The Neuroscience of Depression

Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment

1st Edition - March 5, 2021
Editors: Colin R Martin, Lan-Anh Hunter, Vinood B. Patel, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 3 3 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 3 4 - 5

The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment, is a comprehensive reference to the diagnosis and treatment of depression. This book provides readers with the… Read more

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The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment, is a comprehensive reference to the diagnosis and treatment of depression. This book provides readers with the mechanisms of depression reflecting on the interplay between depression and the biological and psychosocial processes. A detailed introduction to various episodes of depression, from PTSD to post-partum depression is provided, followed by a thorough discussion on biomarkers in depression and how to diagnose depression including the Hamilton Depression Rating scale. This book also includes three full sections on treatment options for depression, including pharmacological, behavioral and other novel regimes. The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment is the only resource for researchers and practitioners studying, diagnosis and treating of depression.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Depression: Introductory chapters
Chapter 1: Clinical staging in depression
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical staging in depression
Clinical staging and progression in depression
Clinical staging and treatment-resistant depression
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 2: Neurodevelopmental theory of depression
Abstract
Introduction
Early childhood experience and personality traits
The affective and rational system—The basis for personality formation
Emotional immunity or immune emotionality?—The key to understanding depression
Mother’s fear as well as grandmother’s fear as a source of depression
Early childhood trauma
Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis—Epigenetics again?
Personality of the 21st century
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 3: Depression after pregnancy
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Consequences of postpartum depression
Neurobiological basis of PPD
Management of PPD
Prevention of PPD
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 4: Modeling maternal depression during pregnancy: Rodent models of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset
Abstract
Introduction
Characteristics of animal models of maternal depression
Face validity of animal models of maternal depression; symptoms and other physiological markers that resemble those found in humans and are used to verify the model
Construct validity of maternal models of depression: The mode of induction of depression
Predictive validity of rodent models of maternal depression: Response to antidepressants
Summary of studies addressing the impact of maternal depression on preadolescent and adolescent offspring
Future animal models of maternal depression
Conclusions
Key facts of maternal depression during pregnancy
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 5: Depression in mothers and mental health in their children: Impact, risk factors, and interventions
Abstract
Introduction
Effects of maternal depression on mental health of children
Risk factors
Interventions to reduce the impact of maternal depression on children
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 6: The neuroscience of depression: Mechanisms and treatments
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of depression in students
Screening depression
Treatment and management
Risk behaviors in students
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 7: Depression in disasters and traumatic events
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical diagnosis and standardized assessment instruments for depression
Depression after natural disasters and traumatic events
Consequences of depression after natural disasters and traumatic events
Causes and risk factors of depression
Biological factors and depression after disaster events
Implications and suggestions
Key facts of depression
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 8: Depression and associated Alzheimer’s disease
Abstract
Introduction
Coexistence of depression and Alzheimer’s disease
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Chronic inflammation in depression and Alzheimer's disease
Alteration in monoamines level
TGF signaling
Long-term potentiation alteration
Oxidative stress
Therapeutic management of AD
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 9: Comorbidities of depression and Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Introduction
Depression in Parkinson’s disease
Pathophysiology of stress leading to depression
Biochemical scheme of depression
Coexistence of Parkinson’ disease and depression
5HT receptors and Parkinson’s disease
Role of serotonin in depression associated with Parkinson’s disease
Clinically available serotonergic drugs
Noradrenergic systems in the central nervous system
The locus coeruleus (LC)
Role of NA in PD symptoms
Indication for the interaction between DA and NA in PD
The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in PD
Conclusion
Key facts of comorbidities of depression and Parkinson’s disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 10: Understanding the relationship between depression and alcohol among students
Abstract
Introduction
Examining the association between alcohol and depression in students
Influence of mental health on alcohol and depression
Influence of sociodemographic variables on alcohol and depression
Influence of drinking motives on alcohol and depression
Other drinking motives and its relationship with depressive symptoms
Key facts of alcohol and depression among students
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 11: Depression in obesity
Abstract
Introduction
Obesity
Depression in obesity
Cross-sectional or prospective studies
Systematic reviews
Conclusion
Key facts of obese people in bariatric surgeries
Summary points
Examples of mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 12: Heart rate variability and depression
Abstract
Introduction
HRV measurement
Association of depression and HRV
