The Viruses
Biochemical, Biological, and Biophysical Properties
- 1st Edition - January 1, 1961
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editor: F Burnet
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 3 1 2 8 8 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 5 0 8 8 - 0
The Viruses: Biochemical, Biological, and Biophysical Properties, Volume 2: Plant and Bacterial Viruses deals with the biochemistry, biology, and biophysics of plant viruses. The… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe Viruses: Biochemical, Biological, and Biophysical Properties, Volume 2: Plant and Bacterial Viruses deals with the biochemistry, biology, and biophysics of plant viruses. The viruses considered are tobacco and turnip yellow mosaic viruses; tobacco ringspot virus; potato virus X; and bacterial viruses, such as lysogenic bacteria and phages. This volume is organized into 10 chapters and begins with a discussion of the tobacco mosaic virus and other plant viruses, emphasizing the process of infection and synthesis and general features of the host-virus system. The next chapters focus on the purification and protein components of plant viruses; the chemical correlates of biological variability in viruses; and biological cycles of plant viruses in insect vectors. This book describes the bacteriophage, which is considered as a model virus in comparison with typical microorganisms and cellular organelles. It also introduces the reader to the kinetics of phage reproduction; the intracellular multiplication of bacterial viruses; and the process of lysogeny in bacteria. The book concludes with a chapter on irradiation of phage with ultraviolet light, decay of incorporated radiophosphorus (""suicide""), and ionizing radiation (usually X-rays). Biologists, botanists, biochemists, biophysicists, and microbial physiologists will find this book a rich source of information on plant and bacterial viruses.
Contributors to Volume 2
Contents of Volume 1
Contents of Volume 3
I. The Process of Infection and Virus Synthesis with Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Other Plant Viruses
I. Introduction
II. General Features of the Host-Virus System
A. Organization of Plant Leaves
B. Exclusion of Some Plant Viruses from Dividing Cells and Embryonic Tissues
C. Strains of Plant Viruses and Host Reactions
III. Behavior of Plant Viruses in a Local Lesion Host
A. Local Lesion Assay for Infectivity
B. The Susceptible Site and the Initial Act of Infection
C. Specific Infectivity of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
D. What Cells Serve as Entry Ports for Virus?
E. Nature of Virus Attachment at Susceptible Site
F. Intracellular Development of Viruses as Deduced from Irradiation Experiments
G. Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Ultraviolet Light
H. Changes in Virus Behavior during Early Stages of Infection
I. Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infectious Nucleic Acid
J. Spread of Infectivity from Focus of Infection
K. Yield of Virus per Infected Cell
L. Nature of Infectious Material
M. Is Tobacco Mosaic Virus Extracted from Lesions Identical with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Extracted from Systemic Hosts?
