al., 2020, emended)
4.11.6 General description
4.11.7 Discussion
4.11.8 Trackmaker
4.12 Ichnogenus Dicynodontipus Rühle von Lilienstern 1944 (Fig. 4.4I and J)
4.12.1 Type ichnospecies
4.12.2 Holotype
4.12.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.12.4 Distribution
4.12.5 Diagnosis (after Haubold, 1971a, emended)
4.12.6 General description
4.12.7 Discussion
4.12.8 Trackmaker
4.13 Varanopus Moodie, 1929 (Fig. 4.5A and B)
4.13.1 Type ichnospecies
4.13.2 Holotype
4.13.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.13.4 Distribution
4.13.5 Diagnosis (after Moodie, 1929, emended)
4.13.6 General description
4.13.7 Discussion
4.13.8 Trackmaker
4.14 Erpetopus Moodie, 1929 (Fig. 4.5C and D)
4.14.1 Type ichnospecies
4.14.2 Holotype
4.14.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.14.4 Distribution
4.14.5 Diagnosis (after Moodie, 1929, emended)
4.14.6 General description
4.14.7 Discussion
4.14.8 Trackmaker
4.15 Procolophonichnium Nopcsa, 1923 (Fig. 4.5E,F)
4.15.1 Type ichnospecies
4.15.2 Holotype
4.15.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.15.4 Distribution
4.15.5 Diagnosis (after Klein et al., 2015, emended)
4.15.6 General description
4.15.7 Discussion
4.15.8 Trackmaker
4.16 Pachypes Leonardi et al., 1975 (Fig. 4.5G and H)
4.16.1 Type ichnospecies
4.16.2 Holotype
4.16.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.16.4 Distribution
4.16.5 Diagnosis (after Marchetti et al., 2021a, emended)
4.16.6 General description
4.16.7 Discussion
4.16.8 Trackmaker
4.17 Notalacerta Butts, 1891 (Fig. 4.6A and B)
4.17.1 Type ichnospecies
4.17.2 Neotype
4.17.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.17.4 Distribution
4.17.5 Diagnosis (after Marchetti et al., 2020a, emended)
4.17.6 General description
4.17.7 Discussion
4.17.8 Trackmaker
4.18 Hyloidichnus Gilmore, 1927 (Fig. 4.6C and D)
4.18.1 Type ichnospecies
4.18.2 Holotype
4.18.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.18.4 Distribution
4.18.5 Diagnosis (after Gilmore, 1927; emended)
4.18.6 General description
4.18.7 Discussion
4.18.8 Trackmaker
4.19 Dromopus Marsh, 1894 (Fig. 4.7A and B)
4.19.1 Type ichnospecies
4.19.2 Holotype
4.19.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.19.4 Distribution
4.19.5 Diagnosis (after Marsh 1894, emended)
4.19.6 General description
4.19.7 Discussion
4.19.8 Trackmaker
4.20 Rhynchosauroides Maidwell 1911 (Fig. 4.7C and D)
4.20.1 Type ichnospecies
4.20.2 Holotype
4.20.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.20.4 Distribution
4.20.5 Diagnosis (after Klein and Lucas, 2021; emended)
4.20.6 General description
4.20.7 Discussion
4.20.8 Trackmaker
4.21 Paradoxichnium Müller, 1959 (Fig. 4.7E and F)
4.21.1 Type ichnospecies
4.21.2 Holotype
4.21.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.21.4 Distribution
