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Treatise on Geomorphology
- 1st Edition - February 27, 2013
- Editor: John F. Shroder
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 7 4 7 3 9 - 6
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 8 8 5 2 2 - 3
The changing focus and approach of geomorphic research suggests that the time is opportune for a summary of the state of discipline. The number of peer-reviewed papers published… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe changing focus and approach of geomorphic research suggests that the time is opportune for a summary of the state of discipline.
The number of peer-reviewed papers published in geomorphic journals has grown steadily for more than two decades and, more importantly, the diversity of authors with respect to geographic location and disciplinary background (geography, geology, ecology, civil engineering, computer science, geographic information science, and others) has expanded dramatically. As more good minds are drawn to geomorphology, and the breadth of the peer-reviewed literature grows, an effective summary of contemporary geomorphic knowledge becomes increasingly difficult.
The fourteen volumes of this Treatise on Geomorphology will provide an important reference for users from undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic. Information on the historical development of diverse topics within geomorphology provides context for ongoing research; discussion of research strategies, equipment, and field methods, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations reflect the multiple approaches to understanding Earth’s surfaces; and summaries of outstanding research questions highlight future challenges and suggest productive new avenues for research. Our future ability to adapt to geomorphic changes in the critical zone very much hinges upon how well landform scientists comprehend the dynamics of Earth’s diverse surfaces. This Treatise on Geomorphology provides a useful synthesis of the state of the discipline, as well as highlighting productive research directions, that Educators and students/researchers will find useful.
- Geomorphology has advanced greatly in the last 10 years to become a very interdisciplinary field. Undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic will find the answers they need in this broad reference work which has been designed and written to accommodate their diverse backgrounds and levels of understanding
- Editor-in-Chief, Prof. J. F. Shroder of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, is past president of the QG&G section of the Geological Society of America and present Trustee of the GSA Foundation, while being well respected in the geomorphology research community and having won numerous awards in the field. A host of noted international geomorphologists have contributed state-of-the-art chapters to the work. Readers can be guaranteed that every chapter in this extensive work has been critically reviewed for consistency and accuracy by the World expert Volume Editors and by the Editor-in-Chief himself
- No other reference work exists in the area of Geomorphology that offers the breadth and depth of information contained in this 14-volume masterpiece. From the foundations and history of geomorphology through to geomorphological innovations and computer modelling, and the past and future states of landform science, no "stone" has been left unturned!
The text of the articles will be written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource for information in the field. The work will be targeted towards those working in all aspects of the geomorphological sciences, including governmental agencies, corporations involved in environmental work, geoscience researchers, forensic scientists, and university professors
Editor-In-Chief
Volume Editors
Preface
Foreword
Permission Acknowledgments
Volume 1: The Foundations of Geomorphology
Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the Foundations of Geomorphology
1.1.1 Introduction to Geomorphology
1.1.2 Establishment of the Discipline
1.1.3 Cycle and Process: Early and Middle Twentieth-Century Trends
1.1.4 Climate and Humans: Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First-Century Trends
1.1.5 Historical and Conceptual Foundations
References
The History of Geomorphology
1.2 The Scientific Roots of Geomorphology before 1830
Glossary
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 The Distant Past
