Ureases
Functions, Classes, and Applications
- 1st Edition - February 16, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Rodrigo Ligabu Braun, Celia Regina R Da S Carlini
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 8 0 0 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 7 2 0 0 - 0
Ureases: Foundations, Classes, and Applications provides a thorough, practical analysis of ureases—enzymes of growing relevance across a range of biotechnological applicati… Read more
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Request a sales quoteUreases: Foundations, Classes, and Applications provides a thorough, practical analysis of ureases—enzymes of growing relevance across a range of biotechnological applications and drug discovery. Unique in many aspects, ureases are one of the few enzymes to have nickel in their active sites. This book covers all aspects of this enzymatic class starting with foundational overview and then providing historical urease research and current state, from basic biochemistry to the use of ureases as hallmarks in enzymology, crystallography, and bioinorganic chemistry. The different classes of ureases, structurally diverse but chemically equivalent, are individually discussed.
The multi-protein, multi-step activation of ureases (with chemical modification of residues, transport, and transfer of nickel ions) are examined in-depth, along with the catalytic mechanisms of ureolysis and its inhibitors. The final two sections of the book address multiple applications of ureases in health and biotechnology, respectively, going from gastric ulcer treatment to architectural uses in buildings and engineering. Future applications and next steps in research are also considered.
- Considers fundamental aspects of urease biochemistry, ureolysis and urease inhibitors
- Discusses urease research across a range of applications, from drug discovery to biosensors, water purification, architecture and the food industry
- Features chapter contributions from international leaders in the field
Researchers in Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Enzymology, Drug Discovery, Genetics, and Microbiology, Students
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- List of contributors
- About the editors
- Preface
- Part I: Introduction
- 1. Ureases: an overview
- Abstract
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Structure and activation
- 1.3 Relevance in health and technology
- 1.4 Conclusions
- References
- Part II: Historical aspects
- 2. Historical hallmarks in urease study
- Abstract
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 From urea to urease: 1700–1900
- 2.3 Enzymes are proteins and they can have nickel: 1900–75
- 2.4 Structure-function(s) of urease: 1981–currently
- 2.5 Urease origins: notes on urease prehistory
- References
- 3. Genetics of plant urease, the enzyme that keeps surprising us
- Abstract
- 3.1 An innocent young man
- 3.2 A quixotic quest: biological and biographical background
- 3.3 The urease play, with a cast of “firsts”
- 3.4 Nickel enters the fray
- 3.5 Soybean urease isozymes enter the fray
- 3.6 Nickel insertion proteins enter the fray (in vitro activation of soybean urease)
- 3.7 Does urea enter the fray? Of course, but from which tissues?
- 3.8 Dueling metabolic precursors of urea enter the fray
- 3.9 A urease-mediated insight into plant associations with bacteria
- 3.10 Other nickel roles in the plant world?
- 3.11 Are urea and NO children of the same parents?
- 3.12 Dedication
- References
- 4. Microbial ureases
- Abstract
- 4.1 Historical aspects and relevance of microbial ureases
- 4.2 Structural organization of microbial ureases and evolution
- 4.3 Genomic organization and expression regulation of bacterial ureases
- 4.4 Urease-negative bacteria
- 4.5 Beneficial roles of bacterial ureases
- 4.6 Microbial ureases as virulence factors
- 4.7 Nonenzymatic properties of three-chained ureases
- 4.8 Concluding remarks
- References
- Part III: Classes and special cases
- 5. Plant ureases: biochemistry, structure, physiological functions, role of urease inhibitors, and urease applications in industry
- Abstract
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Historical milestones of urease
- 5.3 Biochemistry of urea catalysis
- 5.4 A Ubiquitous enzyme
- 5.5 Structure of plant urease
- 5.6 Urease inhibitors of agricultural interest
- 5.7 Physiological role of urease in plants
- 5.8 Nonenzymatic properties of plant ureases
- 5.9 Applications of ureases
- 5.10 Conclusion
- References
- 6. Jack bean urease
- Abstract
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Role of plant urease
- 6.3 Urease architecture
- 6.4 Challenges in crystallizing jack bean urease
- 6.5 Crystallization of JBU
- 6.6 X-ray analysis of native and fluoride-inhibited JBU
- 6.7 Structure determination of native and fluoride-inhibited JBU
- 6.8 Structure of JBU monomer
- 6.9 Oligomeric assembly
- 6.10 Active site architecture of JBU
- 6.11 Active site mobile flap
- 6.12 Insecticidal activity
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 7. Fungal ureases
- Abstract
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Producers of fungal ureases
- 7.3 Environmental role of fungal ureases
- 7.4 Fungal ureases as virulence factors
- 7.5 The role of ureases in fungal cell metabolism
- 7.6 Conclusion
- References
- Part IV: Activation, catalysis, inhibition
- 8. Urease: structure, function, catalysis, and inhibition
- Abstract
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 The three-dimensional architecture of ureases
- 8.3 The active site of urease
- 8.4 The urease operon