4.21.5 Diagnosis (after Müller, 1959, emended)
4.21.6 General description
4.21.7 Discussion
4.21.8 Trackmaker
4.22 Cf. Protochirotherium Fichter and Kunz, 2004 (Fig. 4.7G and H)
4.22.1 Type ichnospecies
4.22.2 Holotype
4.22.3 Valid ichnospecies
4.22.4 Distribution
4.22.5 Diagnosis (after Klein and Lucas, 2021; emended)
4.22.6 General description
4.22.7 Discussion
4.22.8 Trackmaker
5 Ichnotaphonomy and ichnotaxonomy (Fig. 4.8)
6 Potential trackmakers (Fig. 4.9)
7 Posture and locomotion (Fig. 4.10)
8 Substrate and locomotion (Fig. 4.11)
9 Associated traces (Fig. 4.12)
10 Track paleoecology (Fig. 4.13)
11 Track biostratigraphy (Fig. 4.14)
12 Track paleobiogeography (Fig. 4.15)
13 Evolutionary events (Fig. 4.15)
14 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 5. Triassic tetrapod footprints
1 Introduction
2 History of research
3 Footprint preservation
4 Ichnotaxa
4.1 Amphibian
4.1.1 Batrachichnus Woodworth (1900)
4.2 Lepidosauromorph–archosauromorph
4.2.1 Gwyneddichnium Bock (1952)
4.2.2 Prorotodactylus Ptaszyński (2000)
4.2.3 Rhynchosauroides Maidwell (1911)
4.2.4 Rotodactylus Peabody (1948)
4.3 Turtle
4.3.1 Chelonipus Rühle von Lilienstern (1939)
4.4 Archosauriform
4.4.1 Apatopus Baird (1957)
4.4.2 Brachychirotherium Beurlen (1950)
4.4.3 Chirotherium Kaup (1835a)
4.4.4 Isochirotherium Haubold (1971b)
4.4.5 Protochirotherium Fichter and Kunz (2004)
4.4.6 Synaptichnium Nopcsa (1923)
4.4.7 New ichnogenus (in prep.)
4.4.8 Chirotheriidae indet
4.5 Crocodylomorph
4.5.1 Batrachopus Hitchcock (1845)
4.6 Dinosauriform–dinosaur
4.6.1 Anchisauripus Lull (1904)
4.6.2 Atreipus Olsen and Baird (1986)
4.6.3 Banisterobates Fraser and Olsen (1996)
4.6.4 Eoanomoepus Lockley et al. (2018)
4.6.5 Eubrontes Hitchcock (1845)
4.6.6 Grallator Hitchcock (1858)
4.6.7 Pengxianpus Yang and Yang (1987)
4.6.8 Trisauropodiscus Ellenberger (1970)
4.7 Sauropodomorph
4.7.1 Eosauropus Lockley et al. (2006a)
4.7.2 Evazoum Nicosia and Loi (2003)
4.7.3 Pseudotetrasauropus Ellenberger (1972)
4.7.4 Tetrasauropus Ellenberger (1972)
4.8 Synapsid
4.8.1 Brasilichnium Leonardi (1981)
4.8.2 Capitosauroides Haubold (1971a)
4.8.3 Dicynodontipus Rühle v. Lilienstern (1944)
4.8.4 Dolomitipes Marchetti et al. (2019a)
4.8.5 Pentasauropus Ellenberger (1972)
4.8.6 Procolophonichnium Nopcsa (1923)
4.8.7 Therapsipus Hunt et al. (1993b)
4.9 “Swim” traces left by buoyant or punting tetrapods
4.9.1 Anshunpes Xing et al. (2020)
4.9.2 Characichnos Whyte and Romano (2001)
4.9.3 Dikoposichnus Zhang et al. (2014)
4.10 Nomina dubia with different affinities
4.11 Tetrapod footprints unnamed or given incorrect labels
5 Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography
6 Ichnofacies and ichnocoenoses
6.1 Batrachichnus ichnofacies
6.2 Brontopodus ichnofacies
6.3 Grallator ichnofacies
6.4 Chelichnus ichnofacies
