The Physical Basis of Electronics

Preface


1. Introduction to Electronics

1.1. The Impact of Electronics

1.2. The History of Electronic Devices

1.3. Basic Elements of Electronic Devices

1.4. Integration of Electronic Devices and Circuits


2. Fundamentals of Vacuum Electronics

2.1. The Evacuated Region

2.2. The Emission of Electrons from a Surface

2.3. Thermionic Emission

2.3.1. Practical Thermionic Cathodes

2.4. Electron Motion in Electric and Magnetic Fields

2.4.1. Motion in an Electric Field

2.4.2. Motion in a Magnetic Field

2.5. The Passage of Electrons through a Low-pressure Gas

2.6. Space-Charge Effects


3. Fundamentals of Solid State Electronics

3.1. The Structure of the Atom

3.1.1. Bohr Model of the Atom

3.1.2. Complex Atoms and the Periodic Table

3.2. The Nature of Certain Chemical Bonds

3.2.1. Ionic bonds

3.2.2. Homopolar or Covalent Bonds

3.2.3. Crystal Structure of Covalent Bonded Solids

3.2.4. The Metallic Bond

3.3. Insulators, Semiconductors and Conductors

3.3.1. Production of Free Charge Carriers

3.3.2. Drift Motion of Charge Carriers in an Electric Field

3.3.3. Diffusion of Charge Carriers

3.4. Conduction in Semiconductors

3.4.1. Intrinsic Semiconductors

3.4.2. Impurity Semiconductors

3.5. Behavior of Minority and Majority Carriers

3.5.1. Production and Recombination Rates

3.5.2. Minority Carrier Injection


4. The Semiconductor Junction Diode and Transistor

4.1. The Mechanism of Carrier Exchange at a Non-rectifying Metal-Semiconductor Contact

4.2. The p-n Semiconductor Diode

4.2.1. Space Charge Layers

4.2.2. The p-n Junction with an Applied Bias

4.2.3. Current in the Forward Direction

4.2.4. Current in the Reverse Direction

4.2.5. Relative Magnitudes of Hole and Electron Currents

4.2.6. Summary of Diode Action

4.3. The Junction Transistor

4.3.1. Current Distribution in a Transistor

4.4. The Transistor as an Amplifier


5. The Transistor as an Amplifier

5.1. The Grounded Base Circuit

5.1.1. Characteristics of a Grounded Base Amplifier

5.1.2. Parameters for the Grounded Base Transistor Circuit

5.1.3. Equivalent Circuit and Gain Calculations for Grounded Base

5.2. The Grounded Emitter Circuit

5.2.1. Characteristics of a Grounded Emitter Amplifier

5.2.2. Equivalent Circuit and Gain Calculations for Grounded Emitter

5.3. High-Frequency Effects

5.4. Alternative Methods of Presenting Transistor Parameters


6. The Transistor as a Switch

6.1. The Transistor as a Switch

6.2. Charge Storage Model

6.3. Transient Conditions

6.4. An Example of the Use of the Charge Control Model. Step Function Response of a Common-Emitter Current Amplifier


7. Field Effect Transistors

7.1. The Junction FET

7.2. The Insulated Gate FET

7.3. Parameters of Field Effect Devices

7.4. Amplification and Voltage Gain of the Field Effect Transistor

7.5. The FET as Switch and Variable Resistor


8. Manufacture of p-n Junctions, Transistors, and Integrated Circuits

8.1. Zone Refining and Crystal Growing

8.2. Early Methods for the Production of Junction Transistors

8.3. The Planar Technology

8.4. Epitaxial Layer Growth

8.5. The Integrated Circuit Concept

8.6. Integrated Circuit Realization


9. Thermionic Valves

9.1. The High-Vacuum Diode

9.1.1. Space-Charge Limited Conditions

9.1.2. Diode Operation

9.2. The High-Vacuum Triode Valve

9.2.1. Triode Characteristics and Parameters

9.3. The Triode as a Voltage Amplifier

9.3.1. Dynamic Characteristics

9.3.2. Triode Limitations

9.4. Multi-electrode Valves

9.4.1. The Tetrode Valve

9.4.2. The Pentode Valve

9.4.3. The Beam-Power Tetrode

9.5. Gas-Filled Valves

9.5.1. The Gas Diode

9.5.2. The Thyratron valve

9.5.3. The Neon Stabilizer Valve


10. Electronic Circuits

10.1. Applications of Electron Devices

10.2. Rectification

10.2.1. Rectifier Circuits

10.3. Detection of Radio Waves

10.4. Amplification Circuits

10.4.1. Comparison of Field Effect Devices and Bipolar Transistors as Amplifiers

10.4.2. Single-Stage Amplifier Circuits

10.4.3. Grid or Emitter Bias Circuits

10.4.4. Coupling between Amplifier Stages

10.5. Positive and Negative Feedback

10.6. Cathode Follower Type Circuits

10.7. Oscillators

10.7.1. The Tuned Drain FET Oscillator

10.7.2. Regenerative (or Positive Feedback) Switching Circuits


11. The Cathode-Ray Tube

11.1. Basic Concepts

11.2. Production of a Suitable Electron Beam

11.3. Deflecting the Electron Beam

11.3.1. Electrostatic Deflection

11.3.2. Magnetic Deflection

11.4. The Detecting Screen

11.5. Applications of the Cathode-Ray Tube

11.5.1. The Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope

11.5.2. Application to Television

Appendix

1. Values of Some Physical Constants

2. References for Further Reading

3A. Problems

3B. Solutions

Index