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The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins
A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series
1st Edition - June 8, 2016
Editor: Dominique Dardevet
Paperback ISBN:9780128021675
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 1 6 7 - 5
eBook ISBN:9780128023754
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 3 7 5 - 4
The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins provides an in-depth look at the involvement and role of amino acids and proteins in molecular nutrition. Editor Dominique… Read more
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The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins
provides an in-depth look at the involvement and role of amino acids and proteins in molecular nutrition. Editor Dominique Dardevet has assembled a collection of chapters written by leading researchers and top professors that provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of amino acids and proteins.
The book provides an introduction to the fundamentals of amino acids and proteins as well as the composition of food. It then delves into the molecular biology of the cell and genetic machinery and its function. The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins also features reference guides for terms and bullet-point summaries, making it readily accessible to novices while still providing the most up-to-date and detailed information that experienced researchers need.
Provides a gentle introduction to the subject by first addressing nutritional information and then building in molecular aspects, clearly establishing fundamental information for the reader
Facilitates reader comprehension by including succinct summary points in each chapter
Contains a glossary of definitions that allows readers to easily reference terms
Provides both a deep and broad understanding of the subject by containing overviews as well as detail-focused chapters
PRIMARY AUDIENCE: Nutrition researchers, graduate students in molecular nutrition programs, molecular biologists and chemists studying proteins and amino acids. SECONDARY AUDIENCE: clinicians, health professionals, and dieticians working in cross-functional teams, epidemiologists and public health professionals.
List of Contributors
Preface
Section I: General and Introductory Aspects
Chapter 1. Bioactive Peptides Derived From Food Proteins
Abstract
1.1 Physiological Effects of Food-Derived Peptides
1.2 In Vivo Evidence of Food-Derived Peptide Effects
1.3 Bioactive Peptides Released During Digestion
1.4 Peptide Bioavailability
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. Protein Intake Throughout Life and Current Dietary Recommendations
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Current Estimates for Protein and Amino Acid Requirements Throughout Life
2.3 Theoretical and Practical Limitations and Uncertainties
2.4 Evidence for Defining Requirements Based on Meals Rather Than an Average Daily Intake in Older People
2.5 Toward Other Criteria to Define Requirements, Using Health-Related Parameters?
2.6 Current Dietary Intake of Protein and Amino Acids
2.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3. Cellular Mechanisms of Protein Degradation Among Tissues
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Proteolytic Systems
3.3 Skeletal Muscle Proteolysis
3.4 Proteolysis in Viscera
3.5 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis Among Tissues
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Hypertrophy
4.3 Myogenesis: The Development and Regeneration of Muscle
4.4 Applied Implications of Protein Synthesis In Vivo
4.5 Conclusions and Summary of Key Points
Disclosures
References
Chapter 5. Role of Amino Acid Transporters in Protein Metabolism
Abstract
5.1 Amino Acid Transporters: Structure and Molecular Function
5.2 AA Transporters and Cellular Function
5.3 AA Transporters in Whole-Body Nutrition
5.4 AA Transporters in Mammalian Embryonic Development and Growth
5.5 AA Transporters and the Immune Response
5.6 AA and Peptide Transporters as Therapeutic Targets
Acknowledgment
References
Section II: Cellular Aspects of Protein and Amino Acids Metabolism in Anabolic and Catabolic Situations
Chapter 6. Amino Acids and Exercise: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Regulation of the Size of Human Muscle Mass
6.3 Exercise Mode
6.4 Protein Type
6.5 Dose Response of MPS to Protein Ingestion Following Resistance Exercise
6.6 Timing and Distribution
6.7 The Influence of the Aging Process
6.8 The Role of the Essential and Branched-Chain Amino Acids
6.9 The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1)
6.10 Resistance Exercise, Amino Acids, and mTORC1
6.11 Future Directions
6.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Protein Metabolism in the Elderly: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Abstract
7.1 Aging and Sarcopenia
7.2 Protein Metabolism in the Aging Body
7.3 Age-Related Changes in Nutrient Sensitivity
7.4 Regulation of mTOR Signaling in Aging
7.5 The Role of Physical Activity During Aging
7.6 Aging and Changes in Endocrine Function
7.7 Molecular Dysregulation of Protein Metabolism During Aging
References
Chapter 8. Specificity of Amino Acids and Protein Metabolism in Obesity
Abstract
8.1 Introduction: Fat-Free Mass in Obesity
8.2 Insulin Resistance and Protein Metabolism
8.3 Lipotoxicity and Muscle Protein Metabolism
8.4 Role of Adipose and Muscular Cytokines in the Cross-Talk Between Muscle and Adipose Tissue
8.5 Sarcopenic Obesity and Metabolic Impairments
8.6 BCAA Levels and Metabolism in Obesity
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Feeding Modulation of Amino Acid Utilization: Role of Insulin and Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle
Abstract
9.1 Overview of the Metabolic Role of Skeletal Muscle and as an Amino Acid Repository
9.2 Impact of Splanchnic Extraction and Source of Dietary Amino Acid on Bioavailability and Muscle Protein Synthesis
9.3 Influence of Amino Acid, Macronutrient Composition, and Caloric Load on Muscle Protein Synthesis
9.4 Effects of Dose and Delivery Profile of Amino Acid on the Feeding-Induced Stimulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis
9.5 Influence of Microvascular Responses to Feeding in Relation to Muscle Protein Synthesis
9.6 The Role of Insulin in Regulating Muscle Protein Turnover
9.7 The Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Muscle Protein Breakdown by Amino Acid and Insulin
9.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Protein Metabolism and Requirement in Intensive Care Units and Septic Patients
