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The Visual Process
The Eye
- 1st Edition - May 12, 2014
- Editor: Hugh Davson
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 5 9 8 7 - 1
The Eye: Volume 2, The Visual Process is a compendium of papers that describes the physiology of the eye, particularly the visual functions, the photobiology of the visual process,… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe Eye: Volume 2, The Visual Process is a compendium of papers that describes the physiology of the eye, particularly the visual functions, the photobiology of the visual process, and the visual pathway. One paper describes the light stimuli used in physiological experiments concerning vision in terms of their spectral energy distribution, particularly the amounts of light absorbed by the photosensitive substances contained in the retinal receptors. Another paper explains the mosaic-like arrangement of the receptors and the variations of this mosaic in the different regions of the retina, including the Purkinje phenomenon which can cause errors in visual measurements. One paper examines the directional properties of the rods at long wavelengths and the theory of the Stiles-Crawford effect. Other papers investigate the limits of the visible spectrum, the scotopic luminous efficiency, theories of dark-adaptation, as well as the minimum retinal illumination, the minimum flux of energy, and the minimum amount necessary for vision. One paper notes that whereas one rod can be stimulated by one quantum (a discrete process involving one pigment molecule), it is not sufficient to make a human subject see a light stimulus. The compendium is invaluable for researchers and investigators involved in physiology, psychology, ophthalmology, and in all branches of ocular physiology.
List of Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents of Volume 1
Contents of Volume 3
Contents of Volume 4
Part I: Visual Functions in Man
1. Measurement of the Stimulus
I. Electromagnetic Radiation
II. Light Stimuli
III. Absolute Spectral Energy Distribution
IV. Stimulus at the Retinal Level
V. Photometric Units
VI. Quantum Theory and Wave Theory of Light
References
2· Rods and Cones
I. Anatomical
II. Experiments Illustrating Rod and Cone Function
III. Duplicity Theory
IV. The Purkinje Phenomenon
V. Colourlessness of Rod Vision and Visual Efficiency
References
3. Directional Sensitivity of the Rods and Cones
I. Introduction
II. Experiment Illustrating the Stiles-Crawford Effect
III. Foveal Photometric Matching in White Light
IV. Foveal Matching with Monochromatic Lights
V. Liminal Brightness Increments in White Light
VI. Threshold Measurements with Monochromatic Light in the Dark-Adapted Retina
VII. Liminal Brightness Increment Using Monochromatic Lights. Light-Adapted Retina
VIII. Directional Properties of the Rods at Long Wavelengths
IX. Theory of the Stiles-Crawford Effect
References
4. Spectral Luminous Efficiency of Radiation
I. Limits of the Visible Spectrum
II. Physiological Conditions
III. Scotopic Luminous Efficiency
IV. Isolation of the Rod Mechanism at Long Wavelengths
V. Rod Sensitivity and Human Rhodopsin
VI. Spectral Sensitivity Curves in the Deep Red
VII. Photopic Spectral Efficiency Curves
VIII. Mesopic Range
IX. Light-Adapted Periphery
References
5. Dark-Adaptation and Night Vision
I. Introduction
II. Periphery
III. Fovea
IV. Rod Monochromat
V. Night-Blindness
VI. Theories of Dark-Adaptation
VII. Night Vision
References
6. Absolute Thresholds and Quantum Effects
I. Statistical Definition of the Threshold Values
II. Individual Variations
III. Main Types of Threshold Measurements
IV. Minimum Retinal Illumination Necessary for Vision
V. Minimum Flux of Energy Necessary for Vision
VI. Minimum Amount of Energy Required for Vision
VII. A Retinal Rod can be Stimulated by One Quantum
VIII. One Quantum is not Sufficient for Seeing
IX. Foveal Absolute Threshold
References
7. Quantum Fluctuations at the Absolute Threshold
I. Fluctuations of the Stimulus
II. The Poisson Equation
III. Limit Set by Quantum Fluctuations
IV. Influence of Wavelength
V. Probability Summation
VI. "Two-Quanta" Theories