1.2.3 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, 1600–1830
1.2.4 Roots in Historical Earth Science, 1600–1830
1.2.5 Roots in Classical Mechanics, 1600–1830
1.2.6 Prospects for Geomorphology after 1830
1.2.7 Conclusion
References
1.3 Major Themes in British and European Geomorphology in the Nineteenth Century
Glossary
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 The Glacial Theory: A Preposterous Notion
1.3.3 Beyond the Ice Sheets: The Seeds of Climatic Geomorphology and Climate Change
1.3.4 River Valleys and the Power of Fluvial Denudation
1.3.5 The Decay of Rocks
1.3.6 Mountain-Building
1.3.7 Conclusion
References
1.4 Geomorphology and Nineteenth-Century Explorations of the American West
Glossary
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Pre-Nineteenth Century
1.4.3 Lewis and Clark
1.4.4 Fur Trappers and Traders
1.4.5 Army Topographers
1.4.6 Geographical and Geological Field Surveys
1.4.7 G.K. Gilbert
1.4.8 Concluding Comments
References
1.5 Geomorphology in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Glossary
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 William Morris Davis and a Paradigm for Geomorphology
1.5.3 Davisian Reasoning
1.5.4 Articulation of the Davisian Paradigm
1.5.5 Tectonic Considerations in Relation to Davisian Theory
1.5.6 Local Opposition to Davis
1.5.7 Davisian Doctrines Applied Overseas: Some Examples
1.5.8 German Opposition to Davisian Ideas: Walther Penck’s Alternative
1.5.9 Germany and America: Differences of Opinion
1.5.10 Lester King in Africa: Davis Rewritten
1.5.11 Periglacial Geomorphology
1.5.12 The Beginnings of Quantitative and Experimental Geomorphology
1.5.13 Stream Patterns and Drainage Development
1.5.14 Landforms Produced by Etching
1.5.15 The Movement of Sand and Soil by Wind: Bagnold’s Investigations
1.5.16 Conclusion
References
1.6 The Mid-Twentieth Century Revolution in Geomorphology
Glossary
1.6.1 Introduction
1.6.2 The Quantitative Revolution
1.6.3 The Process Revolution
1.6.4 Theoretical Reappraisals
1.6.5 The Plate-Tectonic Revolution
1.6.6 The Climate-Change Revolution
1.6.7 The Revolution in Geochronology
1.6.8 Conclusion
References
1.7 Geomorphology in the Late Twentieth Century
Glossary
1.7.1 Introduction
1.7.2 New Technologies in Geomorphology
1.7.3 Process Geomorphology
1.7.4 Landscape Development and Tectonic Geomorphology
1.7.5 Chaos, Self-Organized Criticality, and Non-linear Dynamic Systems
1.7.6 Connecting to Ecology: Biogeomorphology
1.7.7 Conclusions
References
Changing Concepts and Paradigms
1.8 Philosophy and Theory in Geomorphology
1.8.1 Introduction
1.8.2 Distinguishing between Philosophy and Theory
1.8.3 Approaching Geomorphology
1.8.4 The Two Geomorphologies Problem
1.8.5 The Geomorphic Frame of Systems Analysis
References
1.9 Spatial and Temporal Scales in Geomorphology
Abbreviations
1.9.1 Introduction
1.9.2 Changing Foci of Time and Space
1.9.3 Conceptualizing Time and Space in Geomorphology
1.9.4 Spacetime Scales: Where and How Do We Go From Here?
1.9.5 Conclusion
References
1.10 Tectonism, Climate, and Geomorphology
Glossary
1.10.1 Introduction
1.10.2 Tectonism and Tectonic Change
1.10.3 Weather, Climate, and Climate Change
1.10.4 Tectonism, Climate, and Geomorphology: Spatial Considerations
1.10.5 Tectonism, Climate, and Geomorphology: Temporal Changes since 300 Ma
1.10.6 Geomorphic Feedbacks to Climate and Tectonism
1.10.7 Conclusion
References
1.11 Process in Geomorphology
Glossary
1.11.1 Introduction
1.11.2 Conceptions of Process at the Inception of Geomorphology
1.11.3 Evolving Conceptions of Process in Geomorphology
1.11.4 Strahler and the Foundation of the Process Paradigm
1.11.5 Systems and Process
1.11.6 The Mechanics and Mathematics of Process
1.11.7 Elaboration of the Process Paradigm
1.11.8 Philosophical Perspectives on Process
1.11.9 Conclusion
References
1.12 Denudation, Planation, and Cyclicity: Myths, Models, and Reality
Glossary
1.12.1 Introduction
1.12.2 Denudation: Foundations of the Concept before 1830
1.12.3 Planation: A Prolonged Debate, 1830–1960
1.12.4 Cyclicity in Geomorphology
1.12.5 The Quest for Reality
1.12.6 Conclusion
References
1.13 Sediments and Sediment Transport
Glossary
1.13.1 Introduction
1.13.2 Key Concepts
1.13.3 The Properties of Sediment
1.13.4 Initiation of Sediment Motion
1.13.5 Sediment Transport
1.13.6 Conclusions
References
1.14 Systems and Complexity in Geomorphology
Glossary
1.14.1 The Complexity of Landscapes
1.14.2 Early Work on Systems and Complexity
1.14.3 Systems and Complexity in Geomorphology
