Valency and Molecular Structure

1 Historical Introduction 1.1 Electricity and Chemical Bonding 1.2 The Lewis-Langmuir Electron-Pair Bond 1.3 Quantum Theory of Chemical Bonding 1.4 Bibliography 2 The Experimental Foundation of the Quantum Theory 2.1 Energy Units 2.2 Black Body Radiation 2.3 The Photoelectric Effect 2.4 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 2.5 Energy Level Diagrams 2.6 Extensions of the Bohr Theory 3 Elementary Quantum Theory 3.1 Particles and Waves 3.2 The New Quantum Theory and the 'Uncertainty Principle' 3.3 Waves and Wave Equations 3.4 The Wave Equation for Electrons 3.5 Operator Form of the Schrödinger Equation 4 The Hydrogen Atom 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Polar Co-ordinates 4.3 Acceptable Solutions - The Quantum Numbers 4.4 The Radial Functions R(R) 4.5 Radial Distribution Functions 4.6 The Angular Functions Y(θ,φ) 4.7 Orbitals, Probability Distributions and Charge Clouds 4.8 Energy Levels 5 Quantum Theory and the Periodic Classification 5.1 The Wave Equation for Many-Electron Atoms 5.2 Energy Levels 5.3 Electron Spin 5.4 The Exclusion Principle 5.5 Ionization Energies 5.6 The 'Building-up' ('Aufbau') Principle and the Periodic Classification 5.7 Transition Series: The 'd-Block' Elements 6 The Molecular-Orbital Method 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Relationship between Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (United Atom Approach) 6.3 The Lcao Method 6.4 Hydrogen Molecule Ion (H2+) 6.5 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 6.6 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 6.7 Bond Strength 6.8 Reference 7 The Valence-Bond Method 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Hydrogen Molecule Ion 7.3 The Hydrogen Molecule 7.4 Comparison of the Molecular-Orbital and Valence-Bond Methods 7.5 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 7.6 Resonance 7.7 Resonance: Some Misconceptions and Some Guiding Principles8 Directed Valency 8.1 Shapes of Molecules Formed by First-Row Elements 8.2 The Criterion of Maximum Overlapping 8.3 Polyatomic Molecules: VB and MO Descriptions 8.4 Non-equivalent Orbitals 8.5 Π Molecular Orbitals 8.6 The Equivalent-Orbital Description 8.7 Bond Energies 9 Ionic, Hydrogen and Metallic Bonds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Ionic Bonds 9.3 Crystal Lattice Energy 9.4 The Born-Haber Cycle 9.5 Ionic Radii 9.6 Ionic Structures 9.7 Electronegativity 9.8 The Hydrogen Bond 9.9 Metallic Bonds 9.10 The Molecular or van der Waals' Bond 9.11 Bibliography 10 The Structures of Some Simple Inorganic Compounds 10.1 Bond Lengths 10.2 Calculated Bond Lengths 10.3 Stereochemistry of Compounds Formed by Main-Group Elements 10.4 Lithium and the Alkali Metals 10.5 Beryllium and the Alkaline Earth Metals 10.6 Boron and the Group IIIB Elements 10.7 Carbon and the Group IVB Elements 10.8 Nitrogen and the Group VB Elements 10.9 Oxygen and the Group VIB Elements 10.10 Fluorine and the Group VIIB Elements 10.11 Compounds of the Noble Gases 10.12 Bonding in Xenon Compounds 10.13 References 11 Complex Compounds 11.1 Introduction and Nomenclature 11.2 Bonding in Complex Compounds 11.3 Absorption Spectra 11.4 Magnetic Susceptibility 11.5 The Stability of Complex Compounds 11.6 Distortion of Octahedral Complexes 11.7 Co-ordination Numbers Other than 6 11.8 Co-ordination Number 2 11.9 Co-ordination Number 3 11.10 Co-ordination Number 4 11.11 Co-ordination Number 5 11.12 Co-ordination Number 7 11.13 Co-ordination Number 8 11.14 Co-ordination Numbers 9, 10 and 12 11.15 Metal-Metal Bonding: Cluster Compounds 11.16 Carbonyls 11.17 Cyclopentadiene Complexes 11.18 Alkene and Alkyne Complexes 11.19 Reactivity of Complex Compounds: Orbital Considerations 11.20 The Stability and Reactivity of Four-Co-ordinate Complexes: The 'trans' Influence and 'trans' Effect 11.21 References 12 Electronic Spectra of Transition-Metal Complexes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Electronic Spectra of d1 Ions 12.3 Intensity of d-d Bands 12.4 Configurations for Free Ions (dn) 12.5 Coupling of Electron Spins 12.6 Coupling of Orbital Angular Momenta 12.7 Spin Multiplicity (2S + 1) 12.8 Relationship between Terms and Microstates for the p2 Configuration 12.9 Microstates and Terms for a d2 Configuration 12.10 Terms for dn Configurations 12.11 Coupling of Spin and Orbital Momenta 12.12 Free Ions: Term Energies 12.13 Spectra of Complex Ions 12.14 Weak-Field Method 12.15 Spectra of Octahedral d2 Complexes (e.g. [VL6]3+): The Weak-Field Approach 12.16 Orgel Diagrams 12.17 Strong-Field Method (For Octahedral Fields) 12.18 Correlation of Weak-Field and Strong-Field Levels 12.19 Other Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams 12.20 References 13 Electron-Deficient Molecules 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Structure and Bonding of Diborane 13.3 The Structures of the Higher Hydrides of Boron 13.4 The Structures of the Borohydrides (Tetrahydroborates) 13.5 The Metal Alkyls 13.6 References Index