IV. Behavior of Plant Viruses in a Systemic Host
A. Quantities of Virus Synthesized
B. Direct Observation of Virus Activity in Hair Cells
C. Course of Virus Synthesis in Directly Inoculated Leaves
D. Necrosis and Phloem Cells
E. Effect of Virus Synthesis on Composition of Host Proteins
F. X-Protein
V. Summary of Steps Involved in Plant Virus Reproduction
References
II. The Biochemistry of Plant Viruses
I. Introduction
II. The Purification of Plant Viruses
A. Growing the Virus-Infected Plants
B. The Handling of the Virus-Containing Sap
C. Clarification
D. Centrifuge Separation Techniques
E. Following the Course of a Purification
III. The Protein Components of Plant Viruses
A. Polypeptides
B. The Determination of the Composition of Proteins
C. Methods for the Determination of the Structure of Polypeptide Chains
IV. The Nucleic Acids
A. The General Structure of Nucleic Acids
B. The Ribonucleic Acids
C. The Finer Structure of the Ribonucleic Acids
D. Deoxyribonucleic Acids
E. Physical Properties of the Nucleic Acids
V. The Tobacco Mosaic Virus
A. Introduction
B. The Virus in the Plant
C. Purified Preparations
D. Optical Properties
VI. Properties of the Virus Protein
A. Chemical Composition
B. Evidence Relative to the Existence of Substructure
C. The Amino Acid Composition of the Protein of a Typical Tobacco Mosaic Virus
D. The Polypeptide Subunit
E. The Chain Ends
F. The Position of the Nucleic Acid
G. The A-Protein
H. The X-Protein
I. Effect of Heat on the Virus
J. Reconstruction and the Infectivity of Virus Nucleic Acid
K. The Action of Various Agents upon the Infectivity of the Virus
L. The Nucleic Acid of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus
M. The Quantity of the Nucleic Acid in the Virus
N. The Effect of the Host on the Virus
O. Strains of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus
VII. The Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus
A. Purification
Β. Chemical Properties
C. Physical Properties
VIII. The Tobacco Ringspot Virus
A. Physical Properties
B. Chemical Properties
IX. The Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus
A. Purification
B. Further Purification
C. Properties of the Preparation
D. The Two Components
E. Amino Acid Composition
F. The Nucleic Acid
X. The Wild Cucumber Mosaic Virus
A. Purification
B. The Two Components
XI. The Tobacco Necrosis Viruses
A. Purification
XII. The Alfalfa Mosaic Virus
XIII. Broad Bean Mottle Virus
A. Properties
XIV. The Southern Bean Mosaic Virus
A. Purification
B. Crystallization
C. Physical Properties
D. Chemical Composition
XV. Potato Virus X (Potato Latent Mosaic Virus)
A. Purification
XVI. The Use of Nucleic Acid Analogs in the Control of Plant Viruses
A. Azaguanine
References
III. Variation and its Chemical Correlates
I. Introduction
A. Historical
B. Terminology
C. Frequency of Mutation
D. Significance of Mutation
II. Plant Virus Strains
A. Characteristics of Strains
B. Methods for Securing Strains
C. Criteria of Strain Relationship
D. Evaluation of Criteria of Strain Relationship
III. Chemistry of Virus Strains
A. Protein Components
B. Nucleic Acids
IV. Production of Variants by Chemical and Physical Treatments
A. Chemical Derivatives of TMV
B. Relation of Radiations to Production of Variants
V. Summary and Perspectives
References
IV. Biological Cycles of Plant Viruses in Insect Vectors
I. Introduction
II. The Nature of the Insects and Viruses Involved in Biological Cycles
III. History of Research on the Problem
IV. Evaluation of Kinds of Evidence for Multiplication
V. Evaluation of Kinds of Evidence for Absence of Multiplication
VI. Significance of Biological Cycles
References
V. Bacteriophage as a Model of Host-Virus Relationship
I. Introduction
II. The Bacteriophage
A. The Vegetative Phase
B. The Proviral Phase and the Lysogenic Bacterium
III. The Origin of Bacteriophage
IV. Is Bacteriophage an Organism?
V. Bacteriophage and Cellular Organelles
VI. Bacteriophage as a Virus
VII. Are Viral Diseases Always Infectious?
VIII. Remarks on the Pathogenicity of Viruses
IX. Conclusions
References
VI. The Initiation of Bacteriophage Infection
I. Introduction
II. Morphology and Composition of Bacteriophages
A. Size and Shape