6.5 Characichnos ichnofacies
7 Triassic tetrapod evolution based on the footprint record
8 Conclusions
Chapter 6. Jurassic vertebrate tracks and traces
1 Introduction
2 Regional summaries
2.1 Africa
2.1.1 Madagascar
2.2 Antarctica
2.3 Asia
2.4 Australia
2.5 Europe
2.6 North America
2.7 South America
3 Systematic ichnology
4 Discussion
Chapter 7. Cretaceous vertebrate tracks
1 Introduction
2 History of study
2.1 North America
2.2 South America
2.3 Europe
2.4 Africa
2.5 Australia
2.6 East Asia
3 Ichnotaxonomy
3.1 Sauropods, saurischia
3.1.1 Brontopodus Farlow et al., 1989 (Fig. 7.1)
3.1.2 Chorrokhosauropus Dzhalilov and Novikov, 1993
3.1.3 Titanosaurimanus Dalla Vecchia and Tarlao, 2000 (Fig. 7.2A)
3.1.4 Titanopodus González Riga and Calvo, 2009 (Fig. 7.2B)
3.1.5 Oobardjidama Salisbury et al., 2016 (Fig. 7.2C)
3.1.6 Calorckosauripus Meyer et al., 2018 (Fig. 7.2D)
3.1.7 Iniestapodus Torcida Fernández-Baldor et al., 2021 (Fig. 7.2F)
3.1.8 Teratopodus Tomaselli et al., 2022 (Fig. 7.2H)
3.1.9 Parvieouspodus ichnogen. nov (Figs. 7.2E and 7.29).
3.1.10 Gyeongsangsauropus ichnogen. comb. nov (Fig. 7.2G).
3.2 Non-avian theropods, saurischia
3.2.1 Eubrontes Hitchcock, 1845 (Figs. 7.3A,B and 7.30A)
3.2.2 Gigandipus Hitchcock, 1855; Lull, 1904 (Figs. 7.3C–E and 7.30H)
3.2.3 Grallator Hitchcock, 1858 (Figs. 7.3F–H and 7.30D)
3.2.4 Ornithomimipus Sternberg, 1926 (Fig. 7.4A and B)
3.2.5 Gypsichnites Sternberg, 1932 (Fig. 7.4C)
3.2.6 Columbosauripus Sternberg, 1932 (Fig. 7.4E)
3.2.7 Irenesauripus Sternberg, 1932 (Fig. 7.4F–H)
3.2.8 Irenichnites Sternberg, 1932 (Fig. 7.4H)
3.2.9 Satapliasaurus Gabuniya, 1951 (Fig. 7.5A–C)
3.2.10 Bueckeburgichnus Kuhn, 1958 (Fig. 7.5D)
3.2.11 Yangtzepus Young, 1960 (Fig. 7.6A and B)
3.2.12 Macropodosauropus Zakharov, 1964 (Fig. 7.6C)
3.2.13 Megalosauropus Colbert and Merrilees, 1967 (Figs. 7.6D,E and 7.33D,E)
3.2.14 Moraesichnium Leonardi, 1979a (Fig. 7.7A)
3.2.15 Xiangxipus Zeng, 1982 (Fig. 7.6F)
3.2.16 Skartopus Thulborn and Wade, 1984 (Fig. 7.6G)
3.2.17 Salfitichnus Alonso and Marquillas, 1986 (Fig. 7.7B)
3.2.18 Picunichnus Calvo, 1991 (Figs. 7.7C,D and 7.30B)
3.2.19 Abelichnus Calvo, 1991 (Fig. 7.7E)
3.2.20 Deferrariischnium Calvo, 1991 (Fig. 7.7F)
3.2.21 Bressanichnus Calvo, 1991 (Fig. 7.7G)
3.2.22 Theroplantigrada Casanovas et al., 1993a (Fig. 7.5E)
3.2.23 Filichnites Moratalla, 1993 (Fig. 7.5F)
3.2.24 Tyrannosauripus Lockley and Hunt, 1994a (Figs. 7.4J,K and 7.31A).
3.2.25 Minisauripus Zhen et al., 1996 (Fig. 7.6H, I and 7.30F)
3.2.26 Velociraptorichnus Zhen et al., 1996 (Figs. 7.8A,B and 7.32A)
3.2.27 Saurexallopus Harris et al., 1996 (Figs. 7.4L–N and 7.30G)
3.2.28 Archaeornithipus Fuentes Vidarte, 1996 (Fig. 7.5G)
3.2.29 Fuscinapedis Lee, 1997 (Figs. 7.4O and 7.32B)
3.2.30 Magnoavipes Lee, 1997 (Fig. 7.4P–S)
3.2.31 Toyamasauripus Matsukawa et al., 1997 (Fig. 7.6J)
3.2.32 Kalohipus Fuentes Vidarte and Meijide Calvo, 1999 (Fig. 7.5H)
3.2.33 Asianopodus Matsukawa et al., 2005 (Figs. 7.6K–M and 7.30E)
3.2.34 Siamopodus Lockley et al., 2006b (Fig. 7.6N and O)
3.2.35 Chapus Li et al., 2006 (Fig. 7.6P)
3.2.36 Dromaeopodus Li et al., 2008 (Figs. 7.8C and 7.32C)
3.2.37 Dromaeosauripus Kim et al., 2008 (Figs. 7.8D–F and 7.32D,E)
3.2.38 Menglongipus Xing et al., 2009d (Fig. 7.8G)
3.2.39 Corpulentapus Li et al., 2011 (Fig. 7.6Q)
3.2.40 Wakinyantanka Lockley et al., 2014d (Fig. 7.4T)
3.2.41 Paracorpulentapus Xing et al., 2014c (Fig. 7.6R)
3.2.42 Bellatoripes McCrea et al., 2014b (Figs. 7.4U and 7.31B)
3.2.43 Ordexallopus Lockley et al., 2018a (Fig. 7.6S)
3.2.44 Dromaeosauriformipes Kim et al., 2018b (Fig. 7.8H)
3.2.45 Candeleroichnus Calvo and Rivera, 2018 (Fig. 7.7H)
3.2.46 Lockleypus Xing et al., 2018e (Fig. 7.6T)
3.2.47 Jurabrontes Marty et al., 2018 (Fig. 7.5I and J)
3.2.48 Farlowichnus Leonardi et al., 2024 (Figs. 7.7I and 7.30C)
3.2.49 Fujianipus Xing et al., 2024b (Fig. 7.8I)
3.3 Avian theropods, saurischia
3.3.1 Ignotornis Mehl, 1931 (Figs. 7.9A–E and 7.34A)
3.3.2 Hwangsanipes Yang et al., 1995 (Fig. 7.9F)
3.3.3 Goseongornipes Lockley et al., 2006a (Fig. 7.9G)
3.3.4 Aquatilavipes Currie, 1981 (Fig. 7.10)
3.3.5 Jindongornipes Lockley et al., 1992a (Fig. 7.11A)
3.3.6 Koreanaornis Kim, 1969 (Fig. 7.12A–C)
3.3.7 Pullornipes Lockley et al., 2006c (Fig. 7.12D)
3.3.8 Limiavipes McCrea et al., 2014a (Fig. 7.11C)
3.3.9 Wupus Xing et al., 2007 (Fig. 7.11D)
3.3.10 Barrosopus Coria et al., 2002 (Fig. 7.12E)
3.3.11 Paxavipes McCrea et al., 2015a (Fig. 7.12F)
3.3.12 Shandongornipes Li et al., 2005 (Figs. 7.11B and 7.34B)
3.3.13 Gruipeda Panin and Avram, 1962 (Fig. 7.13F)
3.3.14 Yacoraitichnus Alonso and Marquillas, 1986 (=Yacoriteichnus, misspelled) (Fig. 7.13E)
3.3.15 Uhangrichnus Yang et al., 1995 (Fig. 7.13C)
3.3.16 Sarjeantopodus Lockley et al., 2004a (Fig. 7.13D)
3.3.17 Gyeongsangornipes Kim et al., 2013 (Fig. 7.13A)
3.3.18 Tatarornipes Lockley et al., 2012d (Fig. 7.13B)
3.4 Ornithischia
3.4.1 Hypsiloichnus Stanford et al., 2004 (Fig. 7.14A)
3.4.2 Wintonopus Thulborn and Wade, 1984 (Figs. 7.14B,C and 7.33A–C)
3.4.3 Neoanomoepus Lockley et al., 2009b (Figs. 7.14D and 7.35)
3.4.4 Iguanodontipus Sarjeant et al., 1998 (Fig. 7.15)
3.4.5 Caririchnium Leonardi, 1984 (Figs. 7.16 and 7.36A)
3.4.6 Hadrosauropodus Lockley et al., 2004a (Figs. 7.17 and 7.36D)
3.4.7 Deltapodus Whyte and Romano, 1994 (Fig. 7.18A)
3.4.8 Garbina Salisbury et al., 2016 (Fig. 7.18B)
3.4.9 Luluichnus Salisbury et al., 2016 (Fig. 7.18C)
3.4.10 Metatetrapous Nopcsa, 1923 (Fig. 7.19A and B)
3.4.11 Tetrapodosaurus Sternberg, 1932 (Fig. 7.19C)
3.4.12 Ligabueichnium Leonardi, 1984 (Fig. 7.19D)
3.4.13 Apulosauripus Nicosia et al., 1999 (Fig. 7.19E)
3.4.14 Ceratopsipes Lockley and Hunt, 1995b (Fig. 7.20)
3.5 Pterosauria
3.5.1 Pteraichnus Stokes, 1957 (Fig. 7.21)
3.5.2 Purbeckopus Delair 1963 (Fig. 7.22A)
3.5.3 Haenamichnus Hwang et al., 2002 (Fig. 7.22B)
3.5.4 Agadirichnus Ambroggi and de Lapparent 1954 (Fig. 7.22C)
3.6 Choristodera and other aquatic reptiles
3.6.1 Champsosaurichnus Lockley and Hunt 1995b (Fig. 7.23A)
3.6.2 Novapes Lee et al., 2020 (Fig. 7.23B)
3.6.3 Coneroichnus Natali and Leonardi, 2023 (Fig. 7.23C)
3.7 Terrestrial lizards
3.7.1 Neosauroides Kim et al., 2017a (Figs. 7.24A,C,D and 7.37)
3.7.2 Sauripes Lee et al., 2018 (Fig. 7.24B)
3.8 Crocodiles (Crocodylomorpha)
3.8.1 Batrachopus Hitchcock, 1845 (Fig. 7.25D)
3.8.2 Mehliella Strand, 1932 (Fig. 7.25A)
3.8.3 Crocodylopodus Meijide Calvo and Fuentes Vidarte, 2001 (Fig. 7.25C)
3.8.4 Angolaichnus Mateus et al., 2017 (Fig. 7.25B)
3.9 Turtles
3.9.1 Emydhipus Fuentes Vidarte et al., 2003 (Fig. 7.26A and B)
3.9.2 Chelonipus Rühle von Lilienstern, 1939 (Fig. 7.26C)
3.10 Mammal
3.10.1 Brasilichnium Leonardi, 1981 (Fig. 7.27F–H)
3.10.2 Schadipes Lockley and Foster, 2003 (Fig. 7.27E)
3.10.3 Koreasaltipes Kim et al., 2017b (Fig. 7.27B)
3.10.4 Catocapes Mateus et al., 2017 (Fig. 7.27C)
3.10.5 Aracoaraichnium Buck et al., 2017b (Fig. 7.27D)
3.10.6 Sederipes Stanford et al., 2018 (Fig. 7.27A)
3.11 Amphibia
3.11.1 Ranipes Lockley and Milner, 2014 (Fig. 7.28)
4 Ichnotaphonomy and ichnotaxonomy
4.1 Extramorphological distortion
4.2 The similar morphology of the trackmaker
4.3 Solutions and perspectives
5 Posture, locomotion and behavior
5.1 Posture and locomotion
5.1.1 Ceratopsids
5.1.2 Sauropods
5.1.3 Ornithopods
5.1.4 Theropods
5.1.5 Pterosaurs
5.2 Speed
5.3 Behavior
5.3.1 Swimming
5.3.2 Foraging
5.3.3 Gregarious behavior
5.3.4 Crouching
5.4 Pathologies
6 Track paleoecology
7 Track biostratigraphy and biochronology
8 Track paleobiogeography
8.1 Carbonate platforms
8.2 The polar fauna and their migration
8.3 The comparison of ichnofaunas of different regions
9 Evolutionary events
9.1 A path to gigantism
9.2 Jurassic–Cretaceous insights: A case study of the Tuchengzi Formation, East Asia
9.3 The Cretaceous–Tertiary mass extinction event
10 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 8. Ichnotaxonomy of Paleogene and Neogene tetrapod tracks
1 Introduction
2 Tetrapods
3 Paleogene/Neogene vertebrate track preservation
4 Ichnotaxonomy
4.1 Amphibia
4.1.1 Amphibian autopodium structure and tracks
4.1.2 Amphibian ichnotaxa
4.2 Reptilia
4.2.1 Reptilian autopodium structure and tracks
4.2.2 Reptilian ichnotaxa
4.3 AVES
4.3.1 Avian autopodium structure and tracks
4.3.2 Avian ichnotaxa
4.4 Mammalia
4.4.1 Artiodactyla
4.4.2 Perissodactyla and Paenungulata
4.4.3 Carnivora and Creodonta
4.4.4 Anagalida
4.4.5 Xenarthra
4.4.6 Insectivora
5 Final considerations/thoughts
Index

Spencer G Lucas

Spencer G. Lucas is a stratigrapher and paleontologist who has been Curator of Geology and Paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA) since 1988. Lucas’s research focuses on vertebrate body and trace fossils. Since 1992, he has been a major contributor to refinement of the Triassic timescale as a Voting Member of the IUGS Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy. He has undertaken extensive field research in the American West, Kazakstan, China, Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Lucas has published 7 books and edited or co-edited more than 70 volumes. He has published more than 1000 scientific articles and is or has been on numerous editorial boards. In 1991, he founded the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin and is its Chief Editor.

Affiliations and expertise

Stratigrapher and Paleontologist, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Adrian Hunt P

Adrian P. Hunt is a palaeontologist who has been Adjunct Curator of Paleontology at New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (New Mexico) since 2007 and Executive Director of the Flying Heritage and Combat Armor Museum (Washington) since 2007. Previously, he was founder/curator of the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum (New Mexico) and Executive Director of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. He is particularly interested in vertebrate trace fossils, ranging from coprolites to footprints, and he has published in this subject area for over 35 years, having published more than 700 articles, and written or edited six books.

Affiliations and expertise

Paleontologist, Flying Heritage and Combat Armor Museum, USA

Hendrik Klein

Hendrik Klein is an independent researcher working at Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum, Germany. His main research fields are vertebrate paleontology and ichnology. He is a member of the editorial boards of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin and the Ichnos journal. Present research projects and work include Tetrapod ichnology and ichnostratigraphy of the Triassic; ichnology and paleoecology of Paleozoic-Mesozoic strata in Morocco with Technical University, Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany and Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco; and Mesozoic tetrapod ichnology of China with Lida Xing and Martin Lockley.

Affiliations and expertise

Independent Researcher, Saurierwelt Palaontologisches Museum, Germany

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Tetrapod Tracks and Trackways

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