1.14.4 Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
1.15 Geomorphology and Late Cenozoic Climate Change
Glossary
1.15.1 Introduction
1.15.2 Climatic Geomorphology
1.15.3 Late Cenozoic Climates and Climate Change
1.15.4 Marine Archives
1.15.5 Ice-Core Archives
1.15.6 Lake Archives
1.15.7 Aeolian Archives
1.15.8 Relevance of Climate Archives to Geomorphology
1.15.9 Conclusion
References
Investigative Traditions and Changing Technologies
1.16 The Field, the First, and Latest Court of Appeal: An Australian Cratonic Landscape and its Wider Relevance
1.16.1 Introduction
1.16.2 Bornhardts and Associated Features
1.16.3 Domical Bornhardts and the Origin and Age of Sheet Fractures
1.16.4 Other Aspects of Bornhardts
1.16.5 Flared Slopes and their Significance
1.16.6 Age Considerations
1.16.7 Conclusions
References
1.17 Laboratory and Experimental Geomorphology: Examples from Fluvial and Aeolian Systems
Glossary
1.17.1 Philosophical Basis
1.17.2 Origin and Evolution of Hardware Modeling of Fluvial and Aeolian Systems
1.17.3 Advantages of Hardware Models over Field Experiments
1.17.4 Challenges in Scaling Laboratory Experiments
1.17.5 The Nuts and Bolts of Hardware Simulation in Geomorphology
1.17.6 Transformative Concepts
1.17.7 The Future of Experimentation in Geomorphology
1.17.8 Concluding Remarks
References
1.18 Present Research Frontiers in Geomorphology
Glossary
1.18.1 Introduction
1.18.2 Research at the Interface of Geomorphology and Ecology
1.18.3 Integrative Thinking – Earth System Science and Landscape Evolution
1.18.4 Geospatial Data Applications
1.18.5 Dealing with Threats to Coastal Environments: Better Understanding of Coastal Processes and Geomorphology
1.18.6 Aeolian Research: New Impetus, New Technologies, and an Emerging Force
1.18.7 Dating Agencies: Advances in Methods and Data Handling
1.18.8 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
1.19 Geomorphology for Future Societies
Glossary
1.19.1 Introduction
1.19.2 Geomorphology Past and Present
1.19.3 The Future I: Environmental Challenges to Society
1.19.4 The Future II: The Research Role of Geomorphology
1.19.5 The Future III: Applied Geomorphology
1.19.6 Conclusion
References
Volume 2: Quantitative Modeling of Geomorphology
2.1 Quantitative Modeling of Geomorphology
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Structure of this Volume
Acknowledgments
References
Fundamental Aspects
2.2 Nine Considerations for Constructing and Running Geomorphological Models
Glossary
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Model Construction
2.2.3 Running the Model
2.2.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
2.3 Fundamental Principles and Techniques of Landscape Evolution Modeling
Glossary
2.3.1 Fundamental Processes and Equations
2.3.2 Solution Methods
2.3.3 Conclusions
References
2.4 A Community Approach to Modeling Earth- and Seascapes
Glossary
2.4.1 Background
2.4.2 Concept of a Community Modeling System
2.4.3 Open-Source and Readily Available Code
2.4.4 Community Modeling and the CSDMS Approach
2.4.5 Challenges
2.4.6 Summary
References
Relevant Websites
2.5 Which Models Are Good (Enough), and When?
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 What Does It Mean for a Model to be Wrong?
2.5.3 What Makes a Model Rigorous?
Acknowledgment
References
Innovative Methods
2.6 Statistical Methods for Geomorphic Distribution Modeling
Glossary
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Modeling Steps
2.6.3 Review of Statistical Methods
2.6.4 SWOT Analysis of Statistical Modeling in Geomorphology
2.6.5 Future Challenges
References
2.7 Genetic Algorithms, Optimization, and Evolutionary Modeling
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 Genetic Algorithms
2.7.3 GAs in Geomorphology
2.7.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
2.8 Nonlocal Transport Theories in Geomorphology: Mathematical Modeling of Broad Scales of Motion
Glossary
2.8.1 Introduction
2.8.2 Mathematical Background
2.8.3 Superdiffusion in Tracer Dispersal
2.8.4 Nonlocal Theories of Sediment Transport on Hillslopes
2.8.5 Nonlocal Landscape Evolution Models
2.8.6 Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
2.9 Cellular Automata in Geomorphology
Glossary
2.9.1 Introduction
2.9.2 Basis of the Automata Modeling System
2.9.3 Relationship to Other Geomorphology Modeling Systems
2.9.4 Development of Cellular Automata Use in Geomorphology
2.9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.9.6 Issues in Implementation