VII. "Dark Noise" Theory of Absolute Threshold
VIII. Cone Vision
References
8. Liminal Brightness Increments
I. Intensity Discrimination
II. Increment Thresholds
III. Isolated Mechanisms
IV. Theory
References
9. Visual Acuity
I. Limits of Resolution
II. Variation of Acuity with Luminance and Retinal Position
III. Theory
IV. Rod Monochromat
References
10. Light-Adaptation
I. The Troxler Phenomenon
II. The Effect of Light-Adaptation on Subjective Brightness
III. Time Effects
IV. Experiments on Glare
References
11. Flicker and After-Images
I. Critical Fusion Frequency. Talbot-Plateau Law
II. Effect of Retinal Position, Wavelength, and Illumination
III. Theory
IV. Binocular Flicker
V. Rod Monochromat
VI. After-Images
References
12. Colour Vision: Introduction
I. Coloured Lights and White Light
II. Colours of Natural Objects
References
13. Colour Vision: Colour-Matches
I. Introduction
II. The Trivariance of Normal Colour Vision
III. Colour-Matching Data
References
14. Colour Vision: The Two-Colour Threshold Technique of Stiles
I. Isolation of Mechanisms
II. Experimental Results
III. The Mechanisms of Cone Vision
IV. Relationship with Other Phenomena of Colour Vision
References
15. Colour Vision: Other Phenomena
I. Colour Discrimination
II. Colour Defect
III. Variations in the Appearance of Coloured Lights
References
16. Colour Vision: Theories
I. Introductory Remarks
II. The Trichromatic Theory
III. The Opponent-Colour Theory and Related Zone Theories
IV. Other Theories of Colour Vision
References
Part II: The Photobiology of Visual Processes
17. Extraction, Measurement and Analysis of Visual Photopigment
I. Electromagnetic Radiation and Vision
II. Formation of an Image
III. The Visual Pigments and Methods for Obtaining Them
IV. Characterization of the Visual Pigments
V. Homogeneity Test for Visual Pigment Extracts
References
18. The Identity and Distribution of Visual Pigments in the Animal Kingdom
I. Historical Sketch
II. Characterization and Nomenclature of the Visual Pigments
III. The Invertebrates
IV. The Vertebrates
V. Factors that Determine the Possession of Retinene1 or Retinene2 Pigments
References
19· The Chemical Structure and Photochemistry of the Visual Pigments
I. Architecture of the Visual Pigments
II. The Effect of Light on the Visual Pigments
References
20· The Properties of Visual Pigments in Photoreceptors
I. Visual Pigments and the Structure of Photoreceptors
II. Limitations of Extraction Procedures
III. Suspensions of Visual Cells
IV. Observations on Visual Pigments in Living Eyes
V. Interpretation of Difference Spectra Obtained in Vivo
VI. Interpretation of Spectral Sensitivity Curves
References
Appendix to Part II: Tables of Visual Pigments
References
Part III: The Visual Pathway
21. Introduction
References
22. Retina and Optic Nerve
I. Features of Retinal Organization
II. Centrifugal Fibres to the Retina
III. Main Portion of the Optic Tract
IV. The Basal Optic Root
V. Non-Specific Visual Afferents
VI. Conduction Velocity and Fibre Size in the Optic Nerve
References
23. Neurophysiology of the Retina
I. General Presentation of the Field
II. The Electroretinograms of Rods and Cones. General Description
III. The Component Analysis of the Electroretinogram
IV. Intraretinal Recording of Retinograms. Generator Potentials
V. Impulse Patterns. Excitation and Inhibition. Spontaneous Activity
VI. Spatial Organization from Functional Aspects
VII. Eye Movements and On/Off-Mechanism
VIII. Temporal Discrimination. Intermittent Stimulation
IX. Discrimination of Wavelength
X. Light- and Dark-Adaptation
XI. Centrifugal Control
XII. The Electroretinogram of Man
References
24. The Station in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
I. Aims and Methods of Study
II. General Topography of the Lateral Geniculate Projections
III. Cells and Connexions of the Lateral Geniculate Body. Microphysiology
References
25. The Visual Cortex
I. Visual Projections. Macro-Recording of Evoked Potentials
II. Cortical Microphysiology
References
Author Index
Subject Index
- No. of pages: 814
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 12, 2014
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9781483259871