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Protein Metabolism in the Critically Ill Patient
10.3 Protein Requirement of Critically Ill Patients: Mechanistic Studies
10.4 Protein Requirements of Critically Ill Patients: Outcome-Based Studies
10.5 Application in Clinical Practice
10.6 Protein–Energy Ratio
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. Muscle Protein Kinetics in Cancer Cachexia
Abstract
11.1 Introduction: Muscle Wasting as the Main Feature of Cancer Cachexia
11.2 Control of Skeletal Mass in Healthy Conditions
11.3 Anabolic Signals
11.4 Inflammation and Muscle Protein Degradation
11.5 Cross-Talk Between Anabolic and Catabolic Mediators
11.6 Therapeutic Approaches to Influence Protein Kinetics
11.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 12. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Pulmonary Diseases and Nutritional Abnormalities: A Special Focus on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Epidemiology and Definition of Nutritional Abnormalities in Chronic Respiratory Patients
12.3 Diagnosis of Nutritional Abnormalities in Patients
12.4 Etiologic Factors and Biological Mechanisms Involved in the Nutritional Abnormalities of Patients With Chronic Respiratory Conditions: COPD as the Paradigm
12.5 Protein Metabolism, Muscles, and Exercise in Humans
12.6 Potential Therapeutic Targets of Nutritional Abnormalities in Chronic Respiratory Patients
12.7 Other Chronic Respiratory Conditions
12.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 13. Amino Acids, Protein, and the Gastrointestinal Tract
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Gastrointestinal Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Health
13.3 The First-Pass Effect of a Bolus Meal
13.4 Gastrointestinal Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Stress Conditions
13.5 The Production of a Substrate Mix to Support Host Response in Stress
13.6 Protein Metabolism in Stress Starvation
13.7 Substrate Metabolism in Stress Starvation to Spare Protein
13.8 The Role of Individual Amino Acids in the Gastrointestinal Tract
13.9 The Role of the Intestine in Bile Salt and Amino Acid Metabolism
13.10 Role of the Intestine in Amino Acid Metabolism in Liver Failure
References
Chapter 14. Regulation of Macroautophagy by Nutrients and Metabolites
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overview of the Autophagic Pathway
14.3 The Nutrient Code of Autophagy
14.4 Metabolites and Autophagy
14.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section III: Cellular and Molecular Actions of Amino Acids in non Protein Metabolism
Chapter 15. Dietary Protein and Colonic Microbiota: Molecular Aspects
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Control of Food Intake by Dietary Amino Acids and Proteins: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Effect of Protein Intake and Overall Energy Intake on Body Weight and Body Composition
16.3 Detection of Protein and Amino Acids During Digestion and Control of Food Intake by Feedback Signaling
16.4 Protein-Induced Reduction in Eating and Central Neuronal Pathways
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17. Dietary Protein and Hepatic Glucose Production
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Amino Acids as Glucose Precursors and Effect of Protein Intake
17.3 Insulin and Glucagon Mediated Effects of Amino Acids and Proteins on Glucose Production
17.4 Protein Meal and Hepatic Glucose Production
17.5 High Protein Diet and Hepatic Glucose Production
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Impact of Dietary Proteins on Energy Balance, Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis: From Proteins to Peptides to Amino Acids
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Sulfur Amino Acids Metabolism From Protein Synthesis to Glutathione
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Functions of the SAAs
19.3 Physiological Aspects of SAA Metabolism
19.4 Nutritional Aspects of SAA Metabolism
19.5 SAA Requirement
19.6 Glutathione
19.7 Conclusions
References
Section IV: Dietary Amino Acid and Protein on Gene Expression
Chapter 20. Adaptation to Amino Acid Availability: Role of GCN2 in the Regulation of Physiological Functions and in Pathological Disorders
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The GCN2-EIF2α Pathway
20.3 Control of Physiological Functions by GCN2
20.4 Involvement of GCN2 in Pathology
20.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Amino Acid-Related Diseases
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Disorder of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism (Phenylketonuria, Hyperphenylalaninemia, Tyrosinemia Type 1)
Chapter 22. Genes in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling and Impact of Feeding: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Abstract
22.1 Cellular Events Involved in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling
22.2 Molecular Pathways Involved in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling
22.3 Effects of Feeding on Skeletal Muscle Remodeling
References
Chapter 23. Brain Amino Acid Sensing: The Use of a Rodent Model of Protein-Malnutrition, Lysine Deficiency
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Brain Essential AA Sensing: The Case of the Rodent Model of Lysine Deficiency
23.3 Brain Functional Changes Elicited by Intragastric Stimulation by Nutrients, Glucose, Glutamate, and Sodium Chloride
23.4 Glutamate Signaling in the Gut Triggers Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Aids in the Prevention of Obesity
23.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
No. of pages: 368
Language: English
Published: June 8, 2016
Imprint: Academic Press
Paperback ISBN: 9780128021675
eBook ISBN: 9780128023754
DD
Dominique Dardevet
Dr. Dominique Dardevet is a senior member of the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in France. He is attached to the Human Nutrition department in the Nutrition, Metabolism and Muscle Mass team (NuTriM). Dr. Dardavet has managed a number of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the effect of the quality of dietary proteins and amino acids on postprandial skeletal muscle anabolism. He collaborated with research groups in USA, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, Brazil and published about 80 peer-reviewed manuscripts on protein and amino acid metabolism. Dr. Dardavet obtained his PhD degree in Physiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition in 1993 at the Blaise Pascal University (France).
Affiliations and expertise
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), France