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The Youth Athlete
A Practitioner’s Guide to Providing Comprehensive Sports Medicine Care
1st Edition - June 22, 2023
Editors: Brian J. Krabak, M. Alison Brooks
Paperback ISBN:9780323999922
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eBook ISBN:9780323983198
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 3 1 9 - 8
The Youth Athlete: A Practitioner’s Guide to Providing Comprehensive Sports Medicine Care includes topics that provide the most comprehensive and holistic understanding of the… Read more
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The Youth Athlete: A Practitioner’s Guide to Providing Comprehensive Sports Medicine Care includes topics that provide the most comprehensive and holistic understanding of the youth athlete. The foundation of the book focuses on the growth and development of the athlete from child to adolescence, balancing their physical, mental and emotional needs. The middle sections expand on this foundation, concentrating on common injuries and illnesses as well as unique topics (e.g., Female, Athlete Triad, Sports Specialization). Final sections emphasize specific sports (e.g., Soccer, Basketball, eSports), allowing the reader to synthesize the previous information to assist with return to play decision-making.
Written from a scientific perspective and incorporating evidence-based medicine into its content, this book is perfect for health care practitioners of varied specialties. The complete and comprehensive structure of the book will clearly distinguish it from all other textbooks on the market.
Covers diverse topics that reflect our current understanding of youth athletes and issues related to their care
Incorporates evidence-based approach, highlighting the latest state-of-the-art information and research
Written by global content experts throughout the sports medicine field
Physicians (primary care and specialists), nurse practitioners, physician assistants, athletic trainers, and physical therapists, Students preparing for their Sports Medicine Board Certification, experienced teaching clinicians
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Foundations
Part I. Growth and development
Chapter 1. Physical maturation
Bone maturation
Neural changes in maturation
Muscle maturation
Body composition
Physical maturation and sport readiness
Resistance training
Tackling in football
Heading in soccer
Body checking in hockey
Pointe in ballet
Distance running
Summary
Key points
Chapter 2. Mental development
Mental development: the emotional and cognitive changes from childhood through adolescence
Defining the mind
Integrating body functioning, behavior, emotion, cognition, and relationships
Brain development and its effect on the mind
The triune brain
The system model
The mental stages of the youth athlete
Skills (7–11 years)
Competition (12–14 years)
Commitment (15+ years)
Summary
Key points
Chapter 3. Hormonal changes
Normal pubertal development
Physical changes during puberty
Pubertal variations
Summary
Key points
Chapter 4. Physical activity and exercise science
Introduction
Physical activity
Exercise physiology
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Guidelines/promotion of physical activity
Summary
Key points
Chapter 5. Gender in sport
Introduction
Terminology: “Gender 101”4,5
Demographics of transgender and nongender conforming youth and sports participation
Gender, sex, and sports performance
Gender affirming care of transgender and gender nonconforming youth
Effects of gender-affirming medical treatments on sports performance
Barriers to participation
Inclusion in competitive athletics
Steps physicians can take to promote activity for transgender and gender nonconforming athletes
Key points
Part II. Sports participation
Chapter 6. Benefits of youth sports
Impact on motor skills
Impact on life skill development
Impact on academics
Impact on social skills
Impact on mental health
Impact on suicide risk
Impact on physical health
Key points
Chapter 7. Strength and power training
Essentials of youth resistance training
Potential benefits of youth resistance training
Program design considerations
Summary of key points
Chapter 8. Preparticipation physical examination
What is the preparticipation physical examination (PPE)?
What are the goals of the PPE?
Who should perform the PPE?
Where should the PPE be performed?
When should the PPE be performed?
Medical history
General medical history
Cardiac system
Mental health history
Neurological history
Musculoskeletal history
Musculoskeletal exam
Respiratory history
Respiratory exam
Abdominal exam
Skin exam
Special circumstances—history
Special considerations for female athletes
COVID-19 and athletes
Disabled athletes
Medical eligibility determination
Summary
Key points
Chapter 9. Social determinants of health and youth sports
Achievement of physical activity guidelines
Athletes need medical care
Physical activity sources of influence
What are social determinants of health?
