The Immune System

Mental Health and Neurological Conditions

2nd Edition - October 22, 2024
Authors: Hymie Anisman, Shawn Hayley, Alexander W. Kusnecov
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 5 6 5 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 5 6 6 - 5

The Immune System: Mental Health and Neurological Conditions fully investigates how immune-related cellular, molecular and anatomical changes impact mental functioning. This book… Read more

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The Immune System: Mental Health and Neurological Conditions fully investigates how immune-related cellular, molecular and anatomical changes impact mental functioning. This book combines human and animal studies to reveal immunological changes related to mental-health problems. In addition, users will find comprehensive information on new research related to the microbial composition of the gut, aka, the microbiome, and how it influences brain function and mental health. Common comorbidities with mental illness and their inherent immunological or inflammatory components are also covered. New chapters and sections on peripheral and central mechanisms in relation to viral pathogens, RNA editing to treat diseases, and COVID-19 will be included. Written by leaders in the field, the book synthesizes basic and clinical research to provide a thorough understanding on the role of immunity in neuropsychiatry. This book covers both mental-health conditions and degenerative disorders of the brain, including depression, schizophrenia, autism-like spectrum disorders, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s-like dementia.

The Immune System
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Multiple Pathways Linked to Mental Health and Illness
Abstract
Keywords
A General Perspective of Mental Illness
Multisystem Coordination
Sequential or Concurrent Influences on Mental Illnesses
Methods of Evaluating Biological Substrates of Mental and Neurological Illnesses
Genetic Contributions to Illness
Twin Research
Molecular Genetic Approaches
Social and Environmental Moderation of Gene Actions
Gene Polymorphisms
Epigenetics
Genetic Links to Mental Illness
Biological Processes
Autonomic Nervous System
The Central Nervous System and Neurotransmission
Glial Cells
Protecting the Brain (Sometimes)
Neurotrophins
Hormones
Neuroimmune Links
Immune Processes
Microbiota and the Enteric Nervous System
Gut Microbiota and Health
Personalized Treatment Strategies (Precision Medicine)
Treatments Based on Endophenotypic Analyses
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 2 The Immune System: An Overview
Abstract
Keywords
Introducing Immunity
The Immune System Consists of White Blood Cells: Leukocytes
Types of Immunity
What Actually Induces Immunity?
The Cells and Organs of the Immune System
The Innate Immune System
Specificity and Memory in the Innate Immune System
Sterile Inflammation
The Lymphoid System
The Acquired Immune Response
There Are Two Major Classes of Acquired Immune Responses
Hallmark Features of the Adaptive Immune Response
The Immune Response to Antigen Progresses Through a Distinct Set of Phases
B Lymphocytes and Antibody
The Antibody Molecule: An Immunoglobulin
Structure of Immunoglobulin
Why Do Antibodies Possess Specificity?
The Function of Antibody Is to Neutralize Antigen
Immunoglobulin Class Switching
T Lymphocytes
Development of T Cells
Induction of a T-Cell Response
The Major Histocompatibility Complex
The T Cell Receptor
Antigen Presentation to T Cells
T-Cell Activation and Effector Function
Cytokines
Chemokines
Tolerance and Autoimmune Disease
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 3 Bacteria, Viruses, and the Microbiome
Abstract
Keywords
Bacterial Challenges
Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance
Dealing With Antibiotic Resistance
Viral Illnesses
Vaccines
Bacterial and Viral Challenges Affect Hormonal and CNS Processes
Microbiota
Gut Bacteria and Obesity
Factors That Affect Microbiota and Their Implications for Well-Being
Psychological Functioning Associated With Microbial Changes
Microbiota and Immunity
Physical Illness, Immunity, and Gut Bacteria
Caveats Concerning the Potential for Using Microbiota for Health Benefits
Moderating Variables Concerning Gut Bacteria and Health Outcomes
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 4 Pathogenic Factors Related to Mental and Neurological Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Pathogens and CNS Functioning
