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The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
Implications for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Dysbiosis
1st Edition - November 16, 2016
Editors: Martin H. Floch, Yehuda Ringel, W. Allen Walker
Hardback ISBN:9780128040249
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 4 0 2 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:9780128040621
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 4 0 6 2 - 1
The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Implications for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics and Dysbiosis is a one-stop reference on the state-of-the-art research on… Read more
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The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Implications for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics and Dysbiosis is a one-stop reference on the state-of-the-art research on gut microbial ecology in relation to human disease. This important resource starts with an overview of the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach, Ileum, and colon.
The book then identifies what a healthy vs. unhealthy microbial community looks like, including methods of identification. Also included is insight into which features and contributions the microbiota make that are essential and useful to host physiology, as is information on how to promote appropriate mutualisms and prevent undesirable dysbioses. Through the power of synthesizing what is known by experienced researchers in the field, current gaps are closed, raising understanding of the role of the microbiome and allowing for further research.
Explains how to modify the gut microbiota and how the current strategies used to do this produce their effects
Explores the gut microbiota as a therapeutic target
Provides the synthesis of existing data from both mainstream and non-mainstream sources through experienced researchers in the field
Serves as a ‘one-stop’ shop for a topic that’s currently spread across a number of various journals
Gastroenterology researchers, gastroenterologists, scientists and industry related to gastroenterology
Dedication
Contributors
About the Editors
Introduction
Part A: The Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 1: The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract—Esophagus and Stomach
Abstract
Introduction
The human microbiome projects
Methods for microbial analysis and advances in sequencing technology
Advances in microbiome research in the proximal versus distal gut
The esophageal microbiome
The microbiome in esophageal diseases
Helicobacter pylori infection and its effect on the esophagus
The gastric microbiome
Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on the composition of gastric microbiota
Cofactors in the development of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric adenocarcinoma
Therapeutic interventions and their effect on the gastric physiology and microbiome
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
Chapter 2: Characterizing and Functionally Defining the Gut Microbiota: Methodology and Implications
Abstract
Introduction
Microbial niches of the intestines
The 16S rRNA gene
The human microbiota in health and disease
Metagenomics of the human microbiome
Transcriptomics and proteomics of the human microbiome
16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis
Defining microbiota function through gnotobiotics
Integrating metaomic approaches to assess the efficacy of prebiotic and probiotic interventions
Conclusions
Chapter 3: Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Infancy
Abstract
Human microbiota
Conclusions
COI statement
Acknowledgments
Chapter 4: Identification of the Microbiota in the Aging Process
Abstract
Introduction
Gut microbiota, the hidden and forgotten organ
Age-related gastroenterological changes
Gut microbiota in the elderly
Discrepancies in elderly microbiota
Inflamm-aging
Factors influencing changes in GM in the elderly
Special problems of the older adult probably related to GM
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cancers
Alzheimer’s disease
Autoimmune diseases
IBS and gut microbiota
Drug metabolism
Probiotics and prebiotics
Summary, conclusions, projections for the future
Part B: Common Organisms and Probiotics
Chapter 5: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
Abstract
Introduction—history
Fitness factors and probiotic mechanisms
Clinical indications and applications (Table 5.2)
Conclusions
Chapter 6: Probiotics of the Acidophilus Group: Lactobacillus acidophilus, delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and johnsonii
Abstract
Introduction
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Clinical trials of immunomodulation
Clinical trials in digestive diseases
Control of infectious disease
Use in necrotizing enterocolitis
Use in gynecological disorders
Use in hepatic and metabolic disorders
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactobacillus johnsonii
Summary
Chapter 7: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Abstract
History
Bacteriology
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Molecular basis of LGG–host interactions
Gene expression pattern in small bowel
Potential safety concerns
Clinical uses of LGG
Summary
Chapter 8: Lactobacillus reuteri
Abstract
History
Lactobacillus reuteri strains used in human trials, animal models, and in vitro studies
Phylogeny and ecology of Lactobacillus reuteri
Probiotic properties and mechanisms of action
Use of Lactobacillus reuteri as a probiotic for the prevention and treatment of human disease
Future directions and applications for Lactobacillus reuteri
Acknowledgments
Chapter 9: The Use of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei in Clinical Trials for the Improvement of Human Health
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical trials employing L. casei and L. paracasei to treat digestives diseases
Control of bacterial infections
The effects of probiotics on immunity
Probiotics in the enhancement of lipid metabolism
Probiotics and cancer prevention
Interventions for depressive disorders
Conclusions
Chapter 10: Beneficial Influences of Lactobacillus plantarum on Human Health and Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Trials that report the safety of Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic
Lactobacillus plantarum–related trials for irritable bowel syndrome
Metaanalysis of clinical trials
Cardiovascular diseases, pancreatic diseases, and respiratory tract infections
Gynecological and iron absorption influences
Lactobacillus plantarum–induced influences on inflammation
Lactobacillus plantarum–induced influences on metabolism
Lactobacillus plantarum–induced influences on dermatological health
Conclusions
Chapter 11: Use of Bacillus in Human Intestinal Probiotic Applications
Abstract
Introduction
Use of Bacillus in food
Advantages of forming endospores
The rise in respectability of Bacillus probiotics
Transient or inhabitant?