The social determinants of health and physical activity
The social determinants of health, sports, and the athlete
Youth and goals for sports participation
The social determinants of health and the athlete's medical care
The social determinants of health, gender, and sports
Current progress in youth sports participation and the social determinants of health
The future of youth sports participation and the social determinants of health
Key points
Chapter 10. Sports advocacy and equity in sports
Introduction
Disparities in physical literacy
Barriers to physical activity
Physical activity promotion
Promotion of healthy youth athlete development
Legislative and community advocacy 101
Summary and key findings
Common sports problems
Part I. Illness/injuries
Chapter 11. Eyes
Anatomy of the eyes
Vision development
Epidemiology and risk factors
Injuries and illnesses of the eyes
Prevention of ocular injury in sport
Considerations for sideline medical bag contents
Summary
Key points
Chapter 12. Ears and nose
Anatomy of the pediatric ear
Ear laceration
Auricular hematoma (“cauliflower ear”)
Otitis externa (“swimmer's ear”)
Tympanic membrane perforation
Middle ear trauma
Anatomy of the pediatric nose (Fig. 12.9)
Epistaxis
Nasal fracture
Septal hematoma and abscess
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 13. Dental and maxillofacial
Child dental & maxillofacial anatomy and development
Comprehensive assessment
Facial lacerations
Dental injuries & conditions
Facial fractures & injuries
Prevention
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 14. Cardiac
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease
Evaluation and management
Prevention
Chapter summary
Chapter 15. Respiratory medicine as part of athlete and team care
Respiratory medicine as part of athlete and team care
Asthma, exercise-induced asthma, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Testing
Therapeutics
Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia
Clinical features
SARS-CoV-2 considerations
Incorporating respiratory care into the sports medicine team
What is the optimal test strategy for a group of athletes?
Conclusions
Key points
Chapter 16. Gatrointestinal and abdominal issues
Gastrointestinal issues
Abdominal injuries
Summary
Key points
Chapter 17. Renal and genitourinary
Renal trauma
Acute kidney injury
Exercise associated hematuria
Exercise-associated proteinuria
Genitourinary (GU) trauma: scrotal/testicular, penile, and labial injuries
Testicular and ovarian torsion
Solitary kidney/undescended testicles/solitary testicle or ovary
Manual therapies: chiropractic, osteopathic manipulation, and massage
Chiropractic
Osteopathy
Massage
Mindfulness
Summary
Key points
Part IV. Substance use disorder
Chapter 57. Substance misuse and athletic performance
Introduction
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 58. Performance-enhancing substances
Introduction
Epidemiology
Summary
Key points
Part V. Athletes with disability
Chapter 59. Athletes with physical disabilities
Introduction
Inclusion and access
Musculoskeletal injury
Medical considerations and illness
Concussion
Relative energy deficiency in sport
Cardiac considerations
Preparticipation physical exam
Mental health
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 60. Athletes with intellectual disabilities
Introduction
Types of intellectual disability and specific considerations for sport
Sports participation
Preparticipation physical examination
Considerations during youth sport
Sports-related injuries
Education and awareness of sports participation
Conclusions
Section IV. Specific sports
Chapter 61. Baseball/softball
Introduction
Injury data
Overuse injuries
Risk factors for injury
Sport specialization
Skeletal development related to throwing injuries
Mechanics of baseball and softball pitches
History and physical examination
Common injuries in pediatric baseball players
Unique injuries in pediatric softball players
Back and lower extremity injuries
Management of baseball and softball injuries
Concepts in injury prevention
Key points
Chapter 62. Basketball
Introduction
Description of the sports
Basketball-specific equipment
Epidemiology of common basketball injuries
Sport-specific demands and biomechanical principles
Lower extremity injuries
Upper extremity injuries
Concussion
Safety and prevention of basketball-specific injuries
Key points
Chapter 63. Bicycling
Introduction
Bicycle types and disciplines
Bicycle fit
Bicycling biomechanics and gearing
