Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics

1st Edition - November 9, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Vinood Patel, Colin R. Martin
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 3 7 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 3 8 - 8

Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics is an essential read for anyone working in pain management. The book addresses the onset of pain, the… Read more

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Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics is an essential read for anyone working in pain management. The book addresses the onset of pain, the cause of the pain, and the administration of analgesia or anesthesia. The etiology of pain is complex and multi-factorial, which is made more complex with the use of analgesics and local or general anesthetics. This volume works to clarify all of the subjects pertinent to anesthesia and the brain, from their variety, modes of action, and adverse effects.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Drugs and agents used in anesthesia and analgesia
Chapter 1: Anesthesia for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients
Abstract
Introduction
Diseases associated with susceptibility to MH
Clinical manifestation—MH crisis
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
Treatment of MH crisis
Anesthesia for patients susceptible to malignant hypertermia
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of malignant hyperthermia
Summary points
References
Chapter 2: Use of dextran in regional anesthesia
Abstract
Introduction
History of dextran as an LA adjuvant
Mechanism of dextran as LA adjuvant
Application of dextran as LA adjuvant for regional anesthesia
Summary of application of dextran as LA adjuvant
Future studies
Other agents
Mini-dictionary or terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 3: Intraperitoneal local anesthetic agents in the management of postoperative pain
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomic considerations and agents
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of intraperitoneal local anesthetic agents in the management of postoperative pain
Summary points
References
Chapter 4: Automatic control of anesthesia via different vital signs
Abstract
Introduction
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 5: Non-opioid based analgesia in otolaryngology
Abstract
Introduction
Patient pain experience in otolaryngology
Risk factors for greater pain experience
Non-opioid analgesia
Discussion
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part II: Mechanisms of action of drugs
Chapter 6: Buprenorphine: Mechanism and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Buprenorphine pharmacology
Adverse effects
Clinical use of buprenorphine
Perioperative management
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 7: Caffeine as analgesic adjuvant
Abstract
Introduction
Caffeine: Mechanism of action and effects in preclinical models of pain
Caffeine’s analgesic properties in humans
Pharmacokinetic properties in man in absence and presence of analgesics
Clinical efficacy data in acute pain trials
Caffeine and the ceiling effect of NSAIDs
Comparisons of caffeine-containing analgesics with active comparators
Caffeine and migraine
Caffeine and worsening of headache diseases?
Pain and functional impairment
Safety of caffeine and caffeine-containing analgesics
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Key facts of caffeine
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 8: Chloroprocaine: Features and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of chloroprocaine: Features and applications
Summary points
References
Chapter 9: Clonidine: Features and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmacological characteristics
Clinical applications in the perioperative period
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Conclusions
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 10: An excursion into secondary pharmacology of fentanyls with potential implications for drug design: σ1 receptor
Abstract
The role of fentanyl
Secondary pharmacology of fentanyls
σ1 receptor: A unique and intriguing protein
Affinity of fentanyls for σ1R
Fentanyls and σ1R: Insights from computations
Pharmacological relevance of fentanyls’ interactions with σ1R
Fentanyl structure as scaffold for dual μOR/σ1R ligands
Successful realization of the dual μOR/σ1R ligands concept
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Key facts of σ1 receptor
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 11: Isoflurane: Mechanisms and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Chemical structure and properties
Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Clinical effects
Adverse effects
Metabolism
Drug-drug interactions
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of isoflurane
Summary points
References
Chapter 12: The lidocaine patch: Features and applications: Post-thoracotomy pain and beyond
Abstract
Introduction
Search strategy
Search results
Analysis of the results
Discussion
Conclusions
Key facts of lidocaine patch for controlling acute postoperative pain
Summary points
References
Chapter 13: Memantine: Features and application in the management of chronic pain
Abstract
Introduction
Background: NMDA antagonists and pain
Memantine: Fundamental pharmacology
Memantine: Preclinical evidence of effect on pain
Memantine: Clinical evidence and literature review in chronic pain
Memantine: Considerations for clinical use
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Conclusions
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 14: Midazolam: Mechanism and perioperative applications
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics
Effects on the central nervous system
Effects on the respiratory system
Effects on the cardiovascular system
Clinical uses and dosage
Applications to other areas: Palliative care
Other agents of interest: Flumazenil
Key facts of midazolam
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 15: Intravenous paracetamol: Features and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Chemical structure and pharmacokinetics
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of intravenous paracetamol
Summary points
References
Chapter 16: Prilocaine: Mechanisms and application
Abstract
The journey of local anesthetic
Structure
Classification of anesthetic drugs
Prilocaine
Pharmacology and mechanism action of local anesthetic agent—Prilocaine
Metabolism and excretion
Other applications of prilocaine
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Sevoflurane: Features and uses in topical application for wound care
Abstract
Introduction
Systemic effects of sevoflurane and haloethers as general anesthetics
Analgesic effects of sevoflurane and haloethers on the central nervous system
Peripheral analgesic effects of sevoflurane and haloethers
Off-label use of topical sevoflurane on painful chronic wounds
Safety issues of topical sevoflurane
Dosages and methods of administration
Economic implications
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of painful chronic wounds
Summary points
References
Chapter 18: Tramadol as an analgesic
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism(s) of action
Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic uses
Adverse effects and management of tramadol toxicity
Dependence, withdrawal, abuse, and tolerance
Contraindications
Conclusion
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part III: Adverse effects, reactions, and outcomes
Chapter 19: Long-term effects of anesthesia on the brain: an update on neurotoxicity
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the United States Federal Drug Administration (FDA)
Key facts of anesthetic neurotoxicity
Key facts of postoperative cognitive dysfunction
Other agents of interest
Summary points
References
Chapter 20: Breastfeeding and mother-baby dyad’s competence following neuraxial labor analgesia
Abstract
Introduction
Human rotational delivery and childbirth pain
From prayers to neuraxial analgesia: A brief history of childbirth pain relief
The analgesia-breastfeeding issue: Alleged mechanism of interference
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of infant’s life: Health impact
The analgesia-breastfeeding issue in the literature
The analgesia-breastfeeding issue as a new research opportunity
Breastfeeding as a measure of dyadic neurological competence
Searching for objective, nonbiased indicators of breastfeeding initiation success
Measuring and grading breastfeeding initiation success
Conclusion
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of labor analgesia state of art in guidelines and metaanalyses
Summary points
References
Chapter 21: Mechanistic overview of how opioid analgesics promote constipation
Abstract
Introduction
The enteric nervous system: Master regulator of GI function
Opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands
Opioids inhibit GI function through actions on the ENS
How do opioids exert their inhibitory effects on GI motility to promote chronic constipation?
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of opioid-induced constipation
Summary points
References
Chapter 22: Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain and opioid use disorder
Abstract
Introduction
Prevalence of chronic pain and OUD
Clinical complexity of patients with chronic pain and OUD
Provider consideration
Necessary pharmacological platform: Medication for opioid use disorder
Optimal medical management
Overview of CBT for chronic pain and OUD
Seven clinical problems or challenges
Applications to other areas: Real-world delivery of CBT for chronic pain and OUD
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of CBT for chronic pain and OUD
Summary points
References
Chapter 23: Preoperative opioid and benzodiazepines: Impact on adverse outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of chronic opioid and BZD usage
Prevalence of chronic preoperative opioid and BZD usage
Characteristics of patient cohorts with preoperative chronic opioid and BZD usage
Perioperative outcomes of patients taking opioids and BZDs preoperatively
Increased risk of complications from analgesia
Other short-term outcomes
Long-term postoperative outcomes for patients
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 24: Malignant hyperthermia syndrome and hydrogen sulfide signaling: Role of Kv7 channels
Abstract
Introduction
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “malignant hyperthermia syndrome and hydrogen sulfide signaling role of Kv7 channels”
Summary points
References
Chapter 25: Problems with epidural catheter
Abstract
Introduction
Problems encountered while inserting an epidural catheter
Breakage of epidural catheters
Blocked epidural catheter
Epidural catheter removal difficulty
Spinal epidural hematoma
Spinal epidural abscess
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 26: Headache after neuraxial blocks: A focus on combined spinal-epidural anesthesia
Abstract
Introduction
History of PDPH
The importance of PDPH
The mechanism of PDPH
The characteristics of PDPH
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for special patient groups
Effects of application techniques of CSEA on headache
Prophylaxis of PDPH after UDP in neuroaxial anesthesia
Management of PDPH
Conclusion
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 27: Liposomal bupivacaine, pain relief and adverse events
Abstract
Introduction
Liposomes and DepoFoam
Liposomal bupivacaine
Clinical pharmacology
Safety and adverse events
Clinical uses and efficacy
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of liposome bupivacaine
Summary points
References
Chapter 28: Adverse events associated with analgesics: A focus on paracetamol use
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical and laboratory manifestations of hepatotoxicity
Risk factors of liver injury
Management of acute poisoning
Chronic poisoning
Immediate hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity
Diagnosis and management of paracetamol-induced hypersensitivity reactions
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of paracetamol-induced toxicity and hypersensitivity
Summary points
References
Part IV: Novel and nonpharmacological aspects and treatments
Chapter 29: Acronychia pedunculata leaves and usage in pain
Abstract
Introduction
Traditional medicinal system in Sri Lanka
Acronychia pedunculata as a Sri Lankan medicinal plant
Chemistry and biological activities of A. pedunculata
Anti-inflammatory activity of A. pedunculate leaves
Identification of anti-inflammatory fractions and active compounds of A. pedunculate leaves
Analgesic activity of A. pedunculate leaves
Other areas of applications of A. pedunculata
Other agents of interest
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary
A list of other novel plant-based agents used in analgesia or anesthesia
References
Chapter 30: Adansonia digitata and its use in neuropathic pain: Prostaglandins and beyond
Abstract
Introduction
Significance of Adansonia digitata
Composition of Adansonia digitata plant
Impact of Adansonia digitata on pain
Potential mechanism of actions for A. digitata extract, from prostaglandins and beyond
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 31: Andrographis paniculata standardized extract (ParActin) and pain
Abstract
Introduction
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 32: Capsaicin: Features usage in diabetic neuropathic pain
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical data of capsaicin in painful diabetic neuropathy
Modern-day studies
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 33: Cola nitida and pain relief
Abstract
Introduction on Cola nitida
Brief review on Cola nitida
Socio-cultural values and uses
Distribution of Cola nitida
Composition of Cola nitida
Uses of Cola nitida
Traditional uses of Cola nitida
Pharmacological potentials of Cola nitida
Pain and nociception
Causes of pain
Classification of pain
Peripheral mechanisms of sensory transmission
Cola nitida as a therapeutic agent for pain relief
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 34: Analgesic effects of Ephedra herb and ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra herb extract (EFE)
Abstract
Introduction
Ephedra herb and ephedrine alkaloids
Novel active ingredients, herbacetin-glycosides, in Ephedra herb and the analgesic effect of herbacetin, an active metabolite of herbacetin-glycosides
Development of ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE)
Adverse effects of EHE and safety of EFE
Analgesic effects of EHE and EFE on formalin-induced pain
Analgesic effects of EHE, EFE, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine on formalin-induced pain
Analgesic effect of EFE on pain in arthritis model mouse
Reduction of capsaicin-induced pain via transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) by EHE
Application to other areas
Conclusions and perspectives
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 35: Euphorbia bicolor (Euphorbiaceae) latex phytochemicals and applications to analgesia
Abstract
Introduction
Medicinal properties of the Euphorbia species
Medicinal properties of E. bicolor latex
Identification of E. bicolor latex phytochemicals
Evidence of pain-relieving properties of the E. bicolor latex phytochemicals
Development of E. bicolor phytochemicals as phytomedicines for pain management
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about coumestans
Key facts about diterpenes
Key facts about flavonoids
Key facts about isoflavones
Summary points
References
Chapter 36: Analgesic properties and mechanisms of action of Muntingia calabura extracts: A review
Abstract
Introduction
Muntingia calabura L
Antinociceptive activity of Muntigia calabura leaves extracts
Mechanisms of action underlying the antinociceptive activity of Muntingia calabura leaves extracts
Conclusion
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of traditional and complementary medicine
Summary points
References
Chapter 37: Resolving neuroinflammation and pain with maresin 1, a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator
Abstract
Introduction
MaR1
Analgesic effects of MaR1
Clinical analgesic evidence of MaR1 and its precursors
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 38: Therapeutic role of naringenin to alleviate inflammatory pain
Abstract
Introduction
Naringenin actions on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and inflammatory pain relief
Naringenin inhibits the production of endogenous cytokines that mediate inflammatory pain
Naringenin targets oxidative stress to reduce inflammatory pain
Analgesic pathways actively induced by naringenin
Naringenin modulates transcription factors and miRNA
Clinical applicability and safety
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of inflammatory pain
Summary points
Funding
References
Chapter 39: Analgesic properties of plants from the genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae)
Abstract
Introduction
Solanum genus L. (Solanaceae)
Antinociceptive effects of Solanum spp. extracts
Antiinflammatory activity of Solanum spp. extracts
Type of analgesia produced by Solanum spp. extracts
Chemical constituents of active extracts
Other pharmaco-toxicological activities of interest
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Solanum analgesia
Other agents of interest
Summary points
References
Chapter 40: Dietary constituents act as local anesthetic agents: Neurophysiological mechanism of nociceptive pain
Abstract
Introduction
Ascending pain pathway in trigeminal system
Sensory transduction and noxious transmission
Possible molecular targets for local anesthetic agents
Peripheral mechanism for potential candidates of dietary constituents as local anesthetic agents
Functional significance for dietary constituents as local anesthetic agents
Future direction
Concluding remarks
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 41: Pain response following prenatal stress and its modulation by antioxidants
Abstract
Introduction
Oxidative stress
Antioxidant
Honey
