The Physics of Viruses

ForewordI. The Nature of Viruses and Their Relation to Physics Introduction Outline of Virology Virus Multiplication Size and Shape of Viruses Mutation of Viruses Mutual Interference of Viruses Virus Attenuation After Multiple Passage Chemical Composition of Viruses Virus Serology Hemagglutination Purified Virus Preparations Virus Assay Origin of Viruses Physics and the Study of VirusesII. The Size, Shape, and Hydration of Viruses Optical Microscopy Electron Microscopy Ultrafiltration Observations of the Motion of Viruses Diffusion Sedimentation Sedimentation Technique Diffusion-Constant Measurement During Sedimentation Hydrated Partial Specific Volume Viscosity Asymmetric Particles Examples of the Use of Virus Motion Studies X-Ray Diffraction Applied to Viruses Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering by Viruses Picture of a Virus Identity of Physical Particle and Infectious Unit Virus DimensionsIII. Ionizing Radiation And Viruses Nature of Energy Loss by Fast Charged Particles Space Distribution of Primary Ionizations Experimental Methods and Some Results Analysis of Bombardment Results The Action of X-Rays Secondary Radiation Effects Summary of Utility of Radiation Studies Results of Infectivity Studies Combined Thermal and Ionizing-Radiation Action on a Virus Structural Deductions Varied Effects of X-Radiation on Bacteriophage Structural Inferences from Radiation StudiesIV. Thermal Inactivation of Viruses Outline of the Theory of Thermal Inactivation Thermal Inactivation of Viruses Inactivation as a Function of pH Pressure Effects on Thermal Inactivation Conclusions from Thermal-Inactivation StudiesV. The Surface Of Viruses Surface Functions of Viruses Adsorption Polypeptide Attachment Virus Serology Neutralization of Infectivity Surface Inactivation by Antibody Serological Inactivation of Viruses Thermal Inactivation of Serological Affinity Hemagglutination Nature of the Virus SurfaceVI. Action of Ultraviolet Light on Viruses Molecular Absorption of Ultraviolet Light Absorption by Some Definite Molecules The Absorption Spectrum of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Absorption Spectra of Other Viruses Action Spectra Infectivity and Hemagglutination Action Spectra of Influenza Virus Action Spectra for Different Viruses Quantum Yield Multiplicity Reactivation after Ultraviolet Treatment Photoreactivation of Bacteriophage Summary and Conclusions from Action SpectraVII. Sonic and Osmotic Effects on Viruses Pressures Developed Cavitation Sonic Irradiation Procedures Sonic Effects on Viruses Osmotic Effects on VirusesVIII. Virus Genetics, Virus Multiplication, and Virus Physics Virus Recombination and Virus Genetics Bacterial Virus Multiplication Radiophosphorous Studies of Phage Summary of Pertinent Facts about Viruses Description of Present Knowledge of Virus Multiplication Description of a Virus The Energy Turnover in the Host Forces Operative in Virus Multiplication Ionic Atmosphere, or Double-Layer Forces Van der Waals Forces between Macromolecules Fluctuating Proton Charge Forces Potential Energy Diagrams for Two MacromoleculesAuthor IndexSubject Index