- 8.5 The accessory proteins of urease
- 8.6 The urease maturation process
- 8.7 The catalytic mechanism
- 8.8 The inhibition of urease
- References
- 9. Inhibition of ureases: studies and applications
- Abstract
- 9.1 Introduction: the importance of urease inhibitors and inactivators
- 9.2 Proper design of urease inhibitor/inactivator studies
- 9.3 Inhibitors that bind directly to the urease metallocenter
- 9.4 Inactivators that react with the flexible protein flap covering the urease active site
- 9.5 Other compounds that reduce urease activity
- 9.6 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 10. Nonenzymatic properties of ureases
- Abstract
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Entomotoxic property of plant ureases
- 10.3 Antifungal effect of ureases
- 10.4 Exocytosis-inducing activity of ureases
- 10.5 Pro-inflammatory properties of ureases
- 10.6 Neurotoxicity of ureases in rodents
- 10.7 Structure versus nonenzymatic activities of ureases
- 10.8 Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Part V: Health applications
- 11. Ureases as drug targets in urinary tract infections
- Abstract
- 11.1 Urinary tract infections
- 11.2 Role of urease activity in urinary tract infections
- 11.3 Ureases from urinary tract pathogens
- 11.4 Ureases from gram-negative bacteria
- 11.5 Ureases from gram-positive bacteria
- 11.6 Inhibition of uropathogenic ureases by specific chemicals
- 11.7 Hydroxyurea and other urea analogs
- 11.8 Acetohydroxamic acid and other hydroxamates
- 11.9 Flurofamide and other phosphoramides
- 11.10 Polyphenolic compounds
- 11.11 Omeprazole and other imidazoles
- 11.12 Inhibition of uropathogenic ureases by herbal extracts
- 11.13 Green tea extract
- 11.14 Uva ursi extract
- 11.15 Cranberry extract
- 11.16 Garlic extract
- 11.17 Other extracts
- 11.18 Further studies
- 11.19 New chemical inhibitors of urease activity
- 11.20 Inhibition of urease formation
- 11.21 Inhibition of Ni2+ incorporation
- 11.22 Urease-specific vaccines
- 11.23 Conclusions
- References
- 12. Ureases as drug targets in fungal infections
- Abstract
- 12.1 Fungal infections
- 12.2 Fungal targets to drugs
- 12.3 Ureases as virulence factors in fungi
- 12.4 Fungal ureases as drug targets
- References
- Part VI: Biotechnological applications
- 13. Reaching food security: harnessing urease inhibitors to meet the challenges of growing global population
- Abstract
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 NBPT as a promoter of crop production
- 13.3 Use of hydroquinone
- 13.4 Use of Azolla to improve NBPT effectiveness
- 13.5 Use of Limus
- 13.6 Use of biochar
- 13.7 Use of biological preparations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 14. Ureases as pesticides
- Abstract
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Synthetic pesticides versus biological control
- 14.3 Ureases as pesticides
- 14.4 Final conclusions and perspectives
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 15. Ureases in the beverage industry
- Abstract
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Acid urease
- 15.3 Application of acid urease to beverages
- 15.4 Kinetics of urea removal in wines
- 15.5 Use of immobilized acid urease in beverages
- 15.6 Concluding remarks
- References
- 16. Versatility of ureases: many uses for biotechnological and medical applications
- Abstract
- 16.1 Why urease? Historical aspects of urease-based applications
- 16.2 Immobilization of ureases
- 16.3 Biocementation, bioremediation, and archeology
- 16.4 Dairy production
- 16.5 Beverage industry
- 16.6 Urease-assisted chemical synthesis
- 16.7 Biosensors
- 16.8 Medical applications
- 16.9 Concluding remarks
- References
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: February 16, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 482
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323918008
- eBook ISBN: 9780323972000
RB
Rodrigo Ligabu Braun
Dr. Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun holds a B. Sc. degree in Biological Sciences from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2008), a M. Sc. degree (2010) and a D. Sc. degree (2014) in Cell and Molecular Biology from the Center of Biotechnology at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. His interests rest in the structural biology of toxic proteins from venoms and poisons for the development of novel drugs. He is currently Associate Professor of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department at Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA).
Affiliations and expertise
PhD, Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, BrazilCR
Celia Regina R Da S Carlini
Dr. Célia Regina R da S Carlini holds a B.Sc degree in Biological Sciences - Medical modality, from Universidade Federal de São Paulo (1978), M.Sc. (1981) and Ph.D. (1985) in Molecular Biology - Protein Chemistry from Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). She is a Member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (elected 2009). She is full professor (retired) and runs the Research Group on Neurotoxins and Ureases, at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Her research experience is focused on Biochemistry, with an emphasis on Proteins, including canatoxin, ureases, lectins, proteolytic enzymes and cognate inhibitors, blood clotting, platelet aggregation, inflammation, neurotoxins, insecticidal, antifungal, pore-forming and ion channel proteins and peptides.
Affiliations and expertise
PhD, Full Professor (retired), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.Read Ureases on ScienceDirect