
The Neuroscience of Depression
Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet
- 1st Edition - March 5, 2021
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Colin R. Martin, Lan-Anh Hunter, Vinood Patel, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 3 5 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 3 6 - 9
The Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behaviour and Diet is a comprehensive reference to the aspects, features and effects of depression. This book… Read more

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Request a sales quoteThe Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behaviour and Diet is a comprehensive reference to the aspects, features and effects of depression. This book provides readers with the behavior and psychopathological effects of depression, linking anxiety, anger and PSTD to depression. Readers are provided with a detailed outline of the genetic aspects of depression including synaptic genes and the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression, followed by a thorough analysis of the neurological and imaging techniques used to study depression. This book also includes three full sections on the various effects of depression, including diet, nutrition and molecular and cellular effects. The Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behaviour and Diet is the only resource for researchers and practitioners studying depression.
- Features a section on neurological and imaging, including SPECT Neuroimaging
- Analyzes how diet and nutrition effect depression
- Examines the molecular and cellular effects of depression
- Covers genetics of depression
- Includes more than 250 illustrations and tables
Researchers, graduate students, and clinicians in behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, neurobiology, translational neuroscience, and neuropsychology
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Part I: Genetic aspects of depression
- Chapter 1: Epigenetics in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- DNA methylation
- Early-life events, DNA methylation, and depression
- Different gene methylation profiles in depression models
- Histone modifications
- Histone acetylation and depression
- Histone methylation and depression
- HDAC inhibitors as antidepressants
- Histone modification associated with gestational stress and gender differences
- miRNA mechanisms of action
- miRNAs and neuroplasticity in depression
- miRNAs and animal models of depression
- miRNAs and postmortem brain
- miRNAs as a peripheral markers of depression
- Conclusion
- Key facts of epigenetics
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 2: Genes, depression, and nuclear DNA
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Heritability of depression
- Heterogeneity of depression
- The multifactorial background of depression
- The candidate gene approach in depression
- Genome-wide analytical studies (GWAS) in depression
- Phenotyping of depression in genetic studies
- Genetic architecture of depression
- Implications of genetic studies of depression for clinical practice
- Conclusion
- Summary points
- Key facts
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 3: Gene expression in depression: Molecular aspects of postpartum depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What is known about PPD etiology?
- Molecular biology approaches for the study of PPD: The experimental models
- Genetic factors for PPD: The female reproductive hormones
- Genetic factors for PPD: The neuropeptides and mood modulators
- Genetic factors for PPD: The HPA axis
- Genetic factors for PPD: The immunoinflammatory response
- Genetic factors for PPD: The microarray studies
- Genetic factors for PPD: The epigenetics
- The importance of the molecular markers for the PPD diagnosis
- Key facts of PPD
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 4: Genetics and epigenetics of the SLC6A4 gene in depression
- Abstract
- List of abbreviations
- Introduction
- The role of the serotoninergic system in neurodevelopment depression
- Genetic variations in the serotonin transporter gene and the risk for depression
- Stress events and epigenetic changes
- Perspectives on the SLC6A4 contribution for depression etiology
- Key facts of SLC6A4
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 5: Molecular basis of tryptophan metabolism disorders associated with depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Genetic background of disorders of tryptophan metabolism in depression
- Disorders of tryptophan metabolism and antidepressant therapy
- Compensatory (anti)inflammatory reflex system in depression
- Disorders of tryptophan metabolism in the development of postpartum depression
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary terms
- Chapter 6: Metalloproteinases genes and their relationship with depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Overview
- Structure, history, classification, and regulation
- Pathophysiological role
- Pathophysiology of depression
- Pharmacotherapy
- Conclusion
- Key facts of matrix metalloproteinases in depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 7: Linking gene regions jointly with environment and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Candidate gene methods in GxE research
- Gene-region analyses: A primer
- Selecting gene regions
- Gene-region analyses in depression research
- Challenges and future directions
- Key facts of gene region x environment analysis in depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Part II: Molecular and cellular effects of depression
- Chapter 8: Linking depression, mRNA translation, and serotonin
- Abstract
- Introduction
- mRNA translation: A central process in regulating gene expression
- Dysregulated inflammation in MDD
- Conclusions
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 9: Changes in cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders: More evidence implicating inflammatory-related pathways in disease etiology
- Abstract
- Cortical dysfunction in major depressive disorders
- Gene x environment interactions in major depressive disorders
- Cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders
- Regional changes in cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders
- Changes in gene expression in the frontopolar cortex
- Changes in gene expression in the orbitofrontal cortex
- Changes in gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Changes in gene expression in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- Changes in gene expression in the cingulate cortex
- Changes in gene expression in the premotor and primary motor cortices
- Changes in gene expression in the temporal cortex
- Changes in gene expression in the pre-visual cortex
- Summary of changed cortical gene expression in major depressive disorders
- From transcriptomics to a biology of major depressive disorders
- Conclusions
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Chapter 10: FKBP5 gene expression as a biomarker for treatment outcome in depression
- Abstract
- Depression—A stress-related mental disorder
- Role of FKBP5 in stress response regulation and mood disorders
- FKBP5 gene expression and antidepressant treatment outcome
- FKBP5 as a promising antidepressant drug target
- Key facts and summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 11: Neuroimaging a cytokine storm by transducing IL-1α to hippocampal cornu ammonis: COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Main text
- Nanobiotechnology model: The device and the circuits
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 12: Linking interleukin-6 and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Interlinking interleukin-6 and depression
- Historical background
- Review of IL-6 function
- Preclinical studies
- Clinical studies of immune system disorders or immunoactive treatments
- Clinical studies of patients with MDD or other depressive disorders
- Clinical treatments involving blockade of IL-6 activity
- Mechanisms of interaction of IL-6 and depression
- Limitations
- Future areas of research
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Chapter 13: The role of inflammatory signaling in comorbid depression and epilepsy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inflammation in depression and epilepsy
- The role of inflammation in epilepsy and depression comorbidity
- Conclusions
- Key facts of inflammation in comorbid depression and epilepsy
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 14: Brain inflammasomes in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inflammasomes, structure-function relationship and role in brain diseases
- Major depressive disorders
- Linking depressive disorders to neuroinflammation
- Inflammasomes are key players in MDD
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 15: Inflammatory factors and depression in substance use disorder
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Substance use disorder
- Comorbidity: Substance use disorder and depression
- Inflammation in substance use disorder and depression
- Conclusions and identification of inflammatory biomarkers
- Key facts of substance use disorder
- Key facts of inflammation
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 16: Linking Huntington disease, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and depressive-like behaviors
- Abstract
- Huntington’s disease
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depression
- Alterations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in HD
- Depression in HD: A putative role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Conclusions
- Key facts on Huntington’s disease
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 17: Depression and the NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The glutamatergic system and the l-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway
- NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway as therapeutic target for depression
- NMDA receptor antagonists
- l-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway inhibitors
- Prospects and future directions
- Conclusion
- Key facts of antidepressants
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 18: Translocator protein (18 kDa TSPO) binding in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction: The inflammatory theory of depression
- Postmortem studies and central markers of inflammation
- The translocator protein: A putative marker of neuroinflammation
- In vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in MDD: Initial findings, controversies, and clinical implications
- TSPO binding and cognitive functions in depression
- TSPO binding and response to psychotherapy
- Limitations and future directions
- Key facts of translocator protein (TSPO 18 kDa)
- Key facts of inflammation and depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 19: Axonal transport proteins: What they are and how they relate to depressive behaviors
- Abstract
- What is axonal transport?
- Axonal transport and brain function
- Axonal transport proteins and neuroinflammation
- Axonal transport proteins and neurodegeneration
- Axonal transport proteins and depressive-like behavior
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 20: Molecular features of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and cAMP signaling: A link between adenylyl cyclase 7 and depression
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Overview of adenylyl cyclases
- cAMP signaling and depression
- Adenylyl cyclase 7
- Adenylyl cyclase 7 and depression
- Conclusions
- Key facts of cAMP signaling
- Key facts of AC7
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 21: Neurobiology of depression: The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Posttranslational mechanisms regulating GSK3 activity
- GSK3β in mood disorders and depression
- GSK3 and experimental models of depression-like behaviors
- Role of GSK3 in regulating intrinsic excitability
- GSK3 and voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels
- GSK3 and accessory proteins of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel complex
- GSK3 phosphorylation of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel in experimental models of vulnerability to depression-like behavior
- GSK3 and voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels
- Functional implications of GSK-3-dependent Kv4.2 phosphorylation