Influence of Viral Infections
Bacterial Infections
Parasitic Infection
Viral Invasion of the CNS
Viral-Induced Cell Fusion
Glial Cells and Infection
Direct CNS Infection
Lessons From COVID-19
ACE2 and CD209 in Neuroimmunity
Brain Viral Infection
Olfactory and Vascular/Lymphatic Crossroads of Neuroimmunity
Long COVID
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 5 Lifestyle Factors Affecting Biological Processes and Health
Abstract
Keywords
Risky Behaviors and Illness
Dietary Factors as Determinants of Health
Diet Adaptations
Dietary Fructose
White Fat and Brown Fat in Obesity
Hormonal Regulation of Eating Processes
Stress and Eating
Early-Life Experiences
Obesity and Illness
Diet and Immunity
Meds to Curb Eating
Natures Little Miracles
Exercise
Exercise and Immunity
Cognitive and Affective Benefits
Is It the Case of the More, the Better?
Exercise and Microbiota
Sleep
Neurobiological Factors Associated With Sleep
Sleep, Emotional Regulation, and Mental Health
Impact of Sleep and Sleep Loss on Immune Processes
Sleep, Diurnal Variations in Relation to Microbiota and Immunity
Climate Change Affects Physical and Mental Health
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 6 Stressor Processes and Effects on Neurobiological Functioning
Abstract
Keywords
Vulnerability Versus Resilience
Attributes of the Stressor
Stressor Appraisals and Reappraisals
Appraisals and Misappraisals: Role of Heuristics
Impact of Stressor Characteristics
Coping With Stressors
Personality and Sex as Moderators of the Stress Response
Social Support
Turning Support on Its Head: The Case of Unsupportive Relations
Social Rejection and Ostracism
Neurobiological Changes as an Adaptive Response to Stressors
Chronic Stressors and Allostatic Overload
Neurotransmitter Alterations Provoked by Stressors
Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin
Chronic Stressor Challenges
Previous Stressor Experiences: Stress Sensitization
γ-Aminobutyric Acid
Glutamate
Neurotrophins
Hormonal Changes Stemming From Stressor Experiences
Corticoid Responses
Impact of Chronic Stressors
Stressor-Provoked Cortisol Changes in Humans
The Morning Cortisol Response
Cortisol in Relation to Traumatic Experiences
Impact of Prenatal and Early Postnatal Events
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Cannabinoids
Estrogen
Testosterone
Stress and Reproduction
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Stress and Energy Balances
Leptin and Ghrelin
CRH and Cortisol
Stress and Immune Alterations
Microbiota, Inflammatory Responses, and Stressors
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 7 Stress and Immunity
Abstract
Keywords
Implications of Stressors for Immune-Related Diseases
Dynamic Interplay Between the CNS and Immune System
Stressor Influences on Immunity: Animal Studies
Immune Assessment and Stress
Stressor Characteristics
Assessing Stressor Effects on Immune Function
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
Humoral Immune Responses: B Cell Function and Antibody Production
Stressor Effects on Macrophage Function
Stressor Effects on Dendritic Cells
Stress and Infection
Immunological Consequences of Stressor Exposure in Humans
Stress and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Stress and Cytokine Production
Stress Effects on Th1 and Th2 Cytokine Responses
Autoimmune Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 8 Prenatal and Early Postnatal Influences on Health
Abstract
Keywords
Early Development
Prenatal Challenges
The Need for Prenatal Resources
Studies of Prenatal Stress
Timing of Prenatal Stressors
Biological Correlates of Prenatal Stress in Humans
Sex-Dependent Effects of Prenatal Stressors
Impact of Prenatal Infection
Schizophrenia Stemming From Prenatal Viral Infection
Impact of Adverse Early Life Events
Passage of Poor Appraisal and Coping Methods
Impact of Parenting
Early Life Stressors and Hormonal Changes
Growth Factors and Early-Life Experiences
Early Life Stressor and Brain Neurochemical Variations
Immunity and Microbial Factors
Early Life Stress and Immune Functioning
Gut and Immunity
Vulnerability to Asthma, Allergies, and Other Developmental Conditions
Epigenetics and Intergenerational Actions
Stressor-Related Epigenetic Effects
Epigenetics in Relation to Environmental Toxicants
Intergenerational and Transgenerational Effects of Early Life Stressors
Transmission of Psychological and Physical Sequelae of Trauma in Humans