2.9.7 The Place of Cellular Automata in the Scientific Nature of Geomorphology
References
Geomorphic Modeling from Soil to Landscape
2.10 Hillslope Soil Erosion Modeling
Glossary
2.10.1 The Basis of Soil Erosion Modeling
2.10.2 Why Model Soil Erosion?
2.10.3 Classification of Soil Erosion Models
2.10.4 Empirical Models
2.10.5 Process-Based Models
2.10.6 Scales of Model Application
2.10.7 Temporal Scales
2.10.8 Spatial Scales
2.10.9 The Scaling Question
2.10.10 Hillslope-Scale Soil Erosion Models
2.10.11 An Example of a Hillslope Erosion Model – The WEPP
2.10.12 Erosion Model Implementation and Assessment
2.10.13 Sensitivity Analysis
2.10.14 Model Evaluation
2.10.15 The Future of Hillslope Soil Erosion Modeling
References
Relevant Websites
2.11 Process-Based Sediment Transport Modeling
Glossary
2.11.1 Introduction
2.11.2 The Basis of a Process Sediment Transport Modeling System
2.11.3 The Concept of Mass and Momentum Equations in Sediment Transport Modeling
2.11.4 The Spatial Dimensionality of Different Process Sediment Transport Models
2.11.5 Using an Eulerian or Lagrangian Framework to Build a Sediment Transport Model
2.11.6 Discrete Particle Modeling
2.11.7 The Prescription of Boundary Conditions for Sediment Transport Models
2.11.8 The Assessment of a Sediment Transport Model: Considering the Concepts of Validation and Verification
2.11.9 Discussion
References
2.12 Morphodynamic Modeling of Rivers and Floodplains
2.12.1 Introduction
2.12.2 High Resolution Physics-Based River Models
2.12.3 Network Models of Meander Migration
2.12.4 Cellular Models of Braided Rivers
2.12.5 Models of River Long Profile Evolution
2.12.6 Floodplain Sedimentation Models
2.12.7 Coupled Models of Channel-Floodplain Evolution and Alluvial Architecture
2.12.8 Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
2.13 Quantitative Modeling of Landscape Evolution
Glossary
2.13.1 Introduction
2.13.2 Recent Reviews of Quantitative Landscape Evolution Modeling
2.13.3 Quantitative Models of Landscape Evolution: Concepts and Definitions
2.13.4 Landscape Evolution Model Studies
2.13.5 The Future of Landscape Evolution Modeling
References
2.14 Modeling Ecogeomorphic Systems
Glossary
2.14.1 Introduction
2.14.2 Ecogeomorphological Modeling of Fluvial Channel Systems
2.14.3 Ecogeomorphological Modeling of Catchments
2.14.4 Ecogeomorphological Modeling of Semi-Arid Systems with Patterned Vegetation
2.14.5 Ecogeomorphological Modeling of Tidal Wetlands
2.14.6 Ecogeomorphological Models of Vegetated Dune Evolution
2.14.7 Conclusions
References
Volume 3: Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphology
3.1 Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphology: Introduction and Overview
Glossary
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Geospatial Technology and Fieldwork
3.1.3 Remote Sensing and Geomorphology
3.1.4 GIS and Geomorphology
3.1.5 Conclusions
References
3.2 Ground, Aerial, and Satellite Photography for Geomorphology and Geomorphic Change
Glossary
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Data Acquisition
3.2.3 Image Interpretation
3.2.4 Conclusions
References
Relevant Websites
3.3 Microwave Remote Sensing and Surface Characterization
Glossary
3.3.1 Types of Microwave Sensors
3.3.2 Microwave Remote-Sensing Principles
3.3.3 Altimeters
3.3.4 Synthetic-Aperture Radars
3.3.5 Stereo SAR
3.3.6 Interferometric SAR
3.3.7 Summary
References
3.4 Remote Sensing of Land Cover Dynamics
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Remote Sensing of Land Cover
3.4.3 Case Studies
3.4.4 Land-Cover Change Modeling
3.4.5 Future Research Directions
References
3.5 Near-Surface Geophysics in Geomorphology
Abbrevations
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Gravity
3.5.3 Magnetics
3.5.4 Resistivity and EM Methods
3.5.5 Ground-Penetrating Radar
3.5.6 Seismic Methods
3.5.7 Combining Geophysical Methods
3.5.8 Discussion and Conclusions
References
3.6 Digital Terrain Modeling
Glossary
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Background
3.6.3 DTM Representation
3.6.4 Data Sources
3.6.5 Preprocessing
3.6.6 DTM Error Assessment
3.6.7 Geomorphological Applications
3.6.8 Conclusions
References
3.7 Geomorphometry
Glossary
3.7.1 Introduction
3.7.2 Digital Terrain Modeling
3.7.3 Land-Surface Parameters
3.7.4 Land-Surface Objects and Landforms
3.7.5 Conclusions
References
3.8 Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphological Mapping
Glossary
3.8.1 Introduction
3.8.2 Background
3.8.3 Glacial Landscapes and Landforms
3.8.4 Volcanic Terrain and Landforms
3.8.5 Landslide Mapping
3.8.6 Fluvial Landscapes and Landforms
3.8.7 Conclusion
References
3.9 GIS-Based Soil Erosion Modeling
Symbols
Glossary
3.9.1 Introduction
3.9.2 Background
3.9.3 Foundations in Erosion Modeling
3.9.4 Simplified Models of Erosion Processes
3.9.5 GIS Implementation
3.9.6 Case Studies
3.9.7 Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
3.10 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Hazards Assessment and Disaster Risk Management
Glossary
3.10.1 Introduction
3.10.2 Background
3.10.3 Hazard Assessment
3.10.4 Elements-At-Risk and Vulnerability
3.10.5 Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment
3.10.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
3.11 Geovisualization
Glossary
3.11.1 Introduction
3.11.2 Background
3.11.3 Visual Processing
3.11.4 Visual Interaction
3.11.5 Visual Outputs
3.11.6 Conclusions
References
Volume 4: Weathering and Soils Geomorphology
4.1 Overview of Weathering and Soils Geomorphology
4.1.1 Previous Major Works in Weathering and Soils Geomorphology
4.1.2 What Constitutes Weathering Geomorphology?
4.1.3 Major Themes, Current Trends, and Overview of the Text
4.1.4 Conclusion
References
4.2 Synergistic Weathering Processes
Glossary
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Getting to the Heart of Weathering and Its Synergies
4.2.3 Scale Issues and Understanding Weathering Synergies
4.2.4 Concepts to Help Understand Weathering Synergies across Scales
4.2.5 Weathering Process Synergies
References
4.3 Pedogenesis with Respect to Geomorphology
Glossary
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Pedogenic Processes
4.3.3 Pedogenesis and Landscape Evolution
4.3.4 Soil Chronosequences
4.3.5 Soils as Indicators of Landscape Stability
4.3.6 Soils and Climate Change
4.3.7 Soil-Slope Relationships
4.3.8 Hillslope/Soil Process Interaction
4.3.9 Soils and Sedimentation
4.3.10 Conclusions
References
4.4 Nanoscale: Mineral Weathering Boundary
Glossary
4.4.1 Introduction to Nanoscale Weathering
4.4.2 Nanoscale Techniques for Geomorphologists
4.4.3 Applying Nanoscale Strategies to Contemporary Issues in Geomorphic Weathering
4.4.4 Conclusion
References
4.5 Rock Coatings
Glossary
4.5.1 Introduction to Rock Coatings
4.5.2 Interpreting Rock Coatings through a Landscape Geochemistry Approach
4.5.3 Importance of Rock Coatings in Geomorphology
4.5.4 Conclusion
References
4.6 Weathering Rinds: Formation Processes and Weathering Rates
Glossary
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Previous Research on Weathering Rinds
4.6.3 Temporal Changes in Rock Properties
4.6.4 Formation Processes of Weathering Rinds
4.6.5 A Porosity Concerned Model of Weathering Rind Development
4.6.6 Conclusions
References
4.7 Tafoni and Other Rock Basins
Glossary
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 Morphological Classification and Rate of Development
4.7.3 Stages of Tafone Development
4.7.4 Stages of Gnamma Progression
4.7.5 Processes of Development
4.7.6 Summary
References
4.8 Weathering Mantles and Long-Term Landform Evolution
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.2 Weathering Mantles and How They Form
4.8.3 Deep Weathering Through Geological Time
4.8.4 Etching and Stripping
4.8.5 Geomorphological Signatures of Etchsurfaces
4.8.6 Conclusions
References
4.9 Catenas and Soils
Glossary
4.9.1 Introduction
4.9.2 The Catena Concept
4.9.3 Elements and Characteristics of Catenas
4.9.4 Soil Variation on Catenas – Why?
4.9.5 Soil Drainage Classes along Catenas
4.9.6 The Edge Effect
4.9.7 Summary
References
4.10 Weathering and Hillslope Development
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 Fundamentals
4.10.3 Weathering and Rock Slope Evolution
4.10.4 Deep Weathering and Landslides
4.10.5 Weathering and Slope Landforms
4.10.6 Conclusions
References
4.11 Weathering in the Tropics, and Related Extratropical Processes
Glossary
4.11.1 Overview
4.11.2 Weathering Processes and Their Relation to Tropical Conditions
4.11.3 Weathering-Related Landforms of the Tropics
4.11.4 Conclusion
References
4.12 Weathering in Arid Regions
Glossary
4.12.1 Introduction
4.12.2 Climate and Weathering – Presumed Connections and Observed Disparities
4.12.3 Nature and Complexity of Weathering Processes
4.12.4 The Desert Weathering System
4.12.5 Inheritance and the Concept of Palimpsest
4.12.6 Conclusion
References
4.13 Coastal Weathering
4.13.1 Introduction
4.13.2 Marine Salt in the Coastal Environment
4.13.3 Weathering Processes Facilitated by the Coastal Environment
4.13.4 Coastal Landforms Associated with Weathering
4.13.5 Conclusion
References
4.14 Chemical Weathering in Cold Climates
Glossary
4.14.1 Introduction
4.14.2 Chemical Weathering Processes
4.14.3 Bedrock Weathering
4.14.4 Rock Coatings
4.14.5 Soil Development in Cold Climates
4.14.6 Chemical Weathering in Glacial and Proglacial Environments
4.14.7 Chemical Denudation in Arctic and Alpine Environments
4.14.8 Conclusions
References
4.15 Mechanical Weathering in Cold Regions
Glossary
4.15.1 Introduction
4.15.2 Weathering Processes in Cold Regions
4.15.3 Landforms
4.15.4 Where are We at and Where are We Going?
References
4.16 Soil Chronosequences
Glossary
4.16.1 Introduction
4.16.2 Soil Characteristics Supporting Chronosequence Development
4.16.3 Issues Complicating the Development and Use of Chronosequences
4.16.4 Chronosequence Applications
4.16.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
4.17 Weathering and Sediment Genesis
Glossary
4.17.1 Weathering, Sediments, and the Rock Cycle
4.17.2 Processes: Disintegration and Chemical Alteration
4.17.3 Factors of Weathering Relevant to Sediment Production
4.17.4 Sediment Maturity and Weathering in Transport
4.17.5 Types of Sediment
4.17.6 The Role of Weathering in Cementing Sediment
4.17.7 Summary
References
Volume 5: Tectonic Geomorphology
5.1 Dedication to Dr. Kurt Lang Frankel
References
5.2 Tectonic Geomorphology: A Perspective
Glossary
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Development of Tectonic Geomorphology and Advances Related to the Discipline
5.2.3 Recent Research Foci (Subdisciplines)
5.2.4 Future Advances
Acknowledgments
References
5.3 Continental–Continental Collision Zone
Glossary
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Southern Alps of New Zealand
5.3.3 Africa–Europe Collision
5.3.4 Arabia–Eurasia Collision
5.3.5 India–Asia Collision
5.3.6 Ancient Orogens
5.3.7 Conclusion
References
5.4 Transform Plate Margins and Strike–slip Fault Systems
Glossary
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 General Tectonic Setting
5.4.3 Advances in Studying Continental Transform Systems
5.4.4 Major Continental Transform Plate Boundaries and Strike–slip Fault Systems
5.4.5 Important Questions and Future Directions
5.4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5.5 Tectonic Geomorphology of Passive Margins and Continental Hinterlands
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Igneous and Tectonic Processes Associated with Rifting
5.5.3 Prerifting Continental Topography and Elevation
5.5.4 Postrifting Evolution of Marginal Escarpments
5.5.5 Evolution of Continental Hinterlands
5.5.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Relevant Website
5.6 Plateau Uplift, Regional Warping, and Subsidence
Glossary
5.6.1 An Introduction to Surface and Deep Features of High Plateaus
5.6.2 Evidence for Plateau Uplift, Regional Warping, and Subsidence
5.6.3 Tectonic Mechanisms and Associated Surface Uplift Rates for Plateau Uplift, Regional Warping, and Subsidence
5.6.4 Plateau Uplift and Global Climate Change
5.6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5.7 Tectonic Geomorphology of Active Folding and Development of Transverse Drainages
Glossary
5.7.1 Introduction
5.7.2 Lateral Propagation of Reverse Faults and Related Folds
5.7.3 Geomorphic Evidence of Lateral Fold Propagation
5.7.4 Geomorphic Methods to Analyze Laterally Propagating Folds
5.7.5 Santa Ynez Mountains
5.7.6 Complex Lateral Propagation
5.7.7 Development of Transverse Drainage
5.7.8 Directivity of Earthquake Energy and Lateral Fold Propagation: A Hypothesis of Tectonic Extrusion
5.7.9 Conclusions
References
5.8 Volcanic Landforms and Hazards
Glossary
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Tectonic Settings
5.8.3 Variety of Volcanic Landforms
5.8.4 Evolving Volcanic Landforms
5.8.5 Ancient Volcanic Settings
5.8.6 Volcanic Hazards
5.8.7 Future Challenges in the Study of Volcanic Landforms and Hazards
Acknowledgments
References
5.9 Hot Spots and Large Igneous Provinces
Glossary
5.9.1 Introduction
5.9.2 Hot Spot Volcanic Chains
5.9.3 Hot Spot Volcanoes
5.9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5.10 Tectonic Geomorphology of Normal Fault Scarps
Symbols and abbreviations
Glossary
5.10.1 Introduction
5.10.2 Basin and Range Province
5.10.3 Slope Retreat Versus Recline
5.10.4 Modeling the Decay of Transport-Limited Scarps
5.10.5 Limitation of the Geometric Model for Normal Fault Scarp Decay
5.10.6 Summary
References
5.11 Landslides Generated by Earthquakes: Immediate and Long-Term Effects
Glossary
5.11.1 Introduction
5.11.2 Overview of Landslide Occurrence in Earthquakes
5.11.3 Geomorphic and Postearthquake Effects of Earthquake-Induced Landslides
5.11.4 Conclusions
References
5.12 Paleoseismology
Glossary
5.12.1 Introduction
5.12.2 Earthquake Recurrence Models
5.12.3 Recent Methodological Developments in Paleoseismology
5.12.4 On-Fault Paleoseismology
5.12.5 Off-Fault Paleoseismology
5.12.6 Contribution to Seismic Hazards
5.12.7 Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
5.13 Glacially Influenced Tectonic Geomorphology: The Impact of the Glacial Buzzsaw on Topography and Orogenic Systems
5.13.1 Introduction
5.13.2 Basics of Glacial Erosion
5.13.3 Glacial Erosion and Topography
5.13.4 Influence of Glaciers on Tectonics
5.13.5 Discussions and Conclusions
References
5.14 Tectonic Aneurysms and Mountain Building
Nomenclature
5.14.1 Introduction
5.14.2 Tectonic Aneurysm: Conceptual Model
5.14.3 Physics and Boundary Conditions of the Tectonic Aneurysm
5.14.4 Geodynamics of the Tectonic Aneurysm
5.14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5.15 The Influence of Middle and Lower Crustal Flow on the Landscape Evolution of Orogenic Plateaus: Insights from the Himalaya and Tibet
Abbreviations
Glossary
5.15.1 Introduction
5.15.2 Development and Geophysical Characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau
5.15.3 Gravitational Potential Energy Gradients and the Dynamics of Middle Crustal Flow
5.15.4 Geomorphology and Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau
5.15.5 A Self-Consistent Model of the Cenozoic Topographic Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Assuming Lower and Middle Crustal Flow
5.15.6 Feedbacks among Middle-Lower Crustal Flow, Landscape Evolution, and Climate
5.15.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5.16 Polygenetic Landscapes
Abbreviations
Glossary
5.16.1 Introduction
5.16.2 Early Conceptual Models for Landscape Evolution
5.16.3 System and Equilibrium Models
5.16.4 Models for Feedback between Climate and Tectonics
5.16.5 Relief Production
5.16.6 Landscape Evolution and Scale
5.16.7 Mathematical and Computational Modeling
5.16.8 Conclusion
References
Volume 6: Karst Geomorphology
Introduction
6.1 New Developments of Karst Geomorphology Concepts
Glossary
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Processes of Carbonate Karst
6.1.3 Rates, Dates, and Evolution of Carbonate Karst
6.1.4 Surface Processes and Landforms in Carbonate Karst
6.1.5 Subsurface Processes and Landforms
6.1.6 Karst Variation over a Range of Environmental Settings
6.1.7 Noncarbonate Karst
6.1.8 Conclusion
References
Relevant Websites
6.2 Karst Landforms: Scope and Processes in the Early Twenty-First Century
Glossary
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Historical Background
6.2.3 The Geologic Substrate and Chemical Weathering Mechanisms
6.2.4 Types of Karst
6.2.5 Telogenetic Karst and Ancillary Processes
6.2.6 Coastal Karst/Eogenetic Karst
6.2.7 Hypogenetic Karst
6.2.8 Conclusions
References
Processes and Features of Carbonate Karst
6.3 Sources of Water Aggressiveness – The Driving Force of Karstification