- GSK3 and Kv channels in experimental models of depression-like behaviors
- Conclusions
- Key facts of GSK3
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 22: Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 and its derived peptides in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- How TREK-1 became a target in depression
- How sortilin was shown to be involved in depression
- Spadin and spadin analogs are selective fast-acting antidepressants
- Posttranslational products of NTSR3/sortilin as biomarkers
- The role of spadin as a link between obesity/diabetes and depression
- Conclusions
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 23: Implication of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and its components in depression and neuropsychiatric disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The canonical Wnt signaling pathway
- Noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway
- Wnt/Ca+ 2 pathway
- Wnt/PCP pathway
- Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in depression
- Disheveled
- GSK-3β
- Wnts
- Frizzled
- Crosstalk between neurogenesis and Wnt signaling in depression and psychiatric disorders
- Antidepressants utilize Wnt signaling and its components for the action
- Concluding remarks
- Key facts of Wnt signaling and depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 24: The prefrontal cortex in depression: Use of proteomics
- Abstract
- Introduction
- OMICS allowed a new insight into neuronal phenotype
- The basics of proteomic studies
- Proteomic studies in depression research
- Proteome changes in depression
- Limitations and perspectives
- Key facts of proteomics
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Part III: Neurological and imaging features
- Chapter 25: How brain single photon emission computed topography imaging informs the diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Imaging does not match the DSM, but can enhance it
- Brain SPECT imaging
- SPECT mood disorder literature
- Hypofrontality
- Hyperfrontality
- Overall decreased perfusion
- Brain trauma
- Cognitive disorders vs depression
- How SPECT changes clinical practice and may improve outcomes
- SPECT, mood disorders, and treatment response
- Key facts
- Key points
- Summary
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 26: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) in bipolar and unipolar depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- A framework for synthesizing rsfMRI results: Distributed functional networks
- Resting-state functional connectivity in unipolar depression
- Resting-state functional connectivity in bipolar depression
- Functional connectivity differences between unipolar and bipolar depression
- Challenges to interpretation of resting-state studies
- Future directions
- Key facts about unipolar and bipolar depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 27: Linking amygdala blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activity and frontal EEG in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Emotion regulation system
- Emotion regulation in depression
- Frontal EEG asymmetry and depression
- Linking amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG
- Amygdala real-time fMRI neurofeedback with simultaneous EEG
- EEG activity during the real-time fMRI neurofeedback procedure
- Frontal EEG asymmetry changes and depression severity
- EEG coherence enhancement and depression severity
- Correlations of amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry
- Conclusion
- Key facts of amygdala and frontal EEG in depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 28: The rostromedial tegmental nucleus: Features and links with alcohol and depression
- Abstract
- Background
- RMTg: Characteristics, inputs, and outputs associated with alcohol and depression
- RMTg activity in alcohol consumption and depression
- Role of the RMTg in alcohol withdrawal-induced negative affect
- Conclusion
- Key facts of comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 29: Human serotonergic neurons, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) resistance and major depressive disorder
- Abstract
- Introduction
- IPSC reprogramming
- Generating human serotonergic neurons
- Studying serotonergic neurotransmission in patient serotonergic neurons
- Studying serotonergic neurotransmission in patient cortical neurons
- Limitations in iPSC work
- Key facts of serotonergic neurons
- Key facts of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCS)
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 30: Role of nesfatin-1 in major depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Structure and distribution of NUCB protein family
- Molecular structure of nesfatin-1
- Distribution and effects of nesfatin-1
- Nesfatin-1 and psychiatric disorders
- Nesfatin-1 and depression
- Key facts of nesfatin-1
- Summary points
- Mini dictionary of terms
- Chapter 31: Impact of NGF signaling on neuroplasticity during depression: Insights in neuroplasticity-dependent therapeutic approaches
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Changes in neuroplasticity during the pathophysiology of depression
- NGF and neuroplasticity: The evidence
- Role of NGF in the plasticity of hippocampal and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
- NGF dysregulation in depression
- Clinical evidence
- Preclinical evidence
- NGF regulation in antidepressants treatment
- New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches: Neuroplasticity-dependent therapeutic approaches
- Concluding remarks
- Key facts of depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 32: Inherited depression and psychological disorders and mental illness by germ cells and their memory
- Abstract
- Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
- Introduction
- Psychiatric pathologies
- Depression and degradation of germ cells
- Genetic memory
- Do the same causes produce the same effects in humans?
- Wartime, depression, and germ cells
- Psychological and environmental factors and female–male germ cells-fertility
- Transmission of trauma via germ cells
- Reverse process
- Exercise, nutritional status, seasonal variations, and germ cells
- What is happening inside and beyond the uterus?
