
Understanding the Pandemic
Pathophysiology, Transmission, and Treatment of COVID-19
- 1st Edition - November 7, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Shampa Chatterjee, Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto, Marco Cascella, Sonia Villapol, Anand Viswanathan, Aravind Ganesh, Ching Lung Lai, Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 9 1 7 0 - 1
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 9 0 0 4 - 6
Understanding the Pandemic: Pathophysiology, Transmission, and Treatment of COVID-19 aims to cover all aspects of COVID-19 infection from the virus, transmission, pathogene… Read more

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Request a sales quoteUnderstanding the Pandemic: Pathophysiology, Transmission, and Treatment of COVID-19 aims to cover all aspects of COVID-19 infection from the virus, transmission, pathogenesis, immune-inflammation response, systemic injury, organ damage, associated factors, and comorbidities that drive mortality. Organized into ten sections, the book aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the impact of COVID-19. The book begins a review of coronaviruses, their structure and mechanism of action. The book goes on to discuss the immune response to the virus and its effect on various organs. It examines clinical cases based on an observations and postmortem studies.
Other topics include the long-term effects of COVD-19, vaccines, and public health response.
- Discusses coronavirus and their similarities and differences in origin and transmission as well as a review of their structure and mechanisms of action
- Examines the immune-inflammation responses to COVID-19 and the organ-specific impact of the disease
- Covers vaccines and other treatment protocols and public health responses in various geographic locations
- Understanding the Pandemic
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Introduction to editors
- Preface
- Section 1: Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV), structure (sequence), and mechanism of action
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Origin, evolution, and spread of SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Structure and genomic features of SARS-CoV-2
- Structure
- Genomic features
- Genomic variability
- SARS-CoV-2 variants in the world
- Transmission and spread of SARS-CoV-2
- Phylodynamic aspects of SARS-CoV-2
- Phylogeography: Profile of dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 in the world
- Immunological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection
- Innate immune response
- Adaptive immune response
- Antibody response
- Immunopathology
- Vaccination
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 2 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in infectivity
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- S protein structure and pathogenicity
- S protein subunits’ structure and organization
- S protein binding to ACE-2 receptor
- S protein conformational switch
- S protein cleavage
- The role of S protein in SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission
- The effect of SARS-CoV-2 S protein on the immune system
- Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein
- The role of S protein in immune escape
- S protein mutations and evolved SARS-CoV-2 variants
- Effect of SARS-CoV-2 S protein mutation on conformational change
- Effect of SARS-CoV-2 S protein mutation on viral entry and transmission
- Effect of SARS-CoV-2 S protein mutation in immune evasion
- S protein as a diagnostic marker for SARS-CoV-2 infection
- Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAATs) of S protein
- Antigen–antibody detection
- Therapeutics and vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 S protein
- SARS-CoV-2 S protein-based vaccines
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines
- DNA vaccines (DNAVs)
- Adenovirus-based vaccine
- Protein subunit-based vaccine
- SARS-CoV-2 S protein-based therapies
- Antiviral natural products
- Small molecule inhibitors
- Antiviral peptides
- Antiviral lectins
- Antiviral recombinant proteins
- Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies
- Concluding remarks and future prospective
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 3 Structural and functional properties of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential vaccine and drug development for COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Acknowledgments
- Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
- General structure
- Functional properties of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
- Attachment and entry
- Immune response
- Structural and functional consequences of mutations in variants of concern
- Receptor-binding domain mutations
- N-terminal domain mutations
- Furin cleavage site mutations
- Intermolecular interaction mutations
- Aggregation
- Syncytia
- Coagulation
- Vaccine and drug development targeting the spike protein
- Mechanisms and efficacy of available vaccines
- Future directions for vaccine development
- Mechanisms and efficacy of available drugs targeting the spike protein
- Future directions for drugs targeting the spike protein
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 4 Population-specific polymorphisms and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- ACE2 and its variants
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ACE2 and its association with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19
- Gender differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection
- Age disparity in COVID-19 infection
- Racial and ethnicity differences in COVID-19 infections
- Targeting ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD in COVID-19 treatment
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 5 Insights into SARS-CoV-2 structure: Approaches and action of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Declaration of competing interest
- Data availability statement
- Introduction
- The structure SARS-CoV-2
- The structural proteins
- The nonstructural proteins
- Structure of Mpro
- Functions of the main protease
- The main protease as a drug target
- Therapeutic strategies to target Mpro
- Repurposed drugs and designed drug-like compounds
- Natural product-based compounds
- In silico strategies to target SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
- Drugs in a clinical trial
- PF-07321332 (Paxlovid)
- S-217622
- PF-07304814
- FB2001/11a (DC402234)
- EDP-235
- SIM0417 (SSD8432)
- PBI-0451
- ALG-097111
- MPI8
- EDDC-2214
- Conclusion and future perspectives
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 6 SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV: Similarities and differences in origin and transmission
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Animal hosts of coronaviruses
- Structure and properties
- Viral structure and origins
- Structure of the spike protein
- Spike protein and cellular entry: A comparison between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
- Binding to host cells
- Transmission
- Demographic characteristics of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
- Infection and immune response
- Clinical manifestations of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 2: Inflammation and immune response to SARS-CoV-2
- Introduction
- Chapter 7 Characterization of the immune response with viral attack
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Response of the immune system to a viral infection
- Innate immune response
- Adaptive immune response
- Immunopathology and regulation
- Evasion strategies employed by viruses
- Molecular mechanism of immune cells during viral infection
- Onset of immune signaling
- The roles of PRRs and their functional significance
- Characteristics of the immune response during viral invasion: The case of coronaviruses
- SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2
- Key aspects of immune response progression and aberrations in COVID-19
- Potential triggers of the autoimmune and antiinflammatory response in COVID-19
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 8 Inflammation, cytokines, and COVID-19 severity
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction to COVID-19 and its severity
- Perspective of cytokine storm in COVID-19
- Death rate of COVID-19 due to cytokine storm
- Cytokine storm
- The cytokines associated with COVID-19
- Interleukin 1β
- Interleukin-6
- Tumor necrosis factor-α
- Interferon-gamma
- GM-CSF and VEGF
- Molecular relations of cytokines with inflammation
- IL-6 signaling
- Classic signaling and the trans signaling
- IL-6/JAK/STAT cascade
- IFN-γ-related signaling pathway
- GM-CSF and IL-17/IL-23 axis
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
- Inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19 prognosis
- Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
- Platelet to lymphocyte ratio
- Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio
- Lymphocyte to C-reactive protein ratio
- C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) and C-reactive protein to prealbumin ratio (CPAR)
- Glasgow prognostic score, modified GPS, and high-sensitivity mGPS
- Prognostic index
- Prognostic nutritional index
- Systemic immune-inflammation index
- Interferon-α-inducible protein 27
- Clinical manifestation of cytokine storm in COVID-19 patient
- Treatment options for management of CS in COVID-19
- Therapeutic interventions involving different cytokines
- Antibodies against TNF-α and IFN-γ
- Blocking the IL-1 family
- Anti-IL-6 receptor antagonists
- JAK-STAT inhibitors and other therapies
- Interventions involving GM-CSF
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 9 Immunological considerations for COVID-19: Vaccines and other protective strategies
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Vaccination-elicited immune response
- Whole-virus vaccines
- Viral vector vaccines
- Protein-based vaccines
- Nucleic acid vaccines
- Mucosal vaccines
- Immunomodulation
- Bacterial mucosal immunotherapy MV130
- Immunomodulatory drugs
- Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis
- MABs (only PrEP)
- Postexposure prophylaxis
- Antiviral therapy
- Genetic testing-based protection
- Role of the MSC's in the COVID-19 pandemic
- Pregnancy and COVID-19 immunological response
- Translation of the COVID-19 immunological findings into protective strategies
- What has been tried thus far?