B. Chemical and Morphological Components
C. Properties of the Components of Phage T2
III. The Bacterial Surface
IV. Injection
V. The Attachment Reaction
A. Reversibility
B. Influence of Temperature
C. Influence of the Medium
D. Tryptophan Requirement
E. Attachment to Noncellular Surfaces
F. Rate of Attachment
VI. Genetic Control of Attachment Specificity
A. Resistant Cell Mutants
B. Host-Range Mutants of Phages
C. Genetic Control of Tryptophan Requirement
D. Phenotypic Mixing
VII. On the Mechanism of Invasion
A. Alterations of Phage Tail Structure during Invasion
B. Action of Phage Enzyme on the Host Cell Wall
C. Release of Phage DNA
D. Summary of the Steps of Invasion
References
VII. Intracellular Multiplication of Bacterial Viruses
I. Introduction
II. Kinetics of Phage Reproduction
A. One-Step Growth
B. Single Burst
C. Lysis and Lysis Inhibition
D. The Eclipse
III. Synthesis of the Bacteriophage Progeny Substance
A. Incomplete Bacteriophages
B. The Precursor Pool
C. Maturation
IV. Synthesis of Nonprecursor Materials
A. Ribonucleic Acid
B. "Early" Protein
V. Fate of the Infecting Phage Particle
A. Functional Differentiation and Injection
B. Transfer of the Parental Nucleic Acid
C. Superinfection Breakdown
VI. Comparative Bacterial Virology
VII. The Vegetative Phage
References
VIII. Bacteriophage Genetics
I. Introduction
II. Phage Mutations
A. Plaque-Type Characters
B. Host-Range Mutants
III. Recombination
A. Linkage Map
B. Techniques of Phage Crosses
C. Two-Factor Crosses
D. Three-Factor Cross
IV. Multiple Matings in Individual Crosses
V. The Mating Event
A. Reciprocal Recombinants
B. Heterozygotes
C. Radioactive Tracer Experiments
VI. Mating Kinetics
A. General Assumptions
B. Distribution of Mutants
C. Distribution of Recombinants
D. The Mating Process
E. Distribution of Recombinants for Close Markers
VII. Fine Structure Genetics
A. The rll System
B. Deletions
C. Function Units
D. Negative Interference
VIII. Phenotypic Variations
A. Phenotypic Mixing
B. Host-Controlled Variation
IX. Conclusion
References
IX. Lysogeny
I. Introduction
II. Historical Development of Lysogeny
A. Discovery and Criteria of Lysogeny
B. Concept of Prophage
III. Detection and Occurrence of Lysogeny
IV. Phage Production by Lysogenic Bacteria
A. Spontaneous Production
B. Induction of Phage Production in Lysogenic Bacteria
C. Factors Controlling Induction
D. Mechanism of Induction
V. Properties of Lysogenic Bacteria
A. Infection of Lysogenic Bacteria with Phages Homologous or Closely Related to the Prophage : Immunity and Incompatibility
B. Infection with Unrelated Phages
C. Lysogenic Conversions
VI. Characters of Temperate Phages
A. General Properties
B. Action of Temperate Phages on Bacterial Metabolism
C. Genetics of Temperate Phages
D. Prophage Mutations: Defective Lysogenic Bacteria
VII. Lysogenization
A. Phenotypic Aspects of Lysogenization
B. Genetics of Lysogenization
VIII. Genetic Determinism of Lysogeny
A. Limited Number of Prophages per Cell
B. Chromosomal Location of the Prophage
C. Specific Locations of Different Prophages
D. Nature of the Prophage
IX. Temperate Phages as Genetic Vectors
X. Lysogeny and Latency of Viruses
References
X. Radiobiology of Bacteriophage
I. Introduction
A. Introductory Remarks
B. Target Theory
II. Ultraviolet Irradiation of T-Even Bacteriophage
A. Irradiation of T4
B. Comparative Radiobiology of T2 and T4
C. Irradiation of Infected Cells
III. The Inactivation of T-Even Phage by the Decay of Incorporated P32 (Suicide)
A. Basic Procedures
B. Cross and Multiplicity Reactivation
C. Luria-Latarjet Experiments
IV. X-Ray Inactivation of T-Even Phage
A. Survival of Infectivity
B. Multiplicity and Cross Reactivation
C. Luria-Latarjet Experiments
V. A Survey of Other Phages
A. Introductory Remarks
B. Survival of Infectivity
C. Multiplicity and Cross Reactivation
D. The Induction of Mutations by Radiation
VI. Summary and Principal Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Author Index
Subject Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: January 1, 1961
- No. of pages (eBook): 424
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780124312883
- eBook ISBN: 9780323150880
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