The Physiology of Physical Training

1 Basic cellular functions, cellular adaptation, and metabolism1.1 Cell and organelles1.2 Cellular adaptation1.3 Metabolic processes1.4 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

2 Skeletal muscle, function, muscle fiber types2.1 Muscle contraction2.1.1 Types of contractions2.2 Types of muscle fibers2.3 Tendons and connective tissue2.4 Skeletal muscles and aging2.5 „R” Extra2.5.1 Fiber type assessment2.5.2 Molecular markers in skeletal muscleSummaryTest questionsBibliography

3 Adaptation, phenotypic adaptation, fatigue, overtraining3.1 Homeostasis and adaptation3.2 Fatigue3.2.1 Central fatigue, nervous system fatigue3.2.2 Peripheral fatigue, muscle fatigue3.3 Muscle soreness and overtrainin3.3.1 Muscle soreness3.3.2 Overtraining3.4 Regeneration and resting3.5 Principals of exercise training3.6 Acclimatization3.7 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

4 Fundamentals of strength training4.1 Force generation and adaptation in the sarcomeres4.2 Types of muscle contraction and force generation4.3 Motor units and force generation4.4 Synchronization of motor units and force generation4.5 Muscle hypertrophy4.6 Methodology of strength training4.6.1 Maximal strength training4.6.2 Explosive strength4.6.3 Strength endurance training4.6.4 Training for cross-sectional area growth4.6.5 Neuromuscular coordination training4.6.6 Occlusion training4.6.7 Unstable surface training (proprioception training)4.7 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

5 Fundamentals of endurance training5.1 Heart as a main factor in endurance performance5.2 Cardiovascular system as a determining factor of endurance performance5.2.1 Blood as oxygen carrier and a determining factor of performance5.2.2 Arterial- venous concentration difference of oxygen (A-V O2 difference): efficiency5.2.3 Peripheral blood supply, vascularization as one of the main factor determining VO2max5.3 Mitochondrial content and enzymatic activity as one of the main factor determining VO2max5.4 Effect of metabolic processes on endurance5.5 Lactate threshold5.6 Endurance training methods5.6.1 Aerobic endurance training methods5.6.2 Anaerobic endurance training methods5.6.3 High-altitude training5.7 R ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

6 Speed as complex conditional ability6.1 Forms of speed6.1.1 Reaction time6.1.2 Movement speed6.1.3 Acceleration ability6.1.4 Maximal locomotory speed6.1.5 Braking ability6.1.6 Decision speed6.1.7 Learning speed6.2 Explosive training6.3 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

7 Fundamentals of joint flexibility7.1 Joint flexibility7.2 Stretchiness of muscles and tendons7.3 Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation7.4 Additional limiting factors of joint flexibility7.5 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

8 Diet and sport8.1 Diet and metabolism8.2 Diet and aerobic endurance8.3 Diet and strength and speed8.4 Diet and weight-class sports8.5 Vitamins, minerals and sport performance8.6 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

9 Physical training and prevention9.1 VO2max and cardiovascular and heart diseases9.2 Does high VO2max decreases the incidence of cancer?9.3 VO2max and neurodegeneration9.4 Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes9.5 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

10 Physical training and aging10.1 Introduction10.2 Hypothetic models of aging10.3 Physical training and free radical theory of aging10.4 Physical training and aging of the central nervous system10.5 Physical training and cardiovascular aging10.6 Physical training and age-related alterations of bones and muscles10.7 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography

11 Sport genetics11.1 Epigenetic modifications11.2 Genetics and sport11.3 „R” ExtraSummaryTest questionsBibliography