HRV in depression and cardiovascular comorbidity
The effect of antidepressants on HRV
HRV and response to depression treatment
Treating depression by intervention on the autonomic system
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 13: Neuroinflammation and depression
Abstract
General aspects of neuroinflammation
Evidence about neuroinflammation in depression
Mechanisms whereby neuroinflammation leads to alterations in brain structure/function in depression: Lessons from animal models
Peripheral inflammation and brain function in depression
Possible origins of increased neuroinflammation in depression
Neuroinflammation-related mediators as biomarkers of depression
Neuroinflammation as commonplace for stress and depression
Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants
Antiinflammatory agents in depression
Clinical implications and future research
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 14: Interlinking antidepressants and the immune system
Abstract
Introduction
The immune system in the depression
Influence of antidepressants on the immune system
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Conclusions
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Part II: Biomarkers and diagnosis
Chapter 15: Assessment scoring tools of depression
Abstract
Introduction
Comments
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 16: The Beck depression inventory: Uses and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Versions
Content description
Target population
Application
Guidelines
Interpretation of scores
Validity
Factors that affect the score
Limitations
Comments
How to obtain
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 17: Hamilton depression rating scale: Uses and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Administration and uses
Scoring and interpretation
Indication for the use of the HDRS
Validity and reliability
Limitations
Key facts of the Hamilton depression rating scale
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 18: The patient health questionnaire (PHQ)
Abstract
Introduction
Content and scoring
Abbreviated versions
Psychometric characteristics
Screening and case-finding properties
Comparison with other psychometric instruments
Special populations
Conclusions
Key facts of PHQ
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 19: Screening for antenatal depression (AND) using self-report questionnaires: Conceptual issues and measurement limitations
Abstract
Introduction
The etiological paradox of PDD
Screening for AND: Measurement issues
Measuring continuity of PDD across the reproductive spectrum
Psychometric characteristics
Screening measure item content and overlaps
Screening for AND: Which measures perform best?
The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
The “Whooley questions”
Beyond guidelines: Other questionnaires for the detection of depression
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 20: Edinburgh postnatal depression scale: Description and applications
Abstract
Introduction
Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 21: The death depression scale: Description and applications
Abstract
The death depression scale (DDS)
The DDS items
The death depression scale-revised (DDS-R)
Discussion
Key facts of the death depression scale (DDS)
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 22: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale: Features and applications
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Psychometric properties
Validity of extending the DASS to additional populations and administration formats
Applications
Summary
Conclusion
Key facts of translations/adaptations of tests or measures
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 23: Arabic version of the two-question quick inventory of depression (QID-2-AR): Description and applications
Abstract
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
Introduction
Human plague
Negative impacts of depression
Depression undetected and undiagnosed
Burden time and effort to screening of depression
Difficulty of detecting depression
Depressed mood and anhedonia
Effective screening
Multiple cultures recommended of QID-2
QID-2 test alternative of scales
Utility of QID-2
Description of QID-2
Description of diagnostic cutoff value for the QID-2
Recommendations the threshold score of QID-2
Applications of QID-2 and recommendations
Discussion
Implications of QID-2 in care for good clinical practice
QID-2, depression, clinicians, patients, busy clinics, and wartime
Conclusion
Key facts of depression
Key facts of QID-2
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 24: Depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Abstract
Depression and cardiovascular disease
What is a biomarker?
Associations between depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Functional biomarkers
Circulating biomarkers
Structural biomarkers
Psychosocial factors impacting the depression-biomarkers relationship
Limitations of measuring biomarkers
Future directions
Summary and conclusions
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 25: Thioredoxin as an antioxidant protein as a marker in depression
Abstract
Introduction
Role of oxidative stress in depressive disorder
Key facts of thioredoxin
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 26: Methods of neuroimaging in depression: Applications to resting-state functional connectivity
Abstract
Introduction
Childhood and adolescence
Adulthood
Conclusions
Summary points
Chapter 27: Neural markers of depression in MRI
Abstract
Introduction
Introduction and concept of MRI and FMRI
Hypothetic model in depression
Structural neural marker in MDD: GM aspect
Structural neural marker in MDD: WM aspect
Functional neural marker in MDD: Task FMRI aspect
Functional neural marker in MDD: Rs-FMRI aspect
Key facts of neural MRI markers in MDD
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Part III: Pharmacological treatments for depression
Chapter 28: Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade as an antidepression strategy
Abstract
Introduction
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the brain
Experimental data and clinical studies
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Diabetes and comorbid depression
Key facts of role of RAAS in mood disorders
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 29: The link between cannabinoids and depression
Abstract
Introduction
Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system
Cannabinoid receptor signaling pathways
Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Clinical evidence
Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Preclinical evidence
Possible mechanisms in the effects of cannabinoids on depression
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 30: Agomelatine: Profile and applications to depression
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and drug interactions
Clinical efficacy in depressive episodes
Bipolar depression
Depression in medical comorbidities
Side effect profile
Serious adverse events
Safety on overdose
Conclusions
Key facts of agomelatine
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 31: Bumetanide and use in depressive states
Abstract
Chloride homeostasis and depression
Perspective in the use of bumetanide as a therapeutic agent
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 32: Linking citalopram, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and depressed pregnant women
Abstract
Introduction
Development of serotonergic systems
Role of 5-HT in neural development and behavior
Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs
Prenatal exposure to SSRIs in humans
Effects of prenatal SSRI administration in normal pregnant rodents
SSRI administration to stressed mothers: Effect on offspring behavior
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 33: Citalopram and its use in sleep-deprivation-induced depression
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Prevalence of SD
Sleep loss as a risk factor for depression
Sleep deprivation-induced molecular deficits—Effects of antidepressants
Synaptic plasticity and SD
Effects of CTM on SD-induced depression
Concluding remarks
Key facts about sleep deprivation
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 34: Monoaminergic system and antidepressants
Abstract
Introduction
Serotonin
Noradrenaline and adrenaline
Dopamine and antidepressants
Other monoamines (histamine, melatonin, and tryptamine hallucinogens)
Conclusion
Key facts of antidepressants
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 35: Duloxetine usage in depression
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Pharmacokinetic profile
Duloxetine for depression and its associated symptoms
Effects of duloxetine on depression in gynecology and obstetrics
Effects of duloxetine on treatment–resistant depression
Effects of duloxetine on depression with comorbidities
Side effects
Key facts of duloxetine
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 36: Escitalopram and blonanserin as antidepressant agents linking in neurotrophic mechanisms
Abstract
Introduction: Modern molecular theory of depression
BDNF as a leading player in depression
Role of BDNF in corticosterone hormone stress-induced depression model
BDNF signaling activation and underlying mechanisms
Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression—Early life adversity
Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression—Adolescent
Possible antidepressant activity as adjunctive agent
Potential mechanism of antidepressant action induced by blonanserin
Possible BDNF/GABA activation by blonanserin through D3 receptors
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 37: (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine as a novel antidepressant and its role in the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine
Abstract
Introduction
Metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine
Antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK
Mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK
Role of (2R,6R)-HNK in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine
Conclusion
Key facts of major depressive disorder
Summary points
Mini-directory of terms
Chapter 38: Linking 5-hydroxytryptamine to antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine and social stress model
Abstract
Introduction
(R,S)-Ketamine
Linking 5-HT and the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social stress model
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 39: Mirtazapine: Multitarget strategies for treating substance use disorder and depression
Abstract
Introduction
Substance use disorder (SUD)
MDD-SUD comorbidity
Neurobiological mechanisms of DD (MDD-SUD)
Mirtazapine
Mirtazapine-SUD
Preclinical studies
Clinical trials
Preclinical studies in models of polydrug
Selective agent therapies
Multitarget therapy
Conclusion and future perspectives
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Part IV: Counselling, psychotherapy and behavioural treatments for depression
Chapter 40: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression
Abstract
Overview
Mindfulness-based interventions and depression
MBCT for prevention of depressive relapse
MBCT in the treatment of current depression
MBCT for TRD
Mechanisms of change in MBCT
MBCT for depression associated with chronic illness
Summary and future directions in the use of MBCT
Key facts of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 41: Online programs for depression
Abstract
Introduction
The structure and function of online programs
Self-guided vs clinician-supported programs
Evidence for the effectiveness of online programs
Examples of effective programs
Opportunities and challenges in delivering online programs
The future of online programs
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 42: Clay art therapy on emotion regulation: Research, theoretical underpinnings, and treatment mechanisms
Abstract
Introduction
Section one: Emotion regulation: Research and theories relating visual art to neuroscience
Section two: Therapeutic functions of clay on emotion regulation
Section three: Treatment mechanisms of clay art therapy for emotion regulation
Concluding comments
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 43: Solution-focused counseling and its use in postpartum depression
Abstract
Introduction
Solution-focused brief therapy and counseling
Solution-focused brief therapy principles
Solution-focused brief therapy methods and techniques
The structure of solution-focused brief therapy and counseling
Solution-focused brief therapy as a practical skill in preventing postpartum blues and depression
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of solution-focused brief therapy
Summary points
Chapter 44: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive emotional training (CET) as a novel treatment for depression
