Tissue Engineering

3rd Edition - November 11, 2022
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Clemens van Blitterswijk, Jan De Boer
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 4 5 9 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 1 3 4 - 3

Tissue Engineering, Third Edition provides a completely revised release with sections focusing on Fundamentals of Tissue Engineering and Tissue Engineering of Selected Organs… Read more

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Tissue Engineering, Third Edition provides a completely revised release with sections focusing on Fundamentals of Tissue Engineering and Tissue Engineering of Selected Organs and Tissues. Key chapters are updated with the latest discoveries, including coverage of new areas (skeletal TE, ophthalmology TE, immunomodulatory biomaterials and immune systems engineering). The book is written in a scientific language that is easily understood by undergraduate and graduate students in basic biological sciences, bioengineering and basic medical sciences, and researchers interested in learning about this fast-growing field.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. An introduction to tissue engineering; the topic and the book
1.1. Learning objectives
1.2. What inspired you to pick up this book?
1.3. What is tissue engineering about?
1.4. Tissue engineering's origin and progression over time
1.5. Tissue engineering's limitations and promises
1.6. The future of tissue engineering
1.7. Tissue engineering and you
1.8. How to use this book? A guide for students and teachers
1.9. How to use the chapters?
Chapter 2. Stem cells
2.1. Learning objectives
2.2. Introduction
2.3. What defines a stem cell? Self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation
2.4. Self-renewal
2.5. Stem cell proliferation
2.6. Stem cell differentiation
2.7. Stem cell quiescence and activation
2.8. Cell death is normal—apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and necroptosis
2.9. Characterization of stem cells—protein expression
2.10. Characterization of stem cells—RNA analysis by RT-PCR, microarray, and RNA-sequencing
2.11. Characterization of stem cells—cell differentiation
2.12. Stem cell signaling—the Wnt and β-catenin pathway
2.13. Hematopoietic stem cells
2.14. Mesenchymal stem cells
2.15. Skin stem cells
2.16. Lgr5+ stem cells of the intestine
2.17. Central nervous system stem cells
2.18. Induced pluripotent stem cells—iPS cells
2.19. Natural pluripotent and embryonic stem cells
2.20. Organoids, exosomes, and extracts from stem cells
2.21. Stem cell mechanobiology: stretch and strain
2.22. Future perspective
2.23. The dark side: cancer stem cells
2.24. Recommended literature
2.25. Assessment of your knowledge
2.26. Glossary
Chapter 3. Tissue formation during embryogenesis
3.1. Learning objectives
3.2. Introduction
3.3. Cardiac development
3.4. Blood vessel development
3.5. Development of peripheral nerve tissue
3.6. Embryonic skin development
3.7. Bone development
3.8. Recommended literature
3.9. Assessment of your knowledge
3.10. Glossary
Chapter 4. Cellular signaling
4.1. Learning objectives
4.2. Paradigm of cellular signaling
4.3. Signal initiation
4.4. Signal transduction
4.5. Gene activation
4.6. Variations on a theme
4.7. Future perspective
4.8. Recommended literature
4.9. Assessment of your knowledge
4.10. Glossary
Chapter 5. Extracellular matrix as a bioscaffold for tissue engineering
5.1. Learning objectives
5.2. Introduction
5.3. Native extracellular matrix
5.4. ECM scaffold preparation
5.5. Constructive tissue remodeling
5.6. Clinical translation of ECM bioscaffolds
5.7. Commercially available scaffolds composed of ECM
5.8. Future perspective
5.9. Recommended literature
5.10. Assessment of your knowledge
5.11. Glossary
Chapter 6. Synthetic biomaterials
6.1. Learning objectives
6.2. Introduction
6.3. Biomaterials and synthetic chemistry: a molecular view
6.4. The extracellular matrix: a chemical view
6.5. Rational design
6.6. Future developments
6.7. Case study: vascularization
6.8. Recommended literature
6.9. Assessment of your knowledge
6.10. Glossary
Chapter 7. Degradation of biomaterials
7.1. Learning objectives
7.2. Introduction
7.3. Bioceramics and glasses
7.4. Biodegradable polymers
7.5. Biodegradable metals
7.6. Future perspective
7.7. Recommended literature
7.8. Assessment of your knowledge
7.9. Glossary
Chapter 8. Cell–material interactions
8.1. Learning objectives
8.2. Introduction
8.3. Surface chemistry
8.4. Material mechanics (stiffness)
8.5. Topography
8.6. Future perspective
8.7. Recommended literature
8.8. Assessment of your knowledge
8.9. Glossary
Chapter 9. Biomaterials discovery: experimental and computational approaches
9.1. Learning objectives
9.2. Introduction
9.3. The challenges of biomaterials discovery
9.4. Approaches to materials discovery
9.5. Experimental high throughput materials discovery
9.6. Computational materials discovery
9.7. Future perspective
9.8. Recommended literature
9.9. Assessment of your knowledge
9.10. Glossary
Chapter 10. Microfabrication technology in tissue engineering
10.1. Learning objectives
10.2. Introduction
10.3. Microfabrication techniques in tissue engineering
10.4. Future perspective
10.5. Recommended literature
10.6. Assessment of your knowledge
10.7. Glossary
Chapter 11. Scaffold design and fabrication
11.1. Learning objectives
11.2. Introduction
11.3. Scaffold design
11.4. Classical scaffold fabrication techniques
11.5. Electrospinning
11.6. Additive manufacturing
11.7. Hybrid fabrication
11.8. Clinical translation of scaffold guided tissue engineering
11.9. Future perspective
11.10. Recommended literature
11.11. Assessment of your knowledge
11.12. Glossary
Chapter 12. Controlled release strategies in tissue engineering
12.1. Learning objectives
12.2. Introduction