Bicycling injury epidemiology and rates
Risk factors for injury by mechanism and setting
Injury by type and body part
Other cycling specific or less common injuries
Relevant history and physical exam when evaluating the cyclist
Providing medical coverage at cycling events
Return to cycling after injury
Injury prevention
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 64. Cheerleading (spirit)
Introduction on cheerleading
Injury rate/epidemiology, changes over the years
Injuries by body region
Injuries by diagnosis
Injuries by setting
Injuries by mechanism
Concussions and catastrophic injuries
Less common/unusual injuries
Risk factors for injury
Rehab considerations for common cheer injuries
RTP specific protocols
Role of the physician
Additional resources
Key points
Appendix 1
Chapter 65. Rock climbing medicine
Background and introduction
Types of climbing
Traditional climbing (TRAD)
Sport climbing
Top roping
Competition
Scoring scales in recreational climbing
Basic holds in climbing
Common rock-climbing injuries
Safety certifications
Conclusions
Key points
Chapter 66. Rowing/Crew
Introduction
Summary
Key point
Chapter 67. Cross-country/track and field
Introduction
Biomechanics
Injury epidemiology
Risk factors
Common musculoskeletal injuries by region
Common medical issues in cross country/track and field athletes
Clinical evaluation
Injury management and prevention
Return to play
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 68. Evaluation and management of the dancer
Introduction
Dance injury epidemiology
Risk factors for dance injuries
Evaluation of the dancer
Return to dance after injury or illnesss
Prevention of dance injuries
Summary
Key points
Chapter 69. Diving
Introduction
Disciplines and events
Body positions
Dive categories
Epidemiology of injury and illness
Common musculoskeletal injuries
Office-based exam considerations and the functional movement assessment
Conclusion
Key takeaways
Chapter 70. Equestrian
Introduction
Epidemiology of common injuries
Risk factors for injury
Evaluation and management
Prevention
Summary
Key points
Chapter 71. Esports
Description of esports
Gaming-related misconceptions
The approach to the esports athlete
Common musculoskeletal hazards encountered in esports
Common medical hazards in esports
Mental health hazards in esports
Evaluation and management
Prevention
Summary
Key points
Chapter 72. Field hockey
Introduction
Epidemiology of common injuries/illness in youth hockey
Risk factors
Evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries in the clinical setting
Management, rehabilitation, and return to sports decisions
Strategies for injury prevention in field hockey
Summary
Key points
Chapter 73. Figure skating
Introduction
Figure skating governance
Figure skating: the basics
Biomechanics
Epidemiology of figure skating injuries and illness
Common figure skating injuries
Common figure skating illnesses
Evaluation of the figure skater in the office setting
Return to skating
Summary
Key points
Chapter 74. Football
Origins and basics of football
Youth organizations and safety initiatives
General pediatric football epidemiology
Common injuries
Knee
Foot and ankle
Axial injuries
Cervical spine
Thoracic and lumbar spine injuries
Upper extremity injuries
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist and hand
Exertional heat illness
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 75. Golf
Description of golf
Overuse injuries related to poor mechanics: overview
Common overuse injuries
Overuse injuries related to poor mechanics: summary
Traumatic and acute injuries related to equipment: overview
Summary
Chapter key points
Chapter 76. The youth athlete: Gymnastics
Introduction
Events
Biomechanics of gymnastics
Epidemiology
Common and unique injury types in gymnasts
Common medical illnesses in the gymnast
Evaluation of the gymnast in the office setting
Scenario 1: 12-year-old female artistic gymnast presenting with right wrist pain after moving up from level 8 to level 9 over the summer
Scenario 2: 13-year-old male trampoline and tumbling gymnast presenting with low back pain that began in the first few months of the competitive season
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 77. Ice hockey
Introduction
Concussion
Shoulder injuries
Hip injuries
Knee injuries
Repetitive/overuse injuries
Foot and ankle injuries
Catastrophic/life-threatening injuries
Prevention
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 78. Lacrosse
Introduction
What is lacrosse?
The right lacrosse at the right time
Player wellness in youth lacrosse
Injury mechanisms and prevention
Injury epidemiology
Emergency action planning
Medical issues
Return to play after lacrosse injury
Injury prevention- equipment
Strength and conditioning for youth lacrosse
Summary
Key points
Chapter 79. Martial arts and combat sports
Introduction
Common competition terms
Epidemiology of common injuries/illness
Risk factors for injury/illness
Evaluation and management
Head and face injuries
Infectious disease
Abdominal trauma
Musculoskeletal injuries
Injury prevention
Key points
Chapter 80. Performing arts
Introduction
Instrumentalists
Vocalists
Mental health of performers
Summary
Key points
Chapter 81. Rugby
Global overview of rugby codes and participation
Historical perspective
Youth Rugby injury epidemiology
Mechanism of injury in rugby
Youth Rugby injury prevention
Concussion awareness and management
Return to play nonconcussion injuries
Chapter 82. Skiing and snowboarding
History of the sport
Disciplines of skiing
Disciplines of snowboarding
Injury epidemiology
Upper extremity injuries
Lower extremity injuries
Spine and back injuries
Head and face injuries
Chest and thoracic wall injuries
Abdominal injuries
Nonmusculoskeletal injuries and considerations
General return to play considerations for snow sports
Injury prevention
General considerations for the sports medicine physician with ski coverage
Key bullet points
Chapter 83. Soccer
Introduction
Injury risk factors
Injury types
Return to play
Injury prevention
Heat illness
Key points
Chapter 84. Surfing
Introduction
Epidemiology of injury/illness
Risk factors
Evaluation and management
Prevention
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 85. Swimming
Introduction
Physiology of swimming
Swim stroke biomechanics
Injury epidemiology
Common musculoskeletal injuries by region
Musculoskeletal evaluation of the swimmer in the office setting
Rehabilitation/return to swim after injury
Ent
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 86. The junior tennis player
Introduction
Epidemiology
Biomechanics
Developmental approach to training and competition in junior tennis player
Biologic maturation
Sports specialization and athlete development
Workload (Training and competition)
Biomechanics
Low back pain
Shoulder pain
Ankle sprain
Elbow pain
Knee pain
Wrist pain
Tennis-specific risk factors
Female tennis player
Injury prevention and return to play
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 87. Ultimate
Introduction
Injuries in ultimate
Evaluation
Management
Prevention
Key points
Chapter 88. Volleyball
Basics and rules of the game
Biomechanics of volleyball and skills
Other volleyball specifics
Epidemiology of common injuries
Risk factors for injury
Evaluation and treatment of injuries
Prevention
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 89. Waterskiing and wakeboarding
Introduction
Epidemiology of injuries
Risk factors for injury/illness
Evaluation and management
Prevention
Summary
Key points
Chapter 90. Water polo
Introduction
Biomechanics
Common musculoskeletal injuries
Common medical illnesses
Conclusion
Key points
Chapter 91. Weightlifting
Introduction
Definition of resistance/strength training
Bodybuilding
Powerlifting
Weightlifting
CrossFit
Strength training myths
Incidence of injury
Location and type of injury
Injury prevention
Supplements/doping
Body image
Summary
Key points
Chapter 92. Wrestling
Description of sport
Epidemiology of common injuries/illnesses in wrestling
Risk factors for injury/illness
Evaluation and management
Prevention
Take away points
Index
No. of pages: 1044
Language: English
Published: June 22, 2023
Imprint: Academic Press
Paperback ISBN: 9780323999922
eBook ISBN: 9780323983198
BK
Brian J. Krabak
A Clinical Professor at the University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Sports Medicine, Dr. Krabak is an internationally recognized expert in pediatric and adult sports medicine, providing sports medicine care and lecturing throughout the world. His sports medicine experiences have included the Olympics (2010 Vancouver Games, 2004 Athens Games, 2002 Salt Lake Games), team physician for the USA Swimming National/Junior National Swim Teams and collegiate sports (University of Washington). He has published over 60 peer-reviewed articles and 27 book chapters relating to the field of Sports Medicine. Dr. Krabak has published several academic and non-academic books including the Long-Distance Runner’s Guide to Injury Prevention and Treatment, AAOS The Sports Medicine Field Manual and Ishmael’s Series (i.e., Care of the Back, Care of the Neck and Care of the Knee).
Affiliations and expertise
Clinical Professor, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Sports Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
MB
M. Alison Brooks
A tenured Associate Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Dr. Brooks is an internationally recognized pediatric sports medicine expert who provides sports medicine care to recreational and competitive child, adolescent and young adult athletes. Dr. Brooks serves as a team physician for collegiate Division I Athletics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, including Men’s Soccer and Women’s Ice Hockey. She has served on the Board of Directors for the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) and as Chair of the Executive Committee for the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Council on Sports Medicine & Fitness. Her research, clinical and policy interests include concussion, prevention of sport-related injury and illness in the youth athlete and providing equitable access to sports opportunities for all kids with the goal of lifelong participation and physical activity.
Affiliations and expertise
University of Wisconsin – Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA