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The Uniqueness of Biological Materials
International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology: Zoology
- 1st Edition - October 22, 2013
- Author: A. E. Needham
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 5 6 7 0 - 5
The Uniqueness of Biological Materials deals with the unique properties of biological materials, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and the extent to which this… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe Uniqueness of Biological Materials deals with the unique properties of biological materials, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and the extent to which this uniqueness is related to the uniqueness of life in general. More specifically, it examines whether the uniqueness of life is inherent in the material of living organisms. This volume is comprised of 32 chapters and begins with an introduction to the nature of biological uniqueness and how it is related to the uniqueness of life by comparing the elemental composition of living organisms with that of their environment. The discussion then turns to the uniqueness of hydrogen and oxygen which make up water; carbon; carbohydrates; and ternary compounds that are more fully oxidized than carbohydrates. Ternary compounds of intermediate grades of reduction are also considered, along with fatty acids and related lipids, paraffins, and olefins and ternary unsaturated compounds. Other biological materials discussed include peptides, proteins, amino acids, and halogens. This book will be of interest to students and practitioners of biology and biochemistry.
Periodic Table of the Elements
Atomic Scale Models
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations Used
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen and Oxygen
2.1 The Uniqueness of Water
2.2 Hydrogen
2.3 Oxygen
3 The Uniqueness of Carbon
3.1 Other Elements of Group IV
4 Carbohydrates
4.1 Monoses and their Derivatives
4.2 Oligosaccharides
4.3 Polysaccharides
5 Ternary Compounds More Fully Oxidised than Carbohydrates
5.1 Polyhydroxycarboxylic Acids
5.2 Compounds of the Respiratory Pathways
6 Ternary Compounds of Intermediate Grades of Reduction
6.1 Polyhydroxy Alcohols
6.2 Cyclitols
6.3 Cyclitol Derivatives
7 Fatty Acids and Related Lipids
7.1 The Fatty Acids (Acylic Acids)
7.1.1 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
7.1.2 Branched Chain Fatty Acids
7.1.3 Dicarboxylic Fatty Acids
7.1.4 Hydroxy Fatty Acids
7.2 Esters of Fatty Acids
7.3 Oligohydric Aliphatic Alcohols
7.4 Aliphatic Ethers (R1•CH2—O—CH2•R2)
7.5 Alkyl Aldehydes and Ketones
8 Paraffins (CnH2n+2)
8.1 Cycloparaffins
9 Olefines and Ternary Unsaturated Compounds
9.1 Oxy-isoprenoid Compounds
9.2 Steroids
10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Ternary Compounds
10.1 Monocyclic Biological Aromatic Compounds
10.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Ternary Compounds
10.3 Chain-linked Cyclic Compounds
11 Heterocyclic Ternary Compounds
12 The Uniqueness of Nitrogen
12.1 Ammonia
12.2 Organic Oxides of Nitrogen
12.3 Cyanides
12.4 Amino Compounds
13 Amino Acids
13.1 The α-Complex
13.2 The Side Chains
13.3 The Individual Amino Acids
13.4 Interactions between Amino Acids
13.5 Conclusions
14 Peptides
15 Proteins
15.1 Classification of Proteins
15.2 Molecular Size
15.3 Molecular Shape
15.4 The Structure of Protein Molecules
15.5 Solubility and Related Properties of Proteins
15.5.1 Colloidal States of Proteins
15.5.2 Gels
15.5.3 Liquid Crystals
15.5.4 Coacervates
15.6 Denaturation of Proteins
15.7 Amino Acid Composition of Proteins
15.7.1 Conclusions
15.8 The Sequence of Amino Acids in Proteins
15.9 Proteins as Catalysts
15.10 Proteins and Immunity Reactions
15.11 Conclusions
16 Other Open Chain Nitrogen Compounds
16.1 Amides
16.1.1 Polyamides: Urea
16.2 Amines
16.2.1 Conjugated Amines: Phosphatides and Cerebrosides
16.3 Betaines
16.4 Amidines and Guanidines
16.4.1 Guanidines
16.5 Conclusions
17 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds: Pyrroles and Porphyrins
17.1 Pyrrolidines and Pyrroles
17.2 Open Chain Polypyrroles
17.3 Porphyrins
17.4 Porphyrans
17.4.1 Chlorophylls
17.4.2 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
17.5 Porphyranoproteins
17.6 Models and Pseudoporphyrins
17.7 Conclusions
18 Pyridine and Piperidine Compounds
18.1 Pyridines
18.1.1 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
18.2 Piperidine and Pyridine Alkaloids
18.3 Quinolines
18.4 Acridines
18.5 Conclusions
19 Compounds with more than one Nitrogen Atom per Ring
20 Pyrimidines, Purines, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
20.1 Pyrimidine and Purine Bases
20.2 Nucleotides
20.3 Polynucleotides: Nucleic Acids
20.4 Nucleic Acids and the Specification of Proteins
20.5 Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids
20.6 Nucleoproteins
20.7 Conclusions
21 Pteridines
21.1 Pterins
21.1.1 Pteroyl Glutamic Acid (PGA)
21.2 Benzpteridines
21.3 Conclusions
22 Oxazines
23 Sulphur Compounds
23.1 Open Chain Biological Sulphur Compounds
23.2 Sulphur Heterocyclic Compounds
23.3 Conclusions
24 Phosphorus Compounds
24.1 Phosphates
24.1.1 Biological Phosphates and Phosphoryl Compounds
24.2 Other Phosphorus Compounds
24.3 Conclusions
24.4 Arsenic and Antimony
25 The Physiological Inorganic Ions
25.1 The Four Main Physiological Salts
25.1.1 Sodium
25.1.2 Potassium
25.1.3 Magnesium
25.1.4 Calcium
25.2 Chloride
25.3 Lithium, Beryllium and Fluorine
25.4 Conclusions
26 The Catalytic Metals
26.1 Iron
26.2 Cobalt and Nickel
26.3 Copper
26.3.1 Silver and Gold
26.4 Manganese
26.5 Zinc
26.5.1 Cadmium and Mercury
26.6 Chromium
26.7 Molybdenum
26.7.1 Tungsten and Uranium
26.8 Selenium
26.9 Vanadium
26.10 Titanium
26.11 Conclusions
27 The Halogens
27.1 Chlorine
27.2 Iodine
27.3 Bromine
27.4 Fluorine
27.5 Conclusions
28 Silicon and Boron
28.1 Silicon
28.1.1 Germanium
28.2 Boron
28.3 Conclusions
29 Higher Grades of Organisation
29.1 Membranes of Cells and Organelles
29.2 Structures Based on Fibrous Proteins
29.3 Systemic Dictation at the Molecular Level
29.4 Models of Higher Grades of Organisation
29.5 Conclusions
30 How Unique?
30.1 Uniqueness of Chain-length
30.2 Detoxication
30.3 Conclusions
31 Other Forms of Life?
32 The Origin and Evolution of Biological Uniqueness
Bibliography
Author Index
Subject Index
Other Titles in the Zoology Division
- No. of pages: 614
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 22, 2013
- Imprint: Pergamon
- eBook ISBN: 9781483156705
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