Collective, Historical Trauma
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 9 Depressive Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Defining Depression
Typical Versus Atypical Depression
Theoretical Perspectives Concerning Depressive Illnesses
Cognitive Models
Helplessness
Neurochemical Perspectives of Depressive Disorders
Monoamine Processes Associated With Depressive Disorders
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Genetic Links to Depression
Effectiveness of Antidepressant Medications
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Processes in Depressive Disorders
Glutamate
Ketamine and Related Fast Acting Antidepressant Compounds
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
Oxytocin
Neuropeptide Y
Neurotrophins
Epigenetic Processes and Depression
Inflammatory Processes and Depressive Disorders
Impact of Inflammatory Acting Agents on Rodents
Inflammatory Markers Associated With Depression
Predicting Recurrence of Depression
Neurochemical Effects of Immune Activation in Depressive Illnesses
Stress, Inflammation, and Depression
Infection and Depression
Imaging and Postmortem Analyses
Do Treatments That Affect Depression Involve Antiinflammatory Actions?
Modifying Depression Through Antiinflammatory Treatments
Exercise as an Antidepressant: Effects Through Inflammatory Processes
Depression Associated With Immunotherapy: The Case of IFN-α
IFN-α Linkages to Neurodestructive Outcomes
Microbiome-Immune Interactions
Gut Bacteria and Immune Variations
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 10 Anxiety Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Neurobiological Factors and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Neurobiology of Anxiety
Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
GABA and Glutamate
Cannabinoids
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Phobias
Social Anxiety
Inflammatory Factors in Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
Inflammation and Anxiety Responses in Animals
Inflammation and Anxiety in Humans
Genetic Correlates of Inflammation Related to Anxiety
Immune and Inflammatory Processes in Specific Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
Linking Microbiota to the Promotion of Anxiety
Modifying Anxiety Through Microbial Processes
Conclusion
References☆
Chapter 11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Abstract
Keywords
A Perspective on Trauma-Related Disorders
Acute Stress Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD Vulnerability and Resilience
Pretrauma Experiences
PTSD and Structural Brain Alteration
Theoretical Perspectives on PTSD
PTSD as a Failure of Recovery Systems
PTSD as the Failure to Distinguish Danger (Threat Detection) From Safety
PTSD as a Disturbance of Memory Processes
Memory Reconsolidation
Attention and Salience
Sensitized Responses
Biochemical Correlates of PTSD
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Glucocorticoids
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors (BDNF)
Inflammatory Processes Associated With PTSD
Anxiety and PTSD Related to Head Injury
Genetic Influences
Epigenetic Contributions
Epigenetic Changes Related to Glucocorticoid Functioning
Epigenetic Changes Related to Inflammation
Are Microbiota Related to PTSD?
Treating PTSD
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies
Pharmacological Therapies
Norepinephrine Receptor Antagonists
Glutamate Manipulations
Cannabinoids
Antiinflammatory Agents
Glucocorticoid Manipulations
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Comorbid Illnesses Linked to PTSD
Conclusion
References☆
Chapter 12 Pain Processes
Abstract
Keywords
Pain as the Ubiquitous Malady
Psychological Impact of Chronic Pain
Chronic Pain Leading to Depression and PTSD
Psychological and Contextual Factors Influence Pain Perception
Neurophysiological and Psychological Processes That Accompany Pain Perception
Opioids and Opioid Receptors
Cannabinoids
Inflammatory Processes
Emotional Processing Affects Pain Perception
Placebo Responses
Neurobiological Correlates of Placebo Responses
Next Steps in Pain Management Methods: Advances and Caveats
Drug Treatments to Diminish Pain
Opioids
Dealing With Opioid-Based Treatments
Antidepressants for Pain Relief
Manipulating Inflammatory Process to Modify Pain
Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Reduction of Chronic Pain
Alternative, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 13 Autism
Abstract
Keywords
