Holiday book sale: Save up to 30% on print and eBooks. No promo code needed.
Save up to 30% on print and eBooks.
Toxoplasma Gondii
The Model Apicomplexan. Perspectives and Methods
1st Edition - March 2, 2007
Editors: Louis M. Weiss, Kami Kim
eBook ISBN:9780080475011
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 7 5 0 1 - 1
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a one-celled protozoan parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii. In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 30% of cats, the primary carriers,… Read more
Purchase options
LIMITED OFFER
Save 50% on book bundles
Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code is needed.
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a one-celled protozoan parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii. In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 30% of cats, the primary carriers, have been infected by T. gondii. Most humans contract toxoplasmosis by eating cyst-contaminated raw or undercooked meat, vegetables, or milk products or when they come into contact with the T. gondii eggs from cat feaces while cleaning a cat's litterbox, gardening, or playing in a sandbox. Approx 1 in 4 (more than 60 million) people in the USA are infected with the parasite, and in the UK between 0.5 and 1% of individuals become infected each year. By the age of 50, 40% of people test positive for the parasite. The predilection of this parasite is for the central nervous system (CNS) causing behavioral and personality alterations as well as fatal necrotizing encephalitis, and is especially dangerous for HIV infected patients.Though there have been tremendous strides in our understanding of the biology of Toxoplasma gondii in the last decade, there has been no systemic review of all of the information that has accumulated. Toxoplasma gondii provides the first comprehensive summary of literature on this organism by leading experts in the field who were responsible for organising the 7th International Congress on Toxoplasmosis in May 2003. It offeres systematic reviews of the biology of this pathogen as well as descriptions of the methods and resources used. Within the next year the T. gondii genome will be completed making this an indispensable research resource for biologists, physicians, parasitologists, and for all those contemplating experiments using T. gondii.
* Serves as a model for understanding invasion of host cells by parasites, immune response, motility, differentiation, phylogenetics, evolution and organelle acquisition * Discusses the protocols related to genetic manipulation, cell biology and animal models while also providing reference material on available resources for working with this organism
Parasitologists, Cell and Molecular Biologists, Veterinarians and Veterinary Researchers, Neuroscientists, Research Clinicians, and Food Scientists
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: The History and Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
1.3 PARASITE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE
1.4 TRANSMISSION
1.5 TOXOPLASMOSIS IN HUMANS
1.6 TOXOPLASMOSIS IN OTHER ANIMALS
1.7 DIAGNOSIS
1.8 TREATMENT
1.9 PREVENTION AND CONTROL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 2: The Ultrastructure of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 INVASIVE STAGE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND GENESIS
2.3 COCCIDIAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEFINITIVE HOST
2.4 DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTERMEDIATE HOST
Chapter 3: Population Structure and Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MARKERS FOR GENETIC STUDIES
3.3 PARASITE POPULATION GENETICS
3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSMISSION AND GENETIC EXCHANGE
3.5 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
3.6 TOXOPLASMA GENOTYPE AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.7 TOXOPLASMA GENOTYPE AND HUMAN DISEASE
3.8 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 4: Clinical Disease and Diagnostics
Publisher Summary
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CLINICAL DISEASE
4.3 DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN THE HUMAN HOST
4.4 TREATMENT OF TOXOPLASMOSIS
Chapter 5: Ocular Disease Due to Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 HISTORICAL FEATURES OF OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
5.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY
5.4 THE MECHANISM OF TISSUE DAMAGE IN OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
5.5 HOST FACTORS IN OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