Protective effects of other antioxidants in the prenatally stressed offspring
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of prenatal stress
Key facts of antioxidants
Summary points
References
Chapter 42: Physical activity and exercise in the prevention of musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents
Abstract
Background
Physical activity in the prevention of musculoskeletal pain
Physical fitness components in the prevention of musculoskeletal pain
Risk factors for MSKP and the preventive role of physical activity and exercise
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 43: Linking aerobic exercise and childhood pain alleviation: A narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Aerobic activity levels in youth with chronic pain
Effect of aerobic exercise on pediatric chronic pain intensity
Current literature on effect of aerobic exercise on chronic pediatric pain intensity
Conclusion
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 44: Physical activity and exercise in the management of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain: A focus on fibromyalgia
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain
Physical activity in musculoskeletal pain: A historical perspective
Levels of physical activity in musculoskeletal pain
Interventions to enhance physical activity in musculoskeletal pain: Current evidence and novel approaches
Physical exercise in musculoskeletal pain
General advice to design physical exercise programs for chronic musculoskeletal pain
Physical activity in fibromyalgia
Aerobic exercise in fibromyalgia
Resistance training in fibromyalgia
Multicomponent exercise in fibromyalgia
Mind-body exercise in fibromyalgia
Exergames in fibromyalgia
General exercise recommendations
Effectiveness of physical exercise in fibromyalgia: A summary of the evidence
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 45: Spinal cord stimulation and limb pain
Abstract
History
Conventional tonic SCS
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation
High frequency 10 kHz SCS
Burst SCS
Ischemic pain
Patient selection
Outcomes
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of spinal cord stimulation and limb pain
Summary points
References
Chapter 46: Effectiveness of neural mobilization on pain and disability in individuals with musculoskeletal disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Headache and neck pain
Cervicobrachial pain
Median, cubital, and radial nerves entrapment syndromes
Low back pain
Lower limb and neurodynamic techniques
Clinical applications
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of musculoskeletal disorders
Summary points
References
Chapter 47: Virtual reality and applications to treating neck pain
Abstract
Introduction
Neck pain and VR-based rehabilitation
VR systems design in NP rehabilitation
Clinical efficacy of VR in neck disorders
Kinematic impairments
Disability
Postural control and balance impairment
Factors affecting the efficacy of VR-based treatment in NP
VR application as an assessment tool in NP
Disadvantages of VR application in NP
Conclusions
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of VR
Summary points
References
Chapter 48: Virtual reality induced analgesia and dental pain
Abstract
Introduction
Distraction as an approach to relieve injection discomfort
Virtual reality devices in dental pain management
Safety considerations
Effectiveness of VR in reduction of injection discomfort
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the use of VR devices in dental pain management
Summary points
References
Chapter 49: Vibrotactile devices, DentalVibe, and local anesthesia
Abstract
Introduction
Non-pharmacological approach to injection discomfort
Melzack and Wall’s gate control theory of pain
Fear of dental injections
Reduction of discomfort during local anesthesia
Vibrotactile devices for dental use
Effectiveness in reduction of injection discomfort
Evaluation of the efficacy of vibrotactile devices
Applications to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of vibrotactile devices for dental use
Summary points
References
Chapter 50: Cooled radiofrequency ablation as a treatment for knee osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Nonpharmacological and pharmacological conservative treatments
Minimally invasive and surgical approaches
Denervation treatment in knee osteoarthritis
Cryoablation
Radiofrequency ablation
Clinical trials of radiofrequency ablation
Other studies of radiofrequency ablation
Summary of radiofrequency ablation
Cooled radiofrequency ablation
Clinical trials of cooled radiofrequency ablation
Other studies of cooled radiofrequency ablation
Summary of cooled radiofrequency ablation
Applications to other areas
Other ablative procedures of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cooled radiofrequency ablation
Summary points
References
Chapter 51: Nonpharmacologic analgesic therapies: A focus on photobiomodulation, acustimulation, and cryoanalgesia (ice) therapy
Abstract
Introduction
Photobiomodulation therapy
Acustimulation
Cryoanalgesia (ice) therapy
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of nonpharmacologic analgesic therapies
Summary points
References
Chapter 52: New coping strategies and self-education for chronic pain management: E-health
Abstract
Introduction
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of chronic pain
Summary points
References
Chapter 53: Postoperative pain management: Truncal blocks in obstetric and gynecologic surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Preparation for the truncal block
Conclusion
Application to other areas
Other agents of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Index

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Vinood Patel

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK

Colin R. Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

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Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics

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