Abstract
Introduction
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Clinical effects of tDCS in MDD
Rationale for combining tDCS and CET in MDD
Cognitive emotional training (CET)
Clinical effects of CET
Preliminary evidence for clinical effects of tDCS combined with CET
Neurophysiological effects of tDCS combined with CET
Conclusions and future research
Key facts of tDCS and CET
Summary points
Part V: Other aspects of treatment: Specific groups, monitoring and novel regimens
Chapter 45: Putative effects of cannabidiol in depression and synaptic plasticity
Abstract
Introduction
Cannabidiol pharmacology and therapeutic potential
The effects of CBD in animal models of depression
CBD effects on depressed patients
Final considerations
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 46: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical trials on taVNS treatment of depression
Potential side effects of taVNS
Potential mechanisms underlying taVNS treatment of depression
Challenges and future directions
Key facts of taVNS
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 47: Exercise for depression as a primary and comorbid with obesity disorder: A narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical attributes of trials reviewed by meta-analyses
Meta-analysis for AE in adult MDD patients in mental health services
Pragmatic evidence for exercise and depression
Ideographic vs nomothetic exercise
Pragmatic trial ideographic vs nomothetic exercise for depression
Individual clinical significant analysis
Exercise for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder
Additional exercise trials for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder
Collective evidence
Key facts of the safety of exercise for depressed patients
Summary points
Examples of mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 48: Acupressure and depression: A scientific narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Basic concepts of acupressure
Application of acupressure
Research evidences for the effect of acupressure on depression
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 49: Potential beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders
Abstract
Microbiota-gut-brain axis
MGB axis in Alzheimer’s disease
MGB axis in schizophrenia
Bifidobacterium breve A1 as probiotics
Administration of B. breve A1 to subjects with mild cognitive impairment
Effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia
No significant change in the gut microbiota was observed, but B. breve A1 may have affected gut epithelial barrier function
Dietary habits and baseline gut microbiota could influence the effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms
Conclusions and perspectives
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 50: Coenzyme Q10 and depression
Abstract
A brief introduction to depression treatment regimens
CoQ10 and its pharmacological application
Correlation of CoQ10 with depression
Conclusion
Key facts of mice behavioral tests
Key facts of human depression studies
Key facts of oxidative stress and antioxidants
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 51: Gene expression in major depressive disorder: Peripheral tissue and brain-based studies
Abstract
Introduction
Gene expression and its measurement
Candidate gene vs whole-genome approaches
Confounding, expression, and causality
Differential expression (DE) studies
Gene expression as mediators of genetic risk
Tissue specificity and the use of surrogate markers
Peripheral tissue studies in MDD
Brain-based studies in MDD
Single-cell sequencing
Emerging themes
Integration with genetic risk
Future directions
Triangulation and strengthening of causal claims
Summary
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 52: Electroconvulsive therapy for depression: Effectiveness, cognitive side-effects, and mechanisms of action
Abstract
Summary of ECT effectiveness research
Cognitive effects
ECT’s mechanism of action models
Future directions: Testing an integrated model
Key facts for electroconvulsive therapy
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 53: Prenatal depression and offspring DNA methylation
Abstract
Prenatal maternal depression
Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
Epigenetics mechanisms
Epigenetics studies of fetal exposure to maternal depression
Recommendations for future research
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
Chapter 54: Treating depression with theta burst stimulation (TBS)
Abstract
Introduction
Role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression
Mechanism of action of theta-burst stimulation and its types
Key facts
Summary
Mini-dictionary terms
Index

Colin R Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Lan-Anh Hunter

Dr Lan-Anh Hunter BSc MBBS DFFP DRCOG MRCGP qualified from Guys, King’s & St. Thomas’ Medical School, London in 2001, where she developed an early interest in psychological medicine. She went on to study culture bound syndromes, whilst reading Medical Anthropology Honours degree at University College London, focusing on the cultural aspects of anorexia nervosa in her thesis. She subsequently worked in Australia and explored the psychological aspects of diabetes and its many complications on the aboriginal population. Prior to becoming a GP Principal, she lectured at Charing Cross Hospital teaching doctors in training, continuing this passion, as a GP trainer in her current role. Much has been written about depression in primary care and hence her call to this area. She specialises in psychological medicine, with training in coaching, narrative based medicine, cognitive behaviour therapy and she continues to see, support, treat and manage clinical depression on an everyday basis as a family GP in her Maidenhead practice.

Affiliations and expertise

Rosemead Surgery, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK

Vinood B. Patel

Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King’s College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation.

Affiliations and expertise

Reader, University of Westminster, London, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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The Neuroscience of Depression

Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Colin R Martin

Lan-Anh Hunter

Vinood B. Patel

Victor R Preedy

Rajkumar Rajendram