5.6 PARASITE FACTORS IN OCULAR INFECTION
5.7 ANIMAL MODELS
5.8 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
5.9 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PATHOLOGY
5.10 THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
5.11 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 6: Toxoplasmosis in Wild and Domestic Animals
Publisher Summary
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 TOXOPLASMOSIS IN WILDLIFE
6.3 TOXOPLASMOSIS IN ZOOS
6.4 TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND ENDANGERED SPECIES
6.5 TOXOPLASMOSIS IN PETS
6.6 DOMESTIC FARM ANIMALS
6.7 FISH, REPTILES, AND AMPHIBIANS
Chapter 7: Toxoplasma Animal Models and Therapeutics
Publisher Summary
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
7.3 OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
7.4 CEREBRAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
Chapter 8: Biochemistry and Metabolism of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
8.3 GLYCOLIPID ANCHORS
8.4 NUCLEOTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS
8.5 NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE HYDROLASE (NTPase)
Chapter 9: The Apicoplast and Mitochondrion of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 THE APICOPLAST
9.3 THE MITOCHONDRION
9.4 PERSPECTIVES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 10: Calcium Storage and Homeostasis in Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 FLUORESCENCE METHODS TO STUDY CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN T. GONDII
10.3 REGULATION OF [Ca2+]i IN T. GONDII
10.4 CALCIUM STORAGE
10.5 Ca2+ FUNCTION IN T. GONDII
10.6 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 11: Toxoplasma Secretory Proteins and their Roles in Cell Invasion and Intracellular Survival
Publisher Summary
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 INVASION: A RAPID AND ACTIVE PROCESS DEPENDING ON GLIDING MOTILITY
Chapter 12: Alterations in Host-Cell Biology due to Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 OBSERVED CHANGES IN HOST-CELL BIOLOGY
12.3 MEDIATORS OF ALTERATIONS IN HOST-CELL BIOLOGY
12.4 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 13: Bradyzoite Development
Publisher Summary
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 BRADYZOITE AND TISSUE CYST MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
13.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE CYSTS AND BRADYZOITES IN VITRO
13.4 THE CELL CYCLE AND BRADYZOITE DEVELOPMENT
13.5 THE STRESS RESPONSE AND BRADYZOITES
13.6 SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND BRADYZOITE FORMATION
13.7 THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRADYZOITE-SPECIFIC GENES
13.8 CYST WALL AND MATRIX ANTIGENS
13.9 SURFACE ANTIGENS
13.10 METABOLIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRADYZOITES AND TACHYZOITES
13.11 GENETIC STUDIES ON BRADYZOITE BIOLOGY
13.12 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 14: Development and Application of Classical Genetics in Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 BIOLOGY OF TOXOPLASMA
14.3 ESTABLISHMENT OF TRANSMISSION GENETICS
14.4 DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS TOOLS
14.5 APPLICATION OF GENETIC MAPPING
14.6 FUTURE CHALLENGES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 15: Genetic Manipulation of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 THE MECHANICS OF MAKING TRANSGENIC PARASITES
15.3 USING TRANSGENIC PARASITES TO STUDY THE FUNCTION OF PARASITE GENES
15.4 PERSPECTIVES
15.5 THE TOXOPLASMA MANIATIS: A SELECTION OF DETAILED PROTOCOLS FOR PARASITE CULTURE, GENETIC MANIPULATION, AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 16: Gene Regulation
Publisher Summary
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 THE TRANSCRIPTOME OF TOXOPLASMA
16.3 TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL IN TOXOPLASMA
16.4 CHROMATIN REMODELING IN TOXOPLASMA
16.5 EVIDENCE OF POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS IN TOXOPLASMA
16.6 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 17: The Secretory Protein Repertoire and Expanded Gene Families of Toxoplasma gondii and Other Apicomplexa
Publisher Summary
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 THE EC PROTEIN REPERTOIRE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII
17.3 MICRONEME, RHOPTRY, AND DENSE-GRANULE PROTEINS
17.4 THE LCCL DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS
17.5 THE ARTICULINS
17.6 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 18: Comparative Aspects of Nucleotide and Amino-acid Metabolism in Toxoplasma gondii and other Apicomplexa