- Future considerations
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 10 Virus-specific T cell response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccinations
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- T cells in antiviral immunity
- Virus-specific T cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection
- Virus-specific T cells after vaccination
- T cells location at the site of SARS-CoV-2 infection
- T cells and pathology
- Strategies employed by SARS-CoV-2 to escape T cell recognition
- Concluding remarks
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 11 Inflammation and the oral and gut microbiota with COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in general
- The oral cavity and SARS-CoV-2 replication
- Bidirectional relationship between SARS-COV-2 and oral disease
- SARS-CoV2, microbiome and oral-gut-brain-lung axis
- Effects of altered microbiota on COVID-19 outcomes
- Impact of medication on oral health and COVID-19
- The decreased rate of dental care
- Long COVID on oral health
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 12 Implications of inflammation: Bone and joint health with COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- The musculoskeletal system
- Inflammation, COVID-19, and the MSK
- Impact of coronaviruses (SARS-COV and MERS-COV) on bone and muscle
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on bone and muscle
- Clinical findings
- COVID-19 and osteoporosis
- Steroidal therapies and bone health
- Animal model of SARS-COV-2
- Long COVID-19
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 13 COVID-19 and immune dysfunction: Consequences and natural remedies for management
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Long COVID pathophysiology
- Natural remedies in the management of post-COVID complications
- Phytochemical mechanisms to prevent and fight long COVID-19
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 3: Pathological findings with clinical correlation
- Introduction
- Chapter 14 Postmortem examination of COVID-19 lungs
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- The SARS-CoV-2 virus
- Clinical features
- Pathological patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia
- Diffuse alveolar damage—Exudative phase
- Diffuse alveolar damage—Intermediary phase
- Diffuse alveolar damage—Fibroproliferative phase
- Immunothrombosis and endothelial dysfunction in severe COVID-19
- Long COVID-19 and pulmonary pathology
- Pathology of pulmonary explants
- Secondary pneumonia in COVID-19
- COVID-19 diagnosis and in situ diagnosis in lung tissue
- Differential diagnosis on anatomical pathology
- Perspectives
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 15 Histopathological analysis of the cardiovascular system in severe COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical characteristics
- Pathology
- Conclusions and future perspectives
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 16 Postmortem neuropathology in COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Pathology of neuro-COVID-19
- Perspectives
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 17 Renal pathology in severe COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Clinical features and initial evaluation
- Pathology of COVID-19-associated renal dysfunction
- Ancillary methods in anatomical pathology
- Electron microscopy
- Perspectives
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 4: The blood vessels and COVID-19: Vascular dysfunction and coagulopathies
- Introduction
- Chapter 18 Vascular manifestations of COVID-19: Endothelial dysfunction and damage
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Evidence of endothelial damage and endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19
- Endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in COVID-19
- Inflammatory and cell adhesion biomarkers
- Coagulation biomarkers
- Biomarkers of endothelial damage and angiogenesis
- Biomarkers of oxidative stress
- Decreased NO bioavailability
- Noninvasive assessment of endothelial dysfunction
- Management of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19
- Vascular dysfunction management approaches
- COVID-19-associated vascular dysfunction management
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 19 Immunothrombotic involvement in COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- Immunothrombosis in severe COVID-19 infection
- COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC)
- COVID-19-associated endotheliopathy
- COVID-19-associated hyperinflammation: the cytokine storm
- Immunothrombosis as a new therapeutic target
- Immunothrombosis in long COVID
- Endothelial damage and dysfunction
- Persistent inflammation
- Coagulation abnormalities
- Microvascular thrombosis as a potential mechanism in long COVID
- Treatment strategies
- Immunothrombosis in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)
- Thrombotic manifestations in VITT
- Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in VITT
- Treatment strategies in VITT
- Take-home message
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 20 COVID-19 associated coagulopathy
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Risk factors, pathogenesis, and pathology
- Immunothrombosis
- Classical risk factors
- Additional mechanisms
- Clinical features
- Pulmonary artery thrombosis and venous thromboembolic disease
- Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS)
- Acute coronary syndromes and intracardiac thrombosis
- Acute ischemic and cryptogenic strokes
- Renal thrombosis
- Intraabdominal thrombosis
- Peripheral arterial thrombotic events
- Laboratory diagnostic markers
- Treatment peculiarities of CAC
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 21 D-dimer in systemic circulation and COVID-19 outcome
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction to coagulation
- Hemostasis
- Primary hemostasis
- Secondary hemostasis
- D-dimer
- D-dimer testing and use in clinical practice
- Issues with D-dimer testing
- Thrombosis vs embolism, DVT, VTE, PE
- Literature of correlation between D-dimer and COVID-19
- D-dimer and COVID-19 vaccination
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation and COVID-19
- What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?
- Is there a relationship between disseminated intravascular coagulation and COVID-19?
- Therapeutic options under investigation
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 22 Hypercoagulability in COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Coagulation cascade
- What is hypercoagulability
- Hypercoagulability mechanisms in COVID-19
- Direct cellular injury
- Cytokines
- Neutrophil extracellular traps
- Complement pathway
- Hypoxia
- Microvascular microthrombi and platelet activation
- Fibrinolysis shutdown and plasminogen activator system
- Complications from hypercoagulability in COVID-19 patients
- Diagnosing hypercoagulability in COVID-19
- TEG and ROTEM
- aPTT
- Prothrombin time
- Fibrinogen
- Platelet count
- Possible treatments
- Caution against antithrombotic therapies
- Freedom COVID-19 anticoagulation trial
- Hypercoagulability in long COVID
- Inflammation
- Formation of fibrinaloid microclots
- Hypoxia and persistent inflammation
- Endothelial dysfunction
- Future considerations
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 5: Neuro-COVID and its long term implications
- Introduction
- Chapter 23 COVID and nervous system: Mechanisms and consequences
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of SARS-COV-2 pathogenesis
- Mechanisms of damage to the nervous system
- Neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence
- SARS-CoV-2-induced immune dysregulation
- Neurodegeneration and hippocampal involvement
- Clinical manifestations of Neuro-COVID
- Acute manifestations
- Chronic manifestations
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 24 Neuroinflammation: Unraveling acute and Long COVID symptoms
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- COVID-19: A disease with inflammatory characteristics
- Acute neuroinflammatory responses in COVID-19
- Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 entry to the brain
- Clinical manifestations of acute neuroinflammation
- Long-term neuroinflammatory effects: The concept of Neuro-Long COVID or neuro-PASC
- Neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric sequelae
- Neuro-PASC across adult and pediatric populations
- Diagnostic approaches and biomarkers
- Therapeutic approaches targeting neuroinflammation in acute and Long COVID
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 25 Acute and postacute neurologic and psychiatric manifestations in COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- The long and the short of it
- Cerebrovascular
- Acute cerebrovascular symptoms
- Postacute cerebrovascular symptoms
- Encephalopathic and neuropsychiatric outcomes
- Acute encephalopathic and neuropsychiatric outcomes
- Postacute encephalopathic and neuropsychiatric outcomes
- Headaches and dizziness
- Acute headache and dizziness symptoms
- Postacute headache and dizziness symptoms
- Anosmia and dysgeusia
- Acute anosmia and dysgeusia symptoms
- Postacute anosmia and dysgeusia symptoms
- Other CNS-related symptoms of COVID-19
- Seizures
- Movement disorders
- Additional psychiatric manifestations
- Unanswered questions and future directions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 26 Pediatric neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Neuroimaging
- Pathophysiology
- Children are adult differences
- Outcomes
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 27 COVID-19 and the peripheral nervous system
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Anterior horn cell disorders
- Peripheral nerve disorders
- Autonomic and small fiber nervous system disorders
- Neuromuscular junction disorders
- Muscle disorders
- Peripheral nervous system complications associated with hospitalization for COVID-19
- Special considerations for immune modulating therapies and COVID-19
- Peripheral nervous system complications of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
- SARS-CoV-2 variants and the peripheral nervous system
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 6: Should COVID-19 concern nephrologists? Why and to what extent?
- Introduction
- Chapter 28 Acute kidney injury with COVID-19: Mechanisms, management, and long-term outcomes
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated AKI
- Direct viral effects
- Indirect effects
- Management of AKI in COVID-19
- Initial assessment and diagnosis of AKI
- Biomarkers of acute kidney injury
- Treatment of COVID-19-associated AKI
- Kidney function recovery and long-term outcomes
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 29 Models and cellular monolayers to study the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on kidney
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Techniques for studying SARS-CoV-2 induced kidney injury in cell culture models
- Cell monolayer studies and COVID-19
- Organoids and COVID-19
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 30 Clinical implications of COVID-19 in chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Chronic kidney disease: Epidemiology
- Outcomes from COVID-19 in CKD
- Clinical presentation and clinical course
- COVID-19 infective responses in CKD
- Managing risk in patient with CKD; safety on the dialysis unit, transplant program
- Vaccination
- Treatment of COVID-19
- Current and future concerns related to COVID-19 effects on kidney disease
- Other impacts of the pandemic
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 7: Long COVID
- Introduction
- Chapter 31 Long COVID or postacute sequelae of COVID-19: An introduction
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Conflict of interest
- History
- Names and definitions
- Epidemiology
- Clinical perspective
- Long COVID in children
- Clinical guides: Diagnosis and treatment
- Long COVID biomarkers
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 32 Long COVID: Pathophysiological and immunological dynamics
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Pathophysiology of long COVID
- Immune dysregulation
- Chronic inflammation
- Autoimmunity
- Viral persistence and reactivation of latent viruses
- Endothelial damage and microclot formation
- Tissue damage
- Microbiota dysbiosis
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system
- Subclinical diseases and other comorbidities
- Symptom-based classification of long COVID
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 33 Gender differences in sequelae from COVID-19 infection
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Gender-specific variability in PASC susceptibility in epidemiological investigations
- Gender-dependent immunological markers in COVID
- Microbiome and gender disparities in PASC
- Autoimmunity and PASC
- Gender-specific vascular features in the cardiovascular system
- The impact of endocrine and hormonal systems on PASC symptoms
- Genetics and susceptibility to PASC
- Gender disparities in mental health post-COVID-19
- Therapeutic strategies for addressing PASC
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 34 Understanding Long COVID: Clinical insights and lessons
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Characterizing Long COVID-19: Lessons in the clinic
- Prevalence
- The overall prevalence of most common symptoms
- Prognostic ability of symptom development
- Associated disability
- Clinical application scales
- COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS)
- The post-COVID-19 functional status (PCFS) scale
- Quality-of-life scales
- SF-36 questionnaire
- Euro Qol-5D questionnaire
- Questionnaire QLQ-C30
- Pain scales
- Spanish chronic pain grading scale
- McGill pain questionnaire
- Brief pain inventory
- Dyspnea scales
- Modified medical research council (mMRC) scale
- New York Heart Association (NYHA) scale
- Borg scale
- Fatigue scales
- Modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS)
- Physical exercise scales
- International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) scale
- Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ)
- Scales of sleep disorders
- Oviedo sleep questionnaire (OSQ)
- Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)
- Insomnia severity index (ISI)
- Rating scales for emotional disorders
- Mood rating scale (MRS)
- Hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale
- Goldberg anxiety and depression scale (GADS)
- Cognitive impairment assessment scales
- Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale
- Trail making test (TMT) scale
- Modification of the memory failure in everyday life questionnaire (MEF-30)
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 35 Implications of Long COVID on the global healthcare system
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Long COVID
- Global prevalence of Long COVID
- Overview of persistent symptoms of Long COVID
- Risk factors associated with developing post-COVID sequelae
- Impact on daily life and healthcare utilization for Long COVID
- Impact of Long COVID on the economy and its implications on healthcare systems
- Management of Long COVID
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 8: The vaccines
- Introduction
- Chapter 36 COVID-19: The vaccine development strategies
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 37 mRNA vaccines: The new frontier
- Abstract
- Keywords
- History of mRNA vaccines
- mRNA application in other fields
- Mechanism of mRNA vaccine
- Delivery system of mRNA vaccines
- Limitations and advancements of mRNA vaccines
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 38 COVID-19 vaccines: A comprehensive review of safety and efficacy
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Vaccinating special populations against SARS-CoV-2
- Geriatric populations
- Heterologous vaccination
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 9: Handling the spread: Public health and social measures
- Introduction
- Chapter 39 Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Abstract
- Keywords
- The development of models to inform lockdown measures
- Fiscal approaches taken by different countries
- The social and economic impact of lockdown measures and fiscal policies
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 40 Efficacy of facial masks against COVID-19
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- What is a facial mask?
- Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
- Efficacy of medical masks
- Do respirators make difference?