12.3. Physical mixtures of bioactive factors within matrices
12.4. Bioactive factors entrapped within gel matrices
12.5. Bioactive factors entrapped within hydrophobic scaffolds or microparticles
12.6. Bioactive factors bound to affinity sites within matrices
12.7. Bioactive factors covalently bound to matrices
12.8. Matrices used for immunomodulation
12.9. Recommended literature
12.10. Assessment of your knowledge
12.11. Glossary
Chapter 13. Bioreactors: enabling technologies for research and manufacturing
13.1. Learning objectives
13.2. Introduction
13.3. Basic requirements
13.4. Mimicking physiological culture conditions
13.5. Bioreactors for cell expansion and cell-based products
13.6. Bioreactors for tissue engineering
13.7. Future perspective
13.8. Recommended literature
13.9. Assessment of your knowledge
13.10. Glossary
Chapter 14. Strategies to promote vascularization, survival, and functionality of engineered tissues
14.1. Learning objectives
14.2. Introduction
14.3. Strategies to improve vascular ingrowth into TE constructs
14.4. Strategies to improve vascular ingrowth into TE constructs—biological features
14.5. Strategies to promote neo-vascularization
14.6. In vivo models
14.7. Translation into clinics
14.8. Recommended literature
14.9. Assessment of your knowledge
14.10. Glossary
Chapter 15. Skin tissue engineering and keratinocyte stem cell therapy
15.1. Learning objectives
15.2. Introduction
15.3. Structure and function of the epidermis
15.4. Structure and function of the dermis
15.5. Epidermal and hair follicle stem cells of the skin
15.6. In vitro keratinocyte culture
15.7. Cultured three-dimensional skin models
15.8. Immunogenicity with allogeneic and biosynthetic materials
15.9. Development of in vivo somatic keratinocyte stem cell grafting
15.10. Poor keratinocyte “take”
15.11. Skin tissue engineering
15.12. The use of adult stem cells in tissue-engineered skin
15.13. Future perspective
15.14. Recommended literature
15.15. Assessment of your knowledge
15.16. Glossary
Chapter 16. Cartilage and bone regeneration
16.1. Learning objectives
16.2. Introduction: cartilage
16.3. Cellular structures and matrix composition of hyaline cartilage
16.4. Collagen
16.5. Proteoglycans
16.6. The chondrocyte
16.7. Stem cells in cartilage and proliferation of chondrocytes
16.8. Pathophysiology of cartilage lesion development
16.9. Artificial induction of cartilage repair
16.10. Rationale for cell implantation
16.11. Cartilage specimens for implantation
16.12. Cell seeding density
16.13. What type of chondrogenic cells is ideal for cartilage engineering?
16.14. Allogeneic versus autologous cells
16.15. Articular chondrocytes versus other cells
16.16. Embryonic stem cells andinduced pluripotent stem cells
16.17. Xenograft cells
16.18. Direct isolation of tissue
16.19. Scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering
16.20. Bioreactors in cartilage tissue engineering
16.21. Growth factors that stimulate chondrogenesis
16.22. Future developments in cartilage biology
16.23. Introduction: bone—basic bone biology: structure, function, and cells
16.24. Intramembranous and endochondral bone formation
16.25. Fracture repair
16.26. Critical size defect
16.27. Skeletal stem cells
16.28. Expansion and differentiation
16.29. Growth factors for bone repair
16.30. Scaffold biocompatibility
16.31. The function of the vasculature in skeletal regeneration
16.32. Animal models in bone tissue engineering
16.33. Clinical experience in bone tissue engineering
16.34. Future perspectives for bone regeneration
16.35. Assessment of your knowledge
16.36. Glossary
Chapter 17. Tissue engineering of the nervous system
17.1. Learning objectives
17.2. Introduction
17.3. Peripheral nerve
17.4. CNS: spinal cord
17.5. CNS: brain
17.6. CNS: optic nerve
17.7. CNS: retina
17.8. Future perspective
17.9. Recommended literature
17.10. Assessment of your knowledge
17.11. Glossary
Chapter 18. Principles of cardiovascular tissue engineering
18.1. Learning objectives
18.2. Introduction
18.3. Heart structure, disease, and regeneration
18.4. Cell sources for cardiovascular tissue engineering and regeneration
18.5. Biomaterials—polymers, scaffolds, and basic design criteria
18.6. Biomaterials as vehicles for stem cells or bioactive molecule delivery after MI
18.7. Bioengineering of cardiac patches, in vitro
18.8. Vascularization of cardiac patches
18.9. Three-dimensional bioprinting of vascularized tissues and components of heart
18.10. Challenges for clinical application
18.11. Future perspective
18.12. Recommended literature
18.13. Assessment of your knowledge
18.14. Glossary
Chapter 19. Tissue engineering of organ systems
19.1. Learning objectives
19.2. Introduction
19.3. Urogenital tissue engineering
19.4. Reproductive organs
19.5. Liver tissue engineering
19.6. Gastrointestinal tissue engineering
19.7. Pancreas tissue engineering
19.8. Lung tissue engineering
19.9. Future perspective
19.10. Recommend literature
19.11. Assessment of your knowledge
19.12. Glossary
Chapter 20. Product and process design: scalable and sustainable tissue-engineered product manufacturing
20.1. Learning objectives
20.2. Introduction
20.3. Regulatory aspects of TEP manufacturing
20.4. The TEP manufacturing process
20.5. Manufacturing process development: quality by design
20.6. Smart manufacturing driven by digital twins
20.7. Future perspective
20.8. Recommended literature
20.9. Assessment of your knowledge
20.10. Glossary
Chapter 21. Clinical translation
21.1. Learning objectives
21.2. Introduction
21.3. Clinical translation of tissue-engineered products
21.4. Typical challenges for tissue engineering encountered in the clinical phase
21.5. Implementation of a clinical trial
21.6. Special points to consider
21.7. Future perspective
21.8. Recommended literature
21.9. Assessment of your knowledge
21.10. Glossary
Index