Publisher Summary
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 PURINES
18.3 PYRIMIDINES
18.4 AMINO ACIDS
Chapter 19: Toxoplasma as a Model System for Apicomplexan Drug Discovery
Publisher Summary
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS OF CURRENT THERAPIES
19.3 VALIDATION OF SOME POTENTIAL APICOMPLEXAN TARGETS
19.4 EMPIRIC SCREENING FOR SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS
19.5 VALIDATION OF cGMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE (PKG) – A CASE STUDY
19.6 FUTURE OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 20: Proteomics of Toxoplasma gondii
Publisher Summary
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTEOMICS
20.3 WHICH PROTEOME? PROTEOMES AND SUBPROTEOMES OF T. GONDII
20.4 MASS-SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF T. GONDII PROTEINS
20.5 CAN PROTEOMICS BE QUANTITATIVE?
20.6 APPLICATION OF PROTEOMICS TO THE STUDY OF T. GONDII
20.7 SUB-PROTEOMES OF T. GONDII
20.8 PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE RHOPTRY ORGANELLES OF T. GONDII
20.9 PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF EXCRETORY/SECRETORY PROTEINS OF T. GONDII
20.10 OTHER SUB-PROTEOME STUDIES OF T. GONDII
20.11 THE DYNAMIC PROTEOME OF T. GONDII
20.12 PROTEOMICS AS A TOOL TO DISSECT THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTION
20.13 CHEMICAL PROTEOMICS
20.14 DATABASE MANAGEMENT OF T. GONDII PROTEOMICS DATA
20.15 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 21: Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Pathogenesis and Host Resistance
Publisher Summary
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 PRODUCERS OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-12 REQUIRED FOR IFN-γ PRODUCTION
21.3 PRODUCERS OF IFN-γ
21.4 THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER CYTOKINES AND REGULATORY MOLECULES IN RESISTANCE
21.5 INVOLVEMENT OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN RESISTANCE
21.6 IFN-γ-INDUCED EFFECTOR MECHANISMS
21.7 EFFECTOR CELLS IN THE BRAIN WITH ACTIVITY AGAINST T. GONDII
21.8 THE ROLE OF CELLS HARBORING T. GONDII IN THE BRAIN
21.9 HOST GENES INVOLVED IN REGULATING RESISTANCE
21.10 GENETIC FACTORS OF T. GONDII DETERMINING DEVELOPMENT OF TE AND VIRULENCE
21.11 IMMUNE EFFECTOR MECHANISMS IN OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
21.12 IMMUNE EFFECTOR MECHANISMS IN CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
21.13 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 22: Innate Immunity in Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Publisher Summary
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 ENTEROCYTES
22.3 NEUTROPHILS
22.4 DENDRITIC CELLS
22.5 MACROPHAGES
22.6 B CELLS
22.7 SIGNALING PATHWAYS
22.8 NK AND NKT CELLS
22.9 INTESTINAL ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
22.10 PARASITE ANTIGENS THAT TRIGGER THE INNATE RESPONSE
22.11 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 23: Adaptive Immunity and Genetics of the Host Immune Response
Publisher Summary
23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.2 MOUSE GENETIC STUDIES
23.3 STUDIES OF LEWIS AND FISHER RATS
23.4 STUDIES IN HUMANS CONCERNING GENES THAT CONFER RESISTANCE OR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND USE OF MURINE MODELS WITH HUMAN TRANSGENES
23.5 INFLUENCE OF PARASITE STRAIN ON IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DISEASE
23.6 GENERAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY
23.7 IMMUNOLOGICAL CONTROL IN ANIMAL MODELS
23.8 IMMUNOLOGICAL CONTROL IN HUMANS
23.9 INFLUENCE OF CO-INFECTION WITH OTHER PARASITES
23.10 PREGNANCY AND CONGENITAL DISEASE
23.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 24: Vaccination Against Toxoplasmosis: Current Status and Future Prospects
Publisher Summary
24.1 INTRODUCTION
24.2 SCOPE OF PROBLEM AND POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF VACCINATION
24.3 CURRENT STATUS OF VACCINES FOR INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
24.4 THE RODENT AS A MODEL TO STUDY CONGENITAL DISEASE AND VACCINATION
24.5 REVIEW OF VACCINES FOR THE DEFINITIVE HOST – CATS
24.6 INSIGHTS FROM OTHER COCCIDIAL PARASITES
24.7 FUTURE STRATEGIES TO DESIGN NEW VACCINES FOR COCCIDIAL PARASITES IN GENERAL AND T. GONDII IN PARTICULAR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Epilogue
INDEX
No. of pages: 800
Language: English
Published: March 2, 2007
Imprint: Academic Press
eBook ISBN: 9780080475011
LW
Louis M. Weiss
Louis M. Weiss M.D., M.P.H is Professor of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Professor of Pathology (Division of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine) of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Dr. Weiss received his M.D. and M.P.H degrees from the Johns Hopkins University in 1982. He then completed a residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Chicago and a fellowship in Infectious Diseases at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Following this fellowship, he joined the faculty at Einstein where he is currently a Professor of Pathology and Medicine. His laboratory group has an active research program on parasitic diseases with a research focus on Toxoplasma gondii, the Microsporidia and Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Weiss is the author of over 200 publications and the editor of 3 books on parasitology. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians, Infectious Disease Society of America and the American Academy of Microbiology. Dr. Weiss is the Co-Director of the Einstein Global Health Center.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, NY, USA
KK
Kami Kim
Kami Kim M.D. is Professor of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Professor of Pathology (Division of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine) and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Dr. Kim received her M.D. degree from Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1984. She trained in internal medicine at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center and in infectious diseases at the University of California, San Francisco. Following her clinical training, she did a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Microbiology & Immunology at Stanford University School of Medicine, after which she joined the faculty at Einstein where she is currently a Professor of Medicine, Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology. Her laboratory research is focused upon understanding the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis and malaria. Recently she has developed collaborations with clinical investigators at the Blantyre Malaria Project in Malawi to understand the clinical impact of HIV co-infection upon cerebral malaria. She is also interested in understanding epigenetic and genetic factors that govern the host response to parasitic infections, opportunistic pathogens and tuberculosis. Dr. Kim is a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and the Infectious Disease Society of America and an elected member of the Association for American Physcians and the American Society for Clinical Investigation.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, NY, USA