- Psychotherapy and sexual behavior
- Cognitive/physical activities and sexual behavior
- Relaxation and music/dance therapy
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Key facts of human germ cells
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Part IV: Behaviour and psychopathological effects
- Chapter 33: Cognitive function and neurocognitive deficits in depression
- Abstract
- The “hot” and “cold” cognitive processes in depression
- Cognitive predictors of depression
- Cognitive function associated with a depressive episode
- Cognitive function following depressive episode remission
- Conclusion and future directions
- Key facts of cognitive functioning
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of Terms
- Chapter 34: Cognitive and interpersonal contributors to relationship distress and depression: A review of the dyadic partner-schema model
- Abstract
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- An overview of the dyadic partner-schema model
- Clinical implications of the dyadic partner-schema model
- Directions for future research
- Conclusion
- Key facts of schemas
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 35: Cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Developmental antecedents to cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Childhood maltreatment and cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Peer victimization and cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Limitations of the research on early life influences of cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Neurobiological findings for early life adversities
- Neurobiological findings for cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Conclusion and future directions
- Key facts of cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 36: Determining the cognitive performance in the first episode of depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cognitive dysfunction in MDD
- A brief history of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
- Impact of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
- Cognitive dysfunction in the first episode of MDD
- Conclusions
- Key facts of cognitive dysfunction in the first episode of MDD
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 37: Body image and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Tripartite model of body image
- Reciprocal shaping: Body image is shaped by interaction and body image shapes interaction
- Systems view: The neurological layers of embodiment
- Body image assessment
- Studies of the body image in patients with depression
- Discomfort in sensing the body
- Body memory contents of the depressed patients’ body image
- Body image quality and recovery from depression
- Addressing and accepting body image contents in the treatment of depression
- Dance movement therapy in the treatment of patients with depression
- Key facts—Summary points
- Mini-dictionary terms
- Chapter 38: Sleep, anxiety, and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of sleep
- Sleep architecture
- Available treatments for insomnia
- Anxiety disorders
- Treatments for anxiety disorders
- Mechanisms of sleep, anxiety, and depression
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 39: Depression, anxiety, and quality of life
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Measures of qualify of life
- Depression and quality of life
- Effect of treatment for depression on quality of life
- Anxiety and quality of life
- Effect of treatment for anxiety on quality of life
- Conclusions
- Summary points
- Key facts of depression, anxiety, and quality of life
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 40: Reward processing and depression: Current findings and future directions
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Theory linking reward processing and depression
- Reward processing and depression: A review of behavioral studies
- An ERP measure of reward processing
- Reward processing and depression: A review of ERP studies
- fMRI measurement of reward processing
- Reward processing and depression: A review of fMRI studies
- Life stress, reward processing, and depression
- Conclusion and future directions
- Key facts of reward learning
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 41: Sexual functioning in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The problem statement: Sexual dysfunction in depressed individuals
- Pathophysiology of sexual dysfunction in depression
- Incidence and pathophysiology of TESD/antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction
- Impact of sexual dysfunction on depression
- Risk factors for developing sexual dysfunction during antidepressant therapy
- Assessment of sexual functioning in patients with depression
- Management of sexual dysfunctions in depression
- Conclusions
- Summary points
- Key facts
- Part V: Diet, nutrition and botanicals
- Chapter 42: Linking dietary glycemic index and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Carbohydrates and glycemic index
- Glycemic responses and depression
- Observational studies
- Clinical trials
- Possible mechanisms
- Conclusion
- Key facts of carbohydrates
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 43: Gut microbiota and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Gut microbiota and brain communication
- The mechanisms of action
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 44: Linking dietary methyl donors, maternal separation, and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Experimental models of depression based on stress in perinatal life
- Methyl donors and depression
- Mutations related to depression in genes of one-carbon metabolism
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 45: Convolvulus pluricaulis usage and depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathology
- Current synthetic treatment for depression
- Introduction to herbal medicines
- Scientific classification
- Description
- Pharmacological activities of C. pluricaulis
- Effect of C. pluricaulis extract (CPE) in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests
- Effect of C. pluricaulis extract (CPE) behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat
- Effect of C. pluricaulis against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuronal cells
- Effect of scopoletin, phytochemical constituent of C. pluricaulis in tail suspension tests
- Effect of Kaempferol, a phytochemical constituent of C. pluricaulis in TST and FST
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 46: Antidepressant activity of Crocus sativus L. and its main constituents: A review
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Antidepressant activity of saffron
- Antidepressant activity of saffron constituents and its bioactive fractions
- Bioactive fractions of C. sativus L.
- Conclusion
- Summary points
- Key facts
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 47: Mechanisms of action of herbal antidepressants
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Herbal antidepressants
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Chapter 48: Antidepressant-like effects and mechanisms of the herbal formula Xiaochaihutang in depression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Effects of XCHT on depressive animal models
- Antidepressant mechanisms of XCHT
- Conclusion
- Key facts
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Part VI: Resources
- Chapter 49: Recommended resources on the neuroscience of depression: Genetics, cell biology, neurology, behavior, and diet
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Resources
- Summary points
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: March 5, 2021
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 574
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128179352
- eBook ISBN: 9780128179369
CM
Colin R. Martin
LH
Lan-Anh Hunter
VP
Vinood Patel
VP
Victor R Preedy
RR
Rajkumar Rajendram
Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.
Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.
Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.