Understanding Emotions

List of Contributors

Preface

Emotion, motivation, and the brain: Reflex foundations in animal and human research

Introduction

Working on a definition of emotion

Affective valence and arousal

Attention, perception, and emotion

Neural substrates of emotion: Attention, action and the role of the amygdala

Extra-amygdalar projections of the basolateral nucleus

Studies of the amygdala in humans

Emotional arousal: Physiology and cognition

The startle reflex and emotional priming

The amygdala and conditioned fear: Startle modulation in the rat

Emotional processing: From attention to action

Emotion and the brain: Concluding thoughts

Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies

A biphasic view of emotion

Emotion and attention: event-related brain potentials

Exploring the emotion–attention interface

Selective attention to emotion: two-stage models of stimulus perception

Abbreviations

Implicit and explicit categorization of natural scenes

Categorization of natural scenes

Perception and categorization of emotional scenes

Explicit categorization and affective modulation: emotional scenes as distractors

Affective modulation and habituation

Summary and future directions

Dynamics of emotional effects on spatial attention in the human visual cortex

Introduction

Emotion and spatial attention

Time-course of spatial orienting to threat locations

Early responses to emotional faces preceding visual targets

Cascade of neural events and source of sensory gain in extrastriate visual cortex

fMRI correlates for benefits and cost in spatial attention produced by threat cues

fMRI responses to peripheral faces alone

Role of anxiety in emotion–attention interactions

Conclusions

The neural basis of narrative imagery: emotion and action

Method

Results

Discussion

Abbreviations

Appendix

Subliminal emotion perception in brain imaging: findings, issues, and recommendations

Findings

Issues

Threshold concepts in signal detection theory

Recommendations

Neuroimaging methods in affective neuroscience: Selected methodological issues

Event-related brain potentials and brain sources

Sparse sensor sampling and the reference issue

Event-related magnetic fields: effects of sensor standardization

Functional magnetic resonance imaging: effects of proportional global signal scaling

Distributed EEG/MEG source analysis with statistical parametric mapping

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Emotional and semantic networks in visual word processing: insights from ERP studies

Introduction

Early effects — occurring within 300 ms after stimulus onset

Clinical studies

Comparing early emotional and early semantic processing

Late components (after 300 ms)

Late components — clinical studies

Comparing late emotional and late semantic word processing

Processing emotional words — electrophysiological conjectures

Appendix

Acknowledgments

Event-related potential studies of language and emotion: words, phrases, and task effects

The motivational organization of emotion

The potency of single words

Effects of encoding task on ERPs to single emotional words

When words combine: comprehension of simple emotion phrases

Comprehending words, phrases, and sentences

Emotional connotation of words: role of emotion in distributed semantic systems

Relevant theories of semantic processing

Relevant theories of emotion processing

Review of three studies from our laboratory

Discussion

Macroscopic brain dynamics during verbal and pictorial processing of affective stimuli

Introduction

Affective words and pictures: behavioral data

Neurobehavioral correlates of affective picture processing

Neurobehavioral correlates of emotional language processing

Conclusions

Intonation as an interface between language and affect

The coding of information in prosody

What is the role of intonation in vocal affect communication?

Are the emotions specific intonation contours?

The neural dynamics of intonation perception

Impact of attention on decoding of emotional prosody

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Cerebral processing of linguistic and emotional prosody: fMRI studies

Introduction

Extraction of suprasegmental acoustic information

Representation of meaningful prosodic sequences

Explicit judgment of emotional prosody

Connectivity within the prosody network

Implicit processing of emotional prosody

Cross-modal integration of emotional communicative signals

Abbreviations

Affective and linguistic processing of speech prosody: DC potential studies

Biological theories of prosody processing

DC potentials and prosodic evaluation

Processing of affective prosody mediated by pitch and temporal cues

Processing of linguistic prosody mediated by pitch direction

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Lateralization of emotional prosody in the brain: an overview and synopsis on the impact of study design

Emotion and its supporting brain network

Tuning into emotional tone — the lateralization of emotional prosody

Factors influencing the lateralization of emotional prosody

Psychoacoustic studies on the processing of vocal interjections: how to disentangle lexical and prosodic information?

Introduction

Lexical meaning of verbal emotional interjections

Influence of lexical semantics on recognition rates

Interaction of prosodic and lexical information

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Appendix

Judging emotion and attitudes from prosody following brain damage

Isolating prosodic functions in the brain

On the “attitudinal” functions of prosody

Understanding prosody as a cue to speaker confidence

Understanding prosody as a cue to speaker politeness

Individual profiles of impairment for understanding emotions versus prosodic attitudes

On the source of failures to appreciate prosodic attitudes following RHD

Abbreviations

Processing of facial identity and expression: a psychophysical, physiological, and computational perspective

Introduction

Psychophysical perspective

Physiological perspective

Computational perspective

Summary and conclusions

Abbreviations

Investigating audiovisual integration of emotional signals in the human brain

Behavioural studies

Neuroanatomical studies

Electrophysiological studies

Neuroimaging studies

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli

Introduction

Shifting views of the amygdala in social cognition

Impaired social cognition in humans following amygdala damage

The amygdala influences early visual processing of faces and affective stimuli

The amygdala influences face gaze

The amygdala mediates autonomic arousal elicited by faces

The amygdala and simulation: somatosensory attention as a component of emotional response to faces in social judgment

The new model for how the amygdala contributes to the recognition of emotion from visual social stimuli

Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition

Shared circuits for actions

Sensations

Emotions

Shared circuits for actions, sensations and emotions

Demystifying shared circuits through a Hebbian perspective

Shared circuits and the inanimate world

Shared circuits and communication

The limits of simulation — a word of caution

Simulation and theory of mind — a hypothesis

Empathizing: neurocognitive developmental mechanisms and individual differences

Introduction

Shortcomings of the Mindreading System model: the Empathizing SyStem

M-representations versus E-representations

Dissociations between TED, ToMM, and TESS from neuropsychiatry

Developmental dissociations

Sex differences in empathizing

Neuroimaging studies of empathizing and emotion

Neuroimaging of discrete emotions

‘Empathizing’ with discrete emotions?

Abbreviations

The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence

Introduction

Theoretical background

Evidence from peripheral physiological and neuroimaging studies

Summary and conclusions

Abbreviations

Partly dissociable neural substrates for recognizing basic emotions: a critical review

Introduction

Fear

Disgust

Anger

Surprise

Happiness

Sadness

General conclusion

Integration of emotion and cognition in patients with psychopathy

Concepts of psychopathy

Psychopathy and emotion

Cognition and psychopathy

The influence of emotions on cognitive processes

The interaction of emotion and cognition in psychopathy

Conclusion

Disordered emotional processing in schizophrenia and one-sided brain damage

Hemispheric specialization for emotional processing

The perception of emotional chimeric faces in schizophrenia and brain damage: further evidence of right-hemisphere dysfunction

Emotion perception in schizophrenia and one-sided brain damage

Emotional expression in schizophrenia and brain damage

Conclusions

The biochemistry of dysfunctional emotions: proton MR spectroscopic findings in major depressive disorder

Introduction

Emotional and behavioral biases and their neuronal correlates

Brain structural alterations in MDD

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and MDD

Conclusions

Subject Index