The Red Blood Cell

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents of Volume II

Chapter 1. Historical Introduction

I. Forethoughts

II. Early Discovery and Experimentation

III. Production of the Red Blood Cell

IV. Functions of the Red Blood Cell

V. Analytical Measures of Clinical Importance

VI. Transfusion of Red Cells

VII. Immunology

VIII. Preservation and Anticoagulants

IX. Conclusions and Futuristic Thoughts

Reference

Chapter 2. Erythropoiesis

I. Introduction

II. The Hemopoietic Stem Cell

III. Erythropoiesis in the Embryo

IV. Regulation of Erythropoiesis and Hemoglobin Synthesis

V. Genetics of Erythropoiesis and Globin Synthesis

VI. Globin mRNA and the Synthesis of Hemoglobin

VII. Summary

Reference

Circulating Adult Red Cells

Chapter 3. Composition of Normal Human Red Cells

I. Introduction

II. Components of the Erythrocyte Membrane

III. Variants of Erythrocyte Components

IV. Appendix (Tables II-XIII)

Reference

Chapter 4. Lipids of the Red Cell Membrane

I. General Introduction

II. Chemical Composition of Red Cell Lipids

III. Dynamic Aspects of Red Cell Lipids

IV. Molecular Organization and Functions of Lipids in the Erythrocyte Membrane

V. Abnormalities in Red Cell Lipids

Reference

Chapter 5. The Morphology of Adult Red Cells

I. Introduction and Scope of the Chapter

II. Red Cell Shape

III. Red Cell Dimensions

IV. Electron Microscopy of Red Cells

V. Cytoplasmic Ultrastructure

VI. Red Cell Membrane Ultrastructure

VII. Membrane-Cytoplasm Relationships

Reference

Chapter 6. Dysfunctions of the Red Cell Membrane

I. Introduction

II. Defective Membrane Proteins in Hereditary Spherocytosis

III. Abnormal Membrane Cholesterol Kinetics in Acanthocytosis

IV. Other Rare Syndromes with Altered Red Cell Membrane Lipids

V. Red Cell Membrane Alteration by Heinz Body Attachment

VI. Increased Membrane Cation Permeability in Hemolytic Diseases

Reference

Chapter 7. Blood-Group Substances: Their Nature and Genetics

I. Introduction

II. ABO and Lewis Groups

III. MNSs Groups

IV. Blood-Group P1 Substance

V. The Rho(D) Antigen

VI. Concluding Remarks

Reference

Chapter 8. The Red Cell and Blood Coagulation Systems

I. Introduction

II. Red Cells: Rheology and Hemostasis

III. Red Cells: Platelets and Hemostasis

IV. Red Cells and Coagulation Reactions

V. The Clinical Implications of Red Cell Procoagulants

VI. Summary and Further Explanation

Reference

Metabolism

Chapter 9. General Red Cell Metabolism

I. Introduction

II. Phylogenetic Considerations

III. Red Cell Maturation

IV. The Pathways and Enzymes of the Red Cell

V. Senescence of the Red Cell

VI. Concluding Remarks

Reference

Chapter 10. Pentose Phosphate Metabolism

I. Introduction

II. General Features of the Pentose Shunt

III. Functions of the Pentose Shunt

IV. Regulation of the Pentose Shunt

V. Enzymes of the Pentose Shunt

VI. The Pentose Shunt and Red Cell Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

VII. Interactions of the Pentose Shunt with the Embden-Meyerh of Pathway

VIII. Pentose Phosphate Metabolism and Red Cell Aging

IX. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

X. Deficiencies Affecting the Remainder of the Pentose Shunt

XI. Conclusion

References

Chapter 11. Red Cell Metabolism and Function

I. Introduction

II. The Functions and Interaction s of Important Red Cell Metabolites

III. Red Cell Glycolytic Control and Red Cell Function

IV. In Vivo Evaluation of Red Cell Glycolysis Using Assay of Glycolytic Intermediates

V. The Effects of Age, Sex, and Inheritance on Red Cell Metabolism and Function

VI. The Future—Can Red Cell Metabolism Be Manipulated for Therapeutic Purpose's

References

Preservation

Chapter 12. Liquid and Freeze Preservation of Human Red Blood Cells

I. Introduction

II. Preservation Injury

III. Measurement of Nonviable Red Cells

IV. Life Span of Preserved Viable Red Cells

V. Function of Circulating Red Cells

VI. Salvaging and Rejuvenation of Outdated Red Cells and Red Cells with Elevated 2,3-DPG Levels and Decreased Affinity for Oxygen

VII. Index of Therapeutic Effectiveness

VIII. Containers and Filters

IX. Liquid Preservation Techniques

X. Concentrated Red Cells from Liquid Blood

XI. Physiology of Washing Liquid and Previously Frozen Red Cells

XII. Freezing Techniques

XIII. Evaluation of Current Methods

XIV. Transportability

XV. Standardization of the Red Cell Washing Procedure to Remove Glycerol

XVI. Homologous versus Autologous Transfusions

XVII. Justification and Cost of Freezing Methods

XVIII. Future of Frozen Blood Banking

XIX. Component Theory

Reference

Chapter 13. Cryobiology of the Red Blood Cell

I. Introduction

II. Slow Freezing: The Mechanism of Injury

III. Penetrating Cryoprotectants

IV. Extracellular Cryoprotectants

V. Practical Red Cell Freezing

Reference

Chapter 14. The Appropriate Role for Red Cell Freezing in Transfusion Practice

I. Historical Introduction

II. The Current Polarization of Opinion

III. Examination of the Arguments Favoring Widespread Application of Frozen Storage

IV. Arguments against Widespread Application of Frozen Storage

V. Conclusions

Reference

Index