Features of Autism Spectrum Disorder
What is Autism: Today!
Brain Development and Autism: Behavioral Deficits Linked to Specific Circuits
Etiology of Autism: The Immune Hypothesis
Immunogenetics
Autoimmune Disease and Autism From a Broader Perspective
Registry Studies of Autoimmune Disease
Immune Dysregulation in ASD Individuals
Cytokines and Autism
Effector Immune Function and Autism
Gastrointestinal Immunity and Autism
Microbiota in Relation to ASD
Perinatal Immune Activation
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 14 Schizophrenia
Abstract
Keywords
Overview of Schizophrenia
Defining Schizophrenia
The Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia
Genetic Contributions
Biochemical Processes
The Dopamine Hypothesis
Enter Glutamate …
The Two-Hit Hypothesis
The Immune System and the Two-Hit Model of Schizophrenia
Cytokines, C-reactive Protein, and Schizophrenia
Immunologic Impact of Prenatal and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Preclinical Studies
Perinatal Infection and Schizophrenia
Prenatal Infections
Postnatal Infections
Endogenous Retroviruses
Autoimmune Disease and Schizophrenia
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Schizophrenia
Autoimmunity, Inflammation, and the Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibodies and Schizophrenia
Microglial Activity and Schizophrenia
Microbiota and Schizophrenia
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 15 Inflammatory Roads to Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
Keywords
General Introduction to Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Comorbidity and Stress Connections
Depression in Relation to Parkinson’s Disease
Stress in Relation to Parkinson’s Disease
Lifestyle and Aging
Experimental Animal Models of Parkinson’s
Classic Toxicant-Based Models: 6-OHDA and MPTP
Environmental Stresses and Parkinson’s Disease
Pesticides and Parkinson’s Disease
Infectious Diseases and PD
The Gut and PD
Inflammatory Mechanisms of Parkinson’s Disease
Adaptive Immune Processes in Parkinson’s Disease
Microglia and Parkinson’s Disease: The Master Innate Neuroinflammatory Orchestrator
Cytokines in Parkinson’s Disease
IFNγ and PD: A Specific Inflammatory Link
Genetic Vulnerability
LRRK2 in Relation to PD and Other Inflammatory Disorders
LRRK2: A Novel Regulator of CNS-Immune System Interactions
Future Immunomodulatory Treatments and Parkinson’s Disease
Antiinflammatory PD Treatments
LRRK2 Inhibition and Recovery
Trophic Cytokines
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 16 A Neuroinflammatory View of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
Keywords
Alzheimer’s Disease Background
Hippocampal Processes and AD
Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD
Lifestyle Factors and AD
Genetics of AD
Environmental Factors and Alzheimer’s Disease
Pathogens and AD
Inflammatory Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Role of Peripheral Inflammation
Role of Microglia
Immunomodulatory Treatments for AD
Antiinflammatory Treatments
Cytokines and Trophic Factors
Vaccine Therapy
Concluding Comments
References☆
Chapter 17 Illness Comorbidities in Relation to Inflammatory Processes
Abstract
Keywords
Something About Comorbidity
Inflammatory Factors in Comorbid Illnesses
The Case of Autoimmune Disorders
Drug Repurposing
Predicting and Increasing Longevity
Psychiatric Disorders and Cardiovascular Illnesses and Diabetes
Hypertension
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Factors That Promote Heart Disease
Microbiota and Heart Disease
Preventing and Treating Heart Disease
Stroke
Stroke and Depression
Diabetes
Diabetes and Its Comorbidities
Factors That Favor the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Gut Bacteria Influence the Emergence of Diabetes
Pharmacological Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes
Concluding Comments
References☆
References
Index

Hymie Anisman

Hymie Anisman received his PhD from the University of Waterloo, where he was also on faculty for two years, and has been a Professor at Carleton University, since 1994. He has also held an adjunct appointment with the Institute of Mental Health Research (Royal Ottawa Hospital) since 1993. Professor Anisman was a Senior Ontario Mental Health Research Fellow, is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and held a Canada Research Chair in Neuroscience from 2001-2015, and has since held the position of Canada Research Professor. The principle theