Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis

Fundamental Aspects

1st Edition - April 23, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Alessandro D’Ulivo, Ralph Sturgeon
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 8 3 4 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 8 4 2 - 7

Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental Aspects provides an overview and discussion of the fundamental aspects governing derivatization reactions… Read more

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Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental Aspects provides an overview and discussion of the fundamental aspects governing derivatization reactions of trace-level elements for analytical purposes. Vapor generation techniques coupled with atomic or mass spectrometry have been employed for over 50 years, but their popularity has dramatically increased in recent years, especially as alternative vapor generation approaches have been developed. This book bridges the knowledge gap of the derivatization mechanisms that yield volatile compounds and provides an update on recent developments in vapor generation techniques used for the determination and speciation of trace elements by atomic optical and mass spectrometry.

It will serve as a comprehensive, single-source overview of recent developments, providing readers with an understanding of the correct implementation—and limitations—of applying vapor generation techniques to everyday analytical problems facing the trace element analyst.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction to vapor generation techniques
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Limitations of current sample introduction and atomization techniques
1.3 Vapor generation techniques
1.4 Favorable features and shortcomings of VGTs
1.5 Overview of book structure and content
References
Part I: Chemical Vapor Generation
Chapter 2. Chemical vapor generation by aqueous boranes
Abstract
2.1 Introduction and historical background
2.2 Borane reagents, reaction products, and apparatus
2.3 Processes and mechanisms of chemical vapor generation
2.4 Factors controlling reactivity in chemical vapor generation
2.5 Interferences
2.6 Final remarks, open questions, and future trends
References
Chapter 3. Chemical vapor generation of transition and noble metals
Abstract
3.1 Introduction and background
3.2 Experimental implementations of chemical vapor generation
3.3 Efficiency of chemical vapor generation
3.4 Detailed discussion of mechanisms and fundamental processes in chemical vapor generation
3.5 Shortcomings with theory, remaining problems, and limitations
3.6 Conclusions and future developments
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4. Chemical vapor generation by aqueous phase alkylation
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CVG with tetraalkylborates
4.3 CVG with trialkyloxonium salts
4.4 Metal speciation with Grignard reagents
4.5 Future trends and perspectives
References
Chapter 5. Other chemical vapor generation techniques
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chelate formation
5.3 Thermal chemical vapor generation
5.4 Generation of volatile oxides
5.5 Chemical vapor generation of volatile chlorides
5.6 Chemical vapor generation of volatile fluorides
5.7 Chemical vapor generation of volatile bromides
5.8 Chemical vapor generation of volatile carbonyls
5.9 Chemical vapor generation of boron esters
5.10 Chemical vapor generation using SnCl2
5.11 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 6. Chemical vapor generation in nonaqueous media
Abstract
6.1 Introduction and background
6.2 Early studies on chemical vapor generation in nonaqueous media
6.3 Experimental implementation of the technique
6.4 Fundamental processes; theory and mechanisms
6.5 Remaining problems, limitations, and shortcomings
6.6 Future developments
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Non-Chemical Vapor Generation
Chapter 7. Photo-sono-thermo-chemical vapor generation techniques
Abstract
7.1 General introduction
7.2 Photochemical vapor generation
7.3 Sonochemical vapor generation
7.4 Thermochemical vapor generation
7.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 8. Catalysts in photochemical vapor generation
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
8.3 Homogeneous catalysis
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9. Plasma-mediated vapor generation techniques
Abstract
9.1 General introduction
9.2 Sources for plasma-mediated vapor generation
9.3 Influence of coexisting ions on PMVG
9.4 Analytical performance and applications of PMVG
9.5 Possible mechanisms of PMVG
9.6 Concluding remarks and future trends
References
Chapter 10. Electrochemical vapor generation
Abstract
10.1 Introduction and background to electrochemical vapor generation
10.2 Fundamentals and experimental implementation of ECVG
10.3 Mechanisms of ECVG
10.4 Shortcomings and limitations: interferences in ECVG
10.5 Final remarks and future developments
References
Part III: Atomization Devices
Chapter 11. Nonplasma devices for atomization and detection of volatile metal species by atomic absorption and fluorescence
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Processes taking place in online atomizers
11.3 Online atomization—preliminary considerations
11.4 Online atomizers
11.5 In-atomizer collection—preliminary considerations
11.6 Experimental approaches to in-atomizer collection
11.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Dedication
References
Chapter 12. Dielectric barrier discharge devices
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 DBD concept and designs
12.3 Plasma chemistry: processes and species
12.4 Analytical applications
12.5 DBD atomizers for AAS
12.6 DBD atomizers for AFS
12.7 DBD excitation for OES
12.8 Analyte preconcentration
12.9 Speciation analysis
12.10 Future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Abbreviations and symbols
Index

Alessandro D’Ulivo

Alessandro D’Ulivo is a Senior Researcher at National Research Council of Italy, developing his research activity at the Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Pisa-Italy, since 1981. Teaching Analytical Chemistry at Pisa University since 1991. In 2013 he received the qualification of full professor in Analytical Chemistry. His research interests are in the field of trace element determination and speciation by atomic and mass spectrometry, fundamental aspects and applications of vapour generation techniques, atomizers and element specific detectors for chromatography. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Atomic Spectroscopy (Elsevier) and a IUPAC Fellow. He received the Ioannes Marcus Marci Medal in 2018 and the Török Tibor Medal in 2020.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Researcher, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Pisa, Italy

Ralph Sturgeon

Ralph Sturgeon’s technical interests lie in inorganic analytical chemistry, comprising trace element analysis, vapor generation, organometallic speciation and production of Certified Reference Materials with a focus on atomic and mass spectrometric detection. He has published some 330 peer reviewed articles, is past Editor for Spectrochimica Acta Reviews and currently serves on the advisory boards of several international analytical chemistry journals. For more than 20 years Sturgeon has interacted extensively with the international metrology community, serving on working groups affiliated with both ISO and the BIPM while actively participating in audits of National Metrology Institute laboratories throughout the world. His contributions to analytical atomic spectroscopy have been recognized through a number of awards, including most recently the 2019 CSI Award. He was peer ranked amongst the top 10 most influential analytical spectroscopists for 2017 by the Analytical Scientist.

Affiliations and expertise

Ralph Sturgeon, National Research Council of Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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