Clemens van Blitterswijk

Clemens van Blitterswijk graduated as cell biologist from Leiden University in 1982, defending his PhD thesis in 1985 at the same university. Today his research focuses on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, forming a unique basis of multidisciplinary research between materials and life sciences. Van Blitterswijk has authored and co-authored more than 380 peer reviewed papers (H index 90, Scopus); is one of the most frequently cited Dutch scientists in TE; the applicant and co-applicant of over 100 patents; has guided 50 PhD candidates through their thesis as supervisor or co-supervisor and currently has 30 PhD candidates under his supervision. Dr. van Blitterswijk received a number of prestigious international awards including the George Winter award of the European society for Biomaterials, the Career Achievement Award of the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society and is a member of the KNAW (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences).

Affiliations and expertise

KNAW (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), The Netherlands

Jan De Boer

Jan de Boer is an experienced University Professor and Chief Scientific Officer with a demonstrated history of working in academia and biotech. As a research professional he is skilled in Stem Cells, Biomaterial Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Jan is interested in the molecular complexity of cells and how molecular circuits are involved in cell and tissue function. With a background in mouse and Drosophila genetics, he entered the field of biomedical engineering in 2002 and has since focused on understanding and implementing molecular biology in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. His research is characterized by a holistic approach to both discovery and application, aiming at combining high throughput technologies, computational modeling and experimental cell biology, to streamline the wealth of biological knowledge to real clinical applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Netherlands

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