The Red Blood Cell

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents of Volume I

Chapter 15. Transport through Red Cell Membranes

I. Introduction

II. Equilibrium Conditions

III. Permeability to Water and Nonelectrolytes

IV. Permeability to Charged Solutes

References

Chapter 16. Carrier-Mediated Glucose Transport Across Human Red Cell Membranes

I. Introduction

II. Description of Carrier Mediation

III. Kinetic Mechanisms of Carrier Mediation

IV. Molecular Mechanisms of Carrier Mediation

V. Identification and Isolation of the Carrier

VI. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 17. Hemoglobin and Methemoglobin

I. Introduction

II. Structure of Hemoglobin

III. Derivatives of Hemoglobin

IV. Reactions of Hemoglobin

V. Oxidation-Reduction Equilibria

VI. Some Considerations of Structure-Function Relationships in Hemoglobin

References

Chapter 18. The Metabolism of Methemoglobin in Human Erythrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Definition of Methemoglobin

III. Historical Review

IV. Oxidation of Hemoglobin to Methemoglobin

V. Protection Against Oxidation of Hemoglobin

VI. Reduction of Methemoglobin to Hemoglobin

VII. The Methemoglobin Reductases of Human Erythrocytes

VIII. Biological Effects of Methemoglobin

IX. Conclusion

References

Chapter 19. Interaction of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide with Hemoglobin at the Molecular Level

I. Hemoglobin: Structural Features Essential for Oxygen Transport

II. Conformational Changes Associated with Oxygenation

III. Regulation of Oxygen Affinity: Bohr Effect and Organic Phosphates

IV. Carbon Dioxide Transport

V. Conclusion

References

Chapter 20. Physiological Role of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

I. Introduction

II. Role of the Blood in Oxygen Transport and Oxygen Delivery

III. The Link Between Blood and Oxygen Delivery: The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

IV. In Vivo Evidence for a Physiological Role of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

V. Conclusion

References

Chapter 21. The Hemoglobinopathies

I. Introduction

II. Hemoglobin Variants in Different Populations

III. Types of Structural Alterations in Hemoglobin

IV. Acquired Abnormalities of Hemoglobin

V. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin and Its Interactions with Other Hemoglobins

VI. Hemoglobins C and E

VII. Congenital Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemias—Hemoglobin Variants That Are Unstable

VIII. Erythrocytosis and Cyanosis—Hemoblogin Variants That Have Altered Ligand Affinity

IX. Rare Hemoglobin Variants That Lack Clinical Expression in the Heterozygous State

References

Chapter 22. The Thalassemia Syndromes

I. Introduction

II. The Genetics of the Thalassemia Syndromes

III. Hemoglobin Synthesis in Thalassemia

IV. Clinical Manifestations of the Thalassemia Syndromes

V. Summary

References

Chapter 23. Red Cell Genetic Polymorphisms: Their Usefulness in Some Studies of Human Biology

I. Introduction

II. Genetic Polymorphism

III. Inherited Variation in Red Cell Components

IV. Biological Studies Using Genetic Markers

V. Conclusion

References

Chapter 24. The Biological Life of the Red Cell

I. Introduction

II. The Red Cell in the Bone Marrow

III. The Circulating Red Blood Cell

IV. Values in Normal Man and in Animals

V. Physical and Chemical Changes with Aging in Circulating Red Cells

VI. Mechanisms of Red Cell Sequestration

VII. The Catabolic Products of Red Blood Cells

VIII. Determinants of the Red Blood Cell Life Span

IX. Role of the Spleen

X. Role of Metabolic Rate

XI. Abnormal Hemoglobins

XII. Extracorpuscular Factors

XIII. Blood Loss—Iron Deficiency

XIV. Neoplastic Diseases

XV. Physical Factors

XVI. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 25. Clinical Indications for Red Cells and Blood

I. Introduction

II. Blood Component Therapy

III. Clinical Considerations

References

Chapter 26. Biophysical Behavior of Red Cells in Suspensions

Glossary of Symbols

I. Basic Rheological Principles

II. Flow Properties of Whole Blood

III. Influence of Cell Concentration on the Rheology of Suspensions

IV. Deformation of Red Cells in Suspensions

V. Aggregation of Red Cells in Suspensions

VI. Interaction of Factors Affecting Blood Viscosity

VII. Blood Rheology, Blood Flow, and Oxygen Transport

VIII. Physiological Variations in Blood Viscosity

IX. Blood Rheology in Disease

X. Summary

References

Chapter 27. Electrokinetic Behavior of Red Cells

Glossary of Symbols

I. Introduction

II. Electrokinetic Theory

III. Equipment and Experimental Procedures

IV. Surface Charge Properties of Red Blood Cells

V. Eleetrokinetic-Mediated Behavior of the Cell with Its Environment

References

Chapter 28. The Erythrocyte as a Biopsy Tissue in the Evaluation of Nutritional Status

I. General Introduction

II. Direct Evaluation by Assay of Nutrient Content of Red Cells

III. Indirect Assessment of Nutritional Status by Measuring the Activity of a Vitamin-Containing Holoenzyme in Red Cells

IV. Summary

References

Chapter 29. New Knowledge of Red Cell Punne and Pyrimidine Metabolism Coming from the Study of Human Disease

I. Introduction

II. Purine Metabolism in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome and Gout

III. Pyrimidine Metabolism in Orotic Aciduria

IV. 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate

V. Transport of Purines and Pyrimidines

References

Chapter 30. Parasitism and the Red Blood Cell

I. Introduction

II. Biochemistry of the Malaria Parasites

III. Molecular Interactions Between Malaria Parasites and Their Red Cell Hosts

IV. Genetics and Malaria Parasites

V. Conclusions and the Future

VI. Appendix: The Parasites and Their General Features

References

Chapter 31. Drugs, Hormones, and the Red Cells

I. Introduction

II. General Comments

III. Effects of Hormones on Red Cell Metabolism, Function, and Survival

IV. Effects of Drugs on Red Cell Survival and Function, and on the Red Cell Membrane

References

Index to Volumes I and II