Can an endospore former be metabolically active and be an effective probiotic?
Therapeutic outcomes associated with Bacillus probiotics
Future intestinal uses
Chapter 12: Bifidobacteria as Probiotic Organisms: An Introduction
Abstract
Chapter 13: Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis
Abstract
Human studies
Chapter 14: Bifidobacterium bifidum
Abstract
Characterization and laboratory studies
Clinical studies
Safety
Chapter 15: Bifidobacterium breve
Abstract
Characterization and laboratory studies
Clinical studies
Safety
Chapter 16: Bifidobacterium longum
Abstract
Characterization and laboratory studies
Clinical studies
Safety
Chapter 17: Bifidobacterium longum spp. infantis
Abstract
Immunological and physiological effects
Human studies
Conclusions
Chapter 18: Common Organisms and Probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii
Abstract
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Mechanisms of action
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii
Treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Helicobacter pylori infections
Other diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Acute adult diarrheas
Traveler’s diarrhea
Enteral nutrition-related diarrhea
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Clostridium difficile infections
Giardiasis
Human immunodeficiency virus diarrhea
Sepsis
Acne
Hepatic function
Safety of Saccharomyces boulardii
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 19: Common Organisms and Probiotics: Streptococcus thermophilus (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)
Abstract
Introduction
Taxonomy
The shaping of a species by life in milk
The ancestors of Streptococcus thermophilus
Probiotic benefits
The promise of in vitro and animal studies
Chapter 20: Complexities and Pitfalls in the Production of Multispecies Probiotics: The Paradigmatic Case of VSL#3 Formulation and Visbiome
Abstract
Claims for probiotics are product specific
Composition of probiotic products and characterization of their beneficial effects are crucial
Biosimilars—how similar is similar?
Manufacturing changes can alter product characteristics
The lately marketed product versus the original DS formulation of VSL#3—a comparison of selected parameters
Conclusions
Chapter 21: The Viruses of the Gut Microbiota
Abstract
The eukaryotic virome, a component of the gut microbiome
Interplay between gut virome and immune system
Pathogenic viruses of the gut virome: enteropathogenic viruses associated with systemic infections
Gut as a major source of neurotropic viruses, when pathogenesis and shedding is favored by humoral immune deficiency
An uncertain status for diet-derived animal viruses
Part C: Food Substrates Important to the Microbiota
Chapter 22: Dietary Fiber, Soluble and Insoluble, Carbohydrates, Fructose, and Lipids
Abstract
Introduction
High fiber plant-based diets and chronic disease risk
Dietary fiber and undigested carbohydrates
Dietary fiber and carbohydrate fermentation
Gut microbiota and diet link
Plant-based diets and gut microbiota
Gut microbiota and diet-related chronic diseases
Antibiotics, blood lipids, and gut microbiota
Fructose and the gut
Hyposucrasia
Conclusions
Funding statement
Competing interests
Chapter 23: Prebiotics: Inulin and Other Oligosaccharides
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Measurements
Types
Candidate Prebiotics
Conclusions
Chapter 24: The Benefits of Yogurt, Cultures, and Fermentation
Abstract
General considerations about yogurt, fermented dairy products, and probiotics
Benefits of yogurt and fermented dairy products
Yogurt and nutrient density
Yogurt and a balanced diet
Yogurt and lactose intolerance
Yogurt and weight management
Yogurt, diabetes, and metabolic health
Yogurt, heart health, blood pressure, and hypertension
Yogurt and immune function
Yogurt and digestive function
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Part D: Basic Physiologic Effects of Microbiota
Chapter 25: Dysbiosis
Abstract
Introduction
Dysbiosis
Causes of dysbiosis (Table 25.2)
Perinatal causes of dysbiosis
How do we approach dysbiosis in the context of disease?
