Trichomonas vaginalis

Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

1st Edition - January 21, 2025
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Prashant Khare, Ashish Jain
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 0 4 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 0 5 - 4

Trichomonas Vaginalis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment provides up-to-date knowledge about Trichomoniasis, the most prevalent and neglected non-viral sexually transmitt… Read more

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Trichomonas Vaginalis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment provides up-to-date knowledge about Trichomoniasis, the most prevalent and neglected non-viral sexually transmitted infection that can result in compromised reproductive health. The book discusses its epidemiology, the pathogenesis of disease, the mechanisms involved in the host immune response, clinical manifestations, and its impact on reproductive health. In addition, it also describes the new insights and challenges involved in the identification of promising drug targets and examines current diagnostic tools and therapies against Trichomonas vaginalis infection.

In summary, the book provides comprehensive coverage of this neglected protozoan parasite and the sexually transmitted infection it causes. It is a valuable resource to researchers and scientists who are working on male and female reproductive disorders caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Trichomonas vaginalis: A neglected sexually transmitted infection
1 Introduction
2 Risk factors for acquiring trichomoniasis
3 Pathophysiology of T. vaginalis
4 Treatments
5 Epidemiology
6 How it is neglected?
6.1 Treatment limitations
6.2 Low funding for research and limited literature availability
6.3 No vaccine
6.4 Underrepresented in academic literature and scholarly investigation
7 Why it is neglected?
8 Why it should not be neglected?
8.1 Prevalence and incidence
8.2 Association with other complications
8.3 Chronic infections and complications
8.4 Increased vulnerability to other infections
8.5 Importance of partner treatment
8.6 Public health concerns
9 What should be the strategy and future planning to mitigate the trichomoniasis?
Chapter 2. Structure, morphology, and global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification
2 Structure and morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis
2.1 Shape
2.2 Size
2.3 Flagella
2.4 Nucleus
2.5 Hydrogenosome
2.6 Cytoskeleton
2.7 Axostyle
2.8 Costa
2.9 Cyst-like structure of T. vaginalis
3 Communication in T. vaginalis
3.1 Extraaxonemal structures in parasitic trichomonads
3.2 Fibronectin and laminin in T. vaginalis
3.3 Extracellular vesicles
4 Life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis
4.1 Cell division
4.2 Host cell adhesion and pathogenesis
4.3 Migration process in T. vaginalis top of form
4.4 Factors affecting infection rate
4.5 Pseudocyst formation and its role
4.6 Understanding lifecycle dynamics
5 T. vaginalis: Epidemiology status
5.1 Global statistical data
5.2 Considerable factors in epidemiological study of trichomoniasis
5.2.1 Education to patient
5.2.2 Secondary complications
6 Treatment
7 Conclusion
Chapter 3. Virulence factors and pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis
1 Introduction
2 Trichomonas vaginalis—Morphological description
3 Virulence factors
3.1 Adhesion proteins
3.2 Lipoglycans
3.3 Bacteroides surface protein
3.4 Cadherin-like proteins
3.5 Laminin-binding receptors
3.6 Cysteine proteinases
4 Enzymes as virulence factors
4.1 Glycosidases
4.2 Sialidase
4.3 Hemolysin
5 Symbionts of TV
5.1 Trichomonas vaginalis virus
5.2 Mycoplasma
6 Extracellular vesicles
7 Pathogenesis of T. vaginalis
8 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Different in vivo and in vitro experimental models for Trichomonas vaginalis research
1 Introduction
2 Pathological process
3 Signs and symptoms
4 Diagnosis
5 Different experimental models for Trichomonas research
5.1 In vitro models
5.2 Primary cells
5.3 Organ culture
5.4 In vivo models
6 Different in vitro and in vivo models used to assess drug susceptibility against T. vaginalis
7 Different experimental models used to study host–pathogen interaction against Trichomonas vaginalis
8 Various experimental models are employed to investigate infection and associated symptoms caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
9 Various experimental models are utilized to explore drug development strategies against Trichomonas vaginalis
10 Different experimental models used to study pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis
11 Treatment
12 Conclusions
Chapter 5. Trichomonas vaginalis and female reproductive tract microbiota
1 Introduction
2 Prevalence of Trichomonas infection
3 Trichomonas vaginalis characterization
4 The microbial community of the female reproductive tract
4.1 Cervicovaginal microbiota
4.2 Fallopian tube
4.3 Placental microbiome
5 Female reproductive tract dysbiosis from Trichomonas vaginalis infection
6 Prevention
7 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Trichomonas vaginalis and female reproductive health
1 Introduction
2 Symptoms and pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection
2.1 Symptoms and characterization
2.2 Pathophysiology of T. vaginalis
2.3 The effects of T. vaginalis on nonpregnant women
2.4 The effects of T. vaginalis on pregnant women
2.5 Effect on female reproductive capacity
2.6 Pelvic inflammatory disease
2.7 Preterm birth
2.8 Low birth weight
2.9 Effect on neonatal health
2.10 Premature rupture of membranes
2.11 Intraamniotic infection
2.12 Intellectual disability and congenital anomalies
3 Relationship with other sexually transmitted infections
3.1 Susceptibility to HIV infection
3.2 Susceptibility to cervical cancer
3.3 Synergistic effects of coinfection
4 Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of T. vaginalis infection
5 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Trichomonas vaginalis infection and male reproductive health
1 Introduction
2 General morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis
3 Reproduction and life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis
4 Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in men
5 Impact of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male reproductive system
6 Diagnosis and treatment options for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in males
7 Prevention and risk reduction strategies for Trichomonas vaginalis infection
8 Trichomonas vaginalis infection and its relationship to other sexually transmitted infections
9 Conclusion and future directions in addressing Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male reproductive health
Chapter 8. Immunological aspects of trichomoniasis
1 Introduction
2 Host immune response to T. vaginalis
2.1 Innate and inflammatory response
2.2 Cellular immune response (cell-mediated immunity in trichomoniasis)
2.3 Humoral immune response
3 Immune evasion mechanisms of Trichomonas vaginalis
4 Immunodiagnostic of trichomoniasis
4.1 Serological tests
4.2 Molecular techniques
4.3 Point-of-care tests
5 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Drug resistance mechanisms in Trichomonas vaginalis
1 Introduction
2 Pathogenic mechanisms of TV
3 Currently available diagnosis and treatment for T. vaginalis
3.1 Mechanism of action of metronidazole
3.1.1 Trichomonas vaginalis resistance to metronidazole
4 Roles of various genes in TV drug resistance
5 Regulation of enzyme activity which leads to drug resistance
6 Role of TV proteins in development of drug resistance
7 The role of iron in the development of drug resistance
8 Future promising candidates against TV
9 Future challenges
Chapter 10. Immunology and pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV coinfection
1 Introduction
2 Trichomonas vaginalis
2.1 General characters and mode of infection
2.2 The pathogenesis of TV
2.3 Immune response to TV (Innate and adaptive immune response)
2.4 Epidemiology and prevalence of TV
2.5 Clinical manifestations of TV infection
3 HIV: An AIDS-causing virus
3.1 General characters
3.2 Pathogenesis and immunology of HIV
3.3 Epidemiology and prevalence
3.4 Clinical manifestations during HIV infection
3.5 Immune response to HIV (Innate and adaptive immune response)
4 Coinfection of TV and HIV
5 Research gaps and Future directions
6 Vaccination against TV
7 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Trichomonas vaginalis and its correlation with other sexually transmitted infections
1 Introduction
2 Types of STIs and their global incidences
3 Trichomonas and its impact on health
4 Correlation of T. vaginalis with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
5 Correlation of T. vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis
6 Correlation of T. vaginalis with candidiasis
7 Correlation of T. vaginalis with Chlamydia trachomatis
8 Correlation of T. vaginalis with Neisseria gonorrhoeae
9 Correlation of T. vaginalis with Human Papillomavirus
10 Correlation of T. vaginalis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
11 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Recent advances in the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infections
1 Introduction
1.1 Trichomoniasis: Causative agent
1.2 Epigenetics and genome structure
2 Morphology and structure (microscopic and electron microscope)
2.1 General structure
2.2 Three-dimensional structure of the cytoskeleton
2.3 Mastigont system
2.4 Epidemiology
2.5 Life cycle of T. vaginalis
3 Laboratory diagnosis of T. vaginalis
3.1 Microscopy: Direct visualization of parasites
3.2 Serology (antigen–antibody) base diagnosis
3.3 Culture-based diagnosis
4 Molecular methods of T. vaginalis diagnosis
4.1 Nucleic acid amplification tests
5 Novel or recent platform for T. vaginalis diagnosis
5.1 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-based detection of T. vaginalis
5.2 MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD-based detection of T. vaginalis
5.3 RPA-based CRISPR-Cas12a assay for T. vaginalis detection
6 Summary and conclusion
Chapter 13. Strategies for the treatment and management of trichomoniasis
1 Introduction
2 Treatment of trichomoniasis
2.1 Nitroimidazoles
2.1.1 Metronidazole
2.1.2 Tinidazole
2.1.3 Secnidazole
2.1.4 Ornidazole
2.2 Pentamycin
2.3 Intravaginal formulations
2.4 Natural products and phytochemicals as promising antitrichomonas agents
2.4.1 Phytochemicals
2.4.2 Alkaloid berberine
2.4.3 Polyphenol curcumin
2.4.4 Polyphenol resveratrol
2.4.5 Alkaloid lycorine
2.4.6 β-glycosides
2.4.7 Saponins
2.5 Nanoparticles
2.6 Preventive measures for trichomoniasis
2.6.1 Barrier protection
2.6.2 Vaccination
2.6.3 Male circumcision
2.6.4 Intravaginal microbicides
Chapter 14. Molecular targets for Trichomonas vaginalis
1 Introduction
1.1 Different drugs to cure T. vaginalis infection
2 Different molecular targets to develop new drugs against T. vaginalis
2.1 Proteasome
2.1.1 Autophagy and proteasome in T. vaginalis
2.1.2 Significance of proteasome in T. vaginalis
2.2 Thioredoxin reductase
2.3 Nonvascular lipid drug target
2.4 Peptidoglycan hydrolases
2.5 Enolase as a possible therapeutic target
2.6 Chitinase system
2.7 Deoxyribonucleotide phosphotrasferase
2.8 Alpha actinin
2.9 Host cell proteoglycan interaction
2.10 Triosephosphate isomerase
2.11 Beta-carbonic anhydrase (β-CA)
2.12 T. vaginalis methionine gamma-lyase
2.13 T. vaginalis purine nucleoside phosphorylase
2.14 Hydrogenosomes
2.15 T. vaginalis adhesion protein
3 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 15. Trichomonas vaginalis Research: Future directions, opportunities, and challenges
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of T. vaginalis pathogenicity
2.1 Cytoadherence
2.2 Contact-independent factor
2.3 Hemolysis
2.4 Host macromolecule
2.5 Cell-detaching factor
3 Complications in males
3.1 Male infertility and its relationship with T. vaginalis
3.2 Urinary tract infection and its relationship with T. vaginalis
3.3 T. vaginalis infection increases the prostate cancer prevalence
4 Complications in females
4.1 Female infertility and its relationship with T. vaginalis
4.2 Urinary tract infection and its relationship with T. vaginalis in females
5 Challenges in T. vaginalis infection in males
6 Challenges in T. vaginalis infection in females
7 Opportunities
7.1 Drug development
7.2 Vaccine development
7.3 Preventive measures
8 Future directions
8.1 Questions
9 Conclusions
Index