- Safety of face masks
- Conclusion and future directions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 41 Vaccination policies
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Prioritizing access to vaccines
- Optimizing vaccine uptake
- Vaccine hesitancy
- Incentives
- Mandates
- Global vaccine strategy
- Interaction of vaccine policy with other public health policies
- Conclusions
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 42 Navigating the impact of COVID-19 school closures on child health, education, and society: A call to embrace civil discourse across identities, sectors, and disciplines
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Impact of COVID-19 on children
- Rationale for school closures/opening
- Impact of school closures
- Social and mental Health
- Society and civil discourse
- Legacy effects—Learning gap and chronic disease
- Recommendations
- Adopt evidence-based pandemic protections
- Acknowledge COVID-19 will not be the same as future pandemics
- Prenegotiate parameters and thresholds
- Enshrine collaborative policymaking
- Be future-focused
- Teach kids, families, and scholars how to dialogue across differences
- Implement comprehensive social and community supports
- Nurture, scale, and spread innovations in real time
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 43 The effect of the pandemic on the care of other health conditions
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Emergency medicine, cardiovascular disease, and stroke care
- Surgery
- Cancer care
- Mental health
- Future pandemics and lessons learned
- Take-home message
- References
- Chapter 44 The role of smartphone-assisted tools for COVID-19 diagnostic, treatment, and quarantine
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- COVID-19 diagnostic tools
- Contact-tracing using smartphones
- Cardiovascular monitoring using smartphones
- Respiratory monitoring using smartphones
- Neurologic monitoring using smartphones
- Perspectives and improvements
- Take-home message
- References
- Section 10: From the Editors’ desk
- Chapter 45 What have we learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic?
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction to the pandemic
- Past pandemics
- COVID-19 timelines and transmission
- Ecology of SARS-CoV-2 and how it compares with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
- Disparate experiences in pandemic response
- Important lessons in pandemic preparedness
- Improving testing capacity and quarantine policies
- Assessment of risks in the infected
- Improving preparedness of health systems
- Policies to combat social vulnerability and income inequality
- Household emergency preparedness
- Challenges in vaccine development and distribution
- Vaccine development and authorization timelines
- Production and distribution (pricing and access issues)
- Repurposing of old drugs and fast development of new therapeutics for COVID-19
- Strategies for testing repurposed or new drugs
- Repurposed drugs: Approval and therapeutic management of COVID-19
- Therapeutic management of outpatients
- Future strategies for handling Long COVID
- Identifying distinct phenotypes and symptoms
- Surmounting challenges in effective treatments for Long COVID
- Improving management of Long COVID
- The evolving virus
- Variants and their effects on transmission and severity
- Potential future of SARS-CoV-2 variants
- Warnings and red flags for the future
- Early detection of outbreaks
- Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing health crisis
- Diagnostic tests and autopsy in pandemic preparedness
- Global cooperation
- Engagement with communities to detect, prevent, and respond to the emergence of a novel respiratory virus
- Conclusion
- Take-home message
- References
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 7, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 950
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780443191701
- eBook ISBN: 9780443290046
SC
Shampa Chatterjee
AD
Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto
Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto is an infectious diseases physician and pathologist, and Associate Professor at the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP). After graduating in medicine from the Universidade de Pernambuco in 1999, he moved to São Paulo, in the south-east of Brazil, to complete a fellowship in internal medicine and infectious diseases at the Hospital das Clínicas-FMUSP from 2000 to 2004. He also worked in the Intensive Care and Emergency Department at the University of São Paulo. After obtaining his PhD. in the field of leptospirosis pathology, he studied anatomical pathology and completed residency at the A.C. Camargo Cancer Centre in São Paulo from 2011-2014. Since then, he has been involved in autopsy and infectious disease pathology, with numerous publications on the pathology of COVID-19, yellow fever, AIDS, tuberculosis, and fungal infections. He is currently leading a project on preparedness in anatomical pathology for rapid response to future epidemics in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
MC
Marco Cascella
Marco Cascella, MD, is an Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine at the University of Salerno. He graduated with honors in Medicine and Surgery in 1997 from the University “Vanvitelli” of Naples and later pursued postgraduate studies in anesthesia and intensive care in 2001. Prof. Cascella is actively engaged in research, with a particular focus on automatic pain assessment using AI techniques. He serves as an editorial board member for several medical journals and has delivered lectures at numerous conferences and conventions. With an extensive academic background, he has authored approximately 250 scientific publications, books, book chapters, etc., covering various medical domains ranging from anesthesia, pain treatment, and oncology to palliative care. Prof. Cascella plays a leadership role and actively participates in various research projects, showcasing his commitment to advancing medical knowledge and technology.
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Sonia Villapol
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Anand Viswanathan
Dr. Anand Viswanathan is the Director of Telestroke Services at Partners Healthcare and Associate Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School. He is a staff neurologist in the Stroke Service and in the Memory Disorders Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Dr. Viswanathan is an executive member of the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Research Center (MADRC). His research program at the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center focuses on the contribution of stroke and vascular risk factors to dementia. His group has engaged in numerous multidisciplinary interactions and collaborations, including with economists, artists, and writers, in order to further understanding of mechanisms of disease and foster humanism in medicine.
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Aravind Ganesh
Aravind Ganesh is a Vascular and Cognitive Neurologist. He completed his MD at the University of Calgary, followed by a DPhil in Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Oxford’s Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia as a Rhodes scholar. He completed his neurology residency in Calgary, followed by a combined fellowship in stroke and cognitive neurology, funded by Alberta Innovates and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Stroke Consortium and is actively involved in the development of best-practice guidelines for stroke and dementia care. His clinical research is focused on understanding the natural history, risk stratification, prevention, and treatment of stroke and cognitive impairment using multidisciplinary methods including neuroimaging, clinical epidemiology, artificial intelligence, mixed-method research, and clinical trials. His lab also leads the development and testing of innovative applications and devices for the diagnosis and treatment of dementia and stroke. He has received New Investigator Awards from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and the Alzheimer Society of Canada, as well as the Henry J. M. Barnett Scholarship and the Brain Canada Future Leaders in Brain Research award for outstanding contributions as a researcher in the field of dementia and stroke. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he was a coinvestigator in the Alberta HOPE COVID-19 trial, led the linked Alberta Neuro-COVID cohort study, and led studies examining pandemic-associated changes in stroke care and presentations.
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Ching Lung Lai
Ching-lung Lai is the Emeritus Professor and was the Simon K Y Lee Professor in Gastroenterology and the Chair Professor of Medicine and Hepatology at the Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, where he has been working since his graduation with honors at the University of Hong Kong. For the last four decades Dr. Lai has been extensively involved in research on various aspects of the hepatitis B virus, including molecular virology, natural history, treatment and its prevention. Professor Lai has published over 520 peer-reviewed papers and reviews in international journals. His publications have been widely cited and he is one of top scientists in the field of chronic hepatitis B infection.. Dr. Lai’s group has been extensively involved in studying the immune responses to COVID-19.
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Giuseppe Remuzzi
Giuseppe Remuzzi, MD, FRCP, is Director of Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS and Chiara Fama Professor of Nephrology and the University of Milan. From 1996 until 2013, he was Director of the public-private Department of Immunology and Transplant Medicine (a collaboration between the Ospedali Riuniti of Bergamo and the Mario Negri Institute) and from 1999 until 2018, he was also the Head of the Division of Nephrology and Dialysis. From 2011 until 2015, he was Director of the Department of Medicine of the Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII (formerly the Ospedali Riuniti) of Bergamo. In June 2015, he was nominated Chiara Fama Professor of Nephrology at the University of Milan. Prof. Remuzzi was President of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) for the biennium 2013-2015. From 2019, he has been the Vice President of the Italian Institute for Planetary Health (IIPH). He has been a member of the Consiglio Superiore di Sanità since February 2019.
Prof. Remuzzi’s main research interests include the causes of glomerulonephritis and the mechanisms of progression of kidney diseases. He has also conducted many studies in the field of transplant rejection. In recognition of his achievements, he received many national and international awards, among them the ISN Jean Hamburger Award in 2005 during the World Congress of Nephrology in Singapore, the John P. Peters Award (American Society of Nephrology 2007, San Francisco), the ISN AMGEN Award (World Congress of Nephrology: WCN 2011, Vancouver), the International Award "Luis Hernando" (Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo Renal Foundation FRIAT: Madrid, Spain) and the “Lennox K. Black International Prize for Excellence in Medicine” (Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia). ). Prof. Remuzzi was honored by the Italian President of the Republic with the title of Cavaliere di Gran Croce in 2022. Prof. Remuzzi is the author of more than a thousand publications in international medical journals and has written 24 books.