Glossary
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Water Aggressiveness and Bedrock Contact
6.3.3 Sources of Aggressiveness
References
6.4 Karst Geomorphology: Sulfur Karst Processes
Glossary
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Redox Cycling of Sulfur
6.4.3 Epigenic Processes
6.4.4 Hypogenic/Artesian Processes
6.4.5 Summary
References
6.5 Biospeleogenesis
Glossary
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 The Nature and Importance of Microorganisms
6.5.3 Redox Chemistry and Central Metabolism
6.5.4 Biospeleogenesis: Metabolism and the CO2 Factor
6.5.5 Established Biospeleogenesis: Sulfidic Systems
6.5.6 Postulated Respiratory Biospeleogenesis: Iron Systems
6.5.7 Morphological Implications of Postulated Iron Biospeleogenesis
6.5.8 Potential Metabolic Biospeleogenesis: Silicate Systems
6.5.9 Morphological Implications of Postulated Quartzite Biospeleogenesis
6.5.10 Conclusions
References
6.6 Karstification by Geothermal Waters
Glossary
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Zonation and Settings of Hydrothermal Karst in the Earth’s Crust
6.6.3 Diagnostics of Thermal Water Caves
6.6.4 Macromorphology of Hydrothermal Caves
6.6.5 Mesomorphology of Hydrothermal Caves
6.6.6 Micromorphology of Hydrothermal Caves
6.6.7 Conclusions
References
Rates, Dates, and Ancient Carbonate Karst
6.7 Denudation and Erosion Rates in Karst
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Solutional Erosion Rates in Carbonate Karst – Theoretical Considerations
6.7.3 Solutional Erosion Rates in Carbonate Karst – Field Measurements
6.7.4 Temporal Variations in Carbonate Solutional Erosion Rates
6.7.5 Spatial Variations in Carbonate Solutional Erosion Rates
6.7.6 Surface Lowering in Karst – Denudation Sensu Stricto
6.7.7 Conclusions
- No. of pages: 6386
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: February 27, 2013
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123747396
- eBook ISBN: 9780080885223
JS
John F. Shroder
John (Jack) F. Shroder graduated from Union College’s Geology Program in 1961, received a Masters degree at the University of Massachusetts – Amherst in 1963, and a doctorate at the University of Utah in 1967. His first academic job was two years at the University of Malawi in Africa, before he joined the faculty at the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) in 1969, where he remained for most of the next four decades. In the late 1970s he also spent several years on an NSF grant and a Fulbright at Kabul University in Afghanistan and then in 1983-84 he had another Fulbright to Peshawar University in Pakistan. These experiences led to many years of research in the Hindu Kush and western Himalaya which continued through a host of grants and the thick and thin of the interminable war years and terrorist threats over there. Finally in the post 9/11 world, the difficulties of dealing with the increasing terrorism and avoidance of problems in the field forced a cessation of further work in those difficult countries. Also the declining US economy led to so many other problems at UNO that in summer of 2011, Dr. Shroder stopped teaching his required geology major courses and attempted to retire to his and his wife Susie’s new house in Crested Butte, Colorado. This lasted barely a month before UNO pressured him to return at a vastly reduced part-time salary to once again cover his geomorphology class for the fall semester, 2011. But in the interim, Jack had begun a new editing career for the Elsevier publishing company so that he was spending more of his time producing new volumes of work in geomorphology and hazards analysis. With 30 volumes written or edited by 2012, and 9 more deep into the planning stages, the future of such work for him in his retirement years seems certain. These books go together with the more than 150 other scientific papers he is continuing to publish. Dr. Shroder is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Board of Trustees of the Foundation of the Geological Society of America also asked Jack to join them for the next six years as well, so his deep interests in geology will be maintained. The Association of American Geographers has given Dr. Shroder distinguished career awards twice, once for their Mountain Specialty Group in 2001, and again for their Geomorphology Specialty Group in 2010.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emeritus, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USARead Treatise on Geomorphology on ScienceDirect