Summary and conclusions
Chapter 26: Immunologic Response in the Host
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells
Toll-like receptors and intestinal epithelial cells
NOD receptors and intestinal epithelial cells
Immunoregulatory role of intestinal epithelial cells
Transcytosis of immunoglobulin A by intestinal epithelial cells
Antigen presentation in the gut
Role of dendritic cells
Innate lymphoid cells
T cells
Microbial modulation of immune function
Conclusions
Chapter 27: Gastrointestinal Microbiota and the Neural System
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota
Microbiota and the brain
Enteric nervous system
Microbiota and the ENS
Chapter 28: Effect on the Host Metabolism
Abstract
Introduction
Gut microbiota functions in host integrity
Gut microbiota dysbiosis impact on host metabolism
Conclusions
Chapter 29: Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Energy Metabolism, and Obesity
Abstract
Introduction
The gut microbiota extracts energy from the diet
Regulation of fat storage through production of short-chain fatty acids
Bacterial translocation contributes to obesity and associated disorders through low-grade inflammation
The ANGPTL4 and AMPK pathways are involved in fat storage in germ-free mice
The gut microbiota presents an important hope for future treatment options in obesity
Chapter 30: Taxonomic and Metagenomic Alterations of Microbiota in Bariatric Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Technology
Obesity and microbiota
Studies on bariatric surgery and the microbiome
Chapter 31: The Influence of Microbiota on Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery
Abstract
The anatomic and physiologic changes that occur after bariatric surgery and how they alter the gut microbiome
Energy harvest and FXR signaling hypotheses
Lessons learned from bariatric surgery to create nonsurgical weight loss and metabolic treatments
Part E: Management of Disease and Disorders by Prebiotics and Probiotic Therapy
Chapter 32: Allergic and Immunologic Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Gut microbiota
Microbiota modulation strategies
Clinical efficacy of probiotics/prebiotics
Prevention of allergic diseases
Treatment of allergic diseases
Synbiotics
Type 1 diabetes
Celiac disease
Conclusions
Chapter 33: Probiotics Use in Infectious Disease (Respiratory, Diarrhea, and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea)
Abstract
Introduction
Acute respiratory infections
Mechanisms of action
Clinical impact
Acute infectious diarrhea
Antibiotic-associated and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Conclusions
Abbreviations
Chapter 34: FMT in Clostridium difficile and Other Potential Uses
Abstract
Introduction
Fecal microbiota transplantation
Donor selection and testing
Preparation of fecal material and delivery
Efficacy of FMT
Mechanism of FMT
Safety of FMT
FMT for other conditions
Conclusions
Chapter 35: Probiotics in the Treatment of Pouchitis
Abstract
Introduction
Probiotics in pouchitis
Conclusions
Chapter 36: Probiotic Treatment in Crohn’s Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Rationale for using probiotics in Crohn’s disease
Probiotic agents in the treatment of Crohn’s disease
Conclusions
Chapter 37: Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Ulcerative Colitis
Abstract
Introduction
Probiotics
Active ulcerative colitis
Maintenance of ulcerative colitis
Conclusions
Chapter 38: Treatment of Functional Bowel Disorders With Prebiotics and Probiotics
Abstract
Functional bowel disorders—definitions, epidemiology, and clinical conditions
Conclusions and clinical implications of current data
Abbreviations
Chapter 39: Celiac Disease, the Microbiome, and Probiotics
Abstract
Introduction
Microbiota and celiac disease
Gluten-free diet and microbiome
CD genetics and microbiome
Prebiotics and CD
Probiotics and CD
Conclusions
Chapter 40: Probiotics for the Treatment of Liver Disease
Abstract
Dysbiosis and liver disease
Probiotics and liver disease
Cirrhosis
Conclusion and probiotics in clinical practice
Chapter 41: The Prevention and Treatment of Radiation and Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis
Abstract
Mucositis pathophysiology and the clinical problem
Rationale for using probiotics
Probiotics and intestinal cytoprotection in humans
Limitations of available clinical data and proposals for future studies
Prebiotics and the prevention of GI toxicity in radiotherapy
Chemotherapy and gut microbiota
Influence on probiotics on cancer therapeutics
Summary
Chapter 42: The Role of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome in Mental Health and Mental Disorders
Abstract
Components of the brain–gut axis
Examples of microbiome actions on the superorganism
Examples of human brain effects on the microbiome
Role of the gut–brain axis in specific disease states
Mood disorders
Autism
Schizophrenia
The behavioral effects of toxoplasmosis
Chapter 43: Management of Disease and Disorders by Prebiotics and Probiotic Therapy: Probiotics in Bacterial Vaginosis
Abstract
Introduction
Bacterial vaginosis
