PrefacePreface to the First EditionI Introduction TextII Definitions, Criteria, Categories, and Origins of Age Changes A. Definitions B. Criteria of Age Changes C. Categories of Age Changes D. Origins of Age Changes E. Kinetic Distinctions between Genetic and Stochastic ProcessesIII The Distribution of Cellular Aging A. Nonaging Systems B. On Species Which May Not Age C. Mortal and Immortal ClonesIV Aging Biosystems: Invertebrates A. General Considerations B. Protozoa C. Metazoa D. SummaryV Ultimate Effects of Cellular Aging—Mortality—Review of Theories of Mortality A. Mortality Rate B. Statement and Critique of TheoriesVI Proximate Effects of Cellular Aging A. Physiological Decline B. Diffuse Changes Affecting the Function of a Variety of Organ Systems C. Functional Changes in Specific Organ Systems during the Aging ProcessVII Aging of Cell Aggregates and Tissues A. General Considerations B. The Loci of Tissue Changes C. Tissue Disorganization and Change D. Cell Death and Changes in Cell NumberVIII Aging of Subcellular Components A. Cell Turnover B. Metabolic Turnover C. Changes in Subcellular Organelles and ConstituentsIX Theories on the Mechanisms of Aging Part I. Theories and Evidence on the Sources of Structural Instability A. Thermal and Chemical Instabilities of Functional Units B. The Somatic Mutation Theory of Aging C. Disruption of Intercellular Relationships and Dependencies Part II. Theories and Evidence on Inadequacies in Informational Processing: Timing, Codes, and Aging A. The Error Theory of Aging B. Developmental Program and Aging Theories: Time, Gene Expression, and Aging C. Timing, Neuronal Codes, and Aging Part III. An Integrated Theory of Aging SummaryX The Evolution of Cellular Aging and Longevity A. The Evolution of Senescence B. The Evolution of LongevityXI Some Unexplored Avenues of Cellular Aging—Current and Future Research Implementation of an Effective Aging Research EffortBibliographyAppendix AAppendix BAppendix CAuthor IndexSubject Index