Prashant Khare

Dr. Prashant Khare is a Vice President (R&D) at Xenesis Institute, Absolute in Gurugram (Haryana), India. Previously, he was a Ramalingaswami Fellow and Scientist D in the Department of Microbiology at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India. He completed his PhD from the Division of Parasitology at the Central Drug Research Institute in Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India. He has almost five years of postdoctoral experience from the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, USA, and more than 15 years of research experience in the field of infectious biology, immunology, vaccine, and drug development. He has published more than 30 research papers in highly reputable international journals such as Nature Immunology and Nature Communication. He has reviewed publications and served in an editorial role for several international journals as well.

Affiliations and expertise

Director (R&D), Center for Advanced Biotechnology Research Absolute Foods, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Ashish Jain

Dr. Ashish Jain is working as an Assistant Professor (senior scale) since last eleven years in the Department of Microbiology, Smt. CHM College Ulhasnagar; affiliated with the University of Mumbai (Maharashtra), India. He has completed his PhD from Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) India on spermicides and anti-Trichomonas molecules and their mode of action. He has published more than 20 reputed international research papers and reference books in the field of Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive biology and credited international patents in his account. He is a recognized postgraduate teacher and PhD guide of University of Mumbai in Microbiology subject. Presently he is working to investigate the role of vaginal microbiota on reproductive health.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Smt. CHM College Ulhasnagar, Mumbai, India

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