Rationale for using probiotics in bacterial vaginosis
Clinical trials on probiotics use in bacterial vaginosis
Formulations of probiotic bacteria for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
Conclusions
Index
No. of pages: 442
Language: English
Published: November 16, 2016
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128040249
eBook ISBN: 9780128040621
MF
Martin H. Floch
Dr. Floch is a Clinical Professor of Medicine at Yale University where he recently formed the Fellow’s Clinic in the Digestive Disease Section supervising all gastrointestinal trainees in consultation on problem cases. He is a Master of the American College of Gastroenterology (MACG) and an American Gastroenterology Association Fellow (AGAF) as well as a Fellow of the American College of Physicians (FACP). He formerly was Chairman of Medicine at Norwalk Hospital and the Founding Chief of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Norwalk. He is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology and has written five books including the 2nd edition of the textbook “Netter’s Gastroenterology”.
Dr. Floch is renowned for his work in gastric and intestinal diseases and probiotics. He lectures nationally and internationally, haven given Grand Rounds at Harvard, Brown, UMass, and UConn among others. He is a consultant to Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble, Dannon, Shire and Biocodex.
His research has been extensive in gastroenterology having had grants from the Armed Forces and National Institute of Health.
Dr. Floch has a FWCI of 1.18 and has the majority (76%) of his content published in gastroenterology journals. 8.7% of his work appears in the top 10% most cited journals worldwide.
Dr. Floch has experience with national, international, institutional and single authorship.
Affiliations and expertise
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Yale University School of Medicine, Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT, USA
YR
Yehuda Ringel
Dr. Ringel has been involved in clinical and translational research related to functional gastrointestinal disorders for over 15 years. His research relates to the effect of clinical, physiological and psychosocial factors on the intestinal physiology and functional gastrointestinal symptoms. He is an expert in clinical research and has been involved in the design, evaluation and conduct of clinical trials evaluating new drugs, dietary and food supplements, and new approaches for diagnosis and treatment of patients with GI disorders. He was awarded two grants from the National Institute of Health (NIDDK) to examine the role of intestinal microbiome and intestinal inflammation and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome.
Dr. Ringel is a recipient of several prestigious awards including from the American Gastroenterology Association (AGA), the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and the Functional Brain-Gut Research Group (FBG). He is a member of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society (ANMS) Education Committee and an associate editor for the Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, and the World Journal of Gastroenterology.
Dr. Ringel has published multiple original articles, reviews, editorials and book chapters and he is frequently invited to share his experience and present his work at national and international professional and scientific meetings.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
WW
W. Allen Walker
Dr. Walker is a professor in the Harvard School of Public Health. His research is focused within the Developmental Gastroenterology Laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital-East and has been in the development of gastrointestinal host defenses, particularly as they pertain to the role of enteric nutrients.
He has studied the passive and active properties of human breast milk, specifically in the pre-term infant as it relates to necrotizing enterocolitis, a devastating gastrointestinal infection in the neonatal period. He has also developed human models of intestinal development (cell lines, organ cultures, microUssing chambers and fetal intestinal xenografts) to determine the effect of protective nutrients (pre- and probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, nucleotides, etc.) on stimulating mucosal defenses in the immature intestine and in preventing neonatal diseases.
A major commitment of his lab is to train clinical/postdoctoral fellows in clinical translational research. They collaborative with clinical investigators to translate observations made in human models of intestinal development at the laboratory level, into clinical trials and ultimately to multicenter studies.
Dr. Walker has a FWCI of 2.83 and has 36.2% of his content published in gastroenterology journals. 34.1% of his work appears in the top 10% most cited journals worldwide.
Dr. Walker has experience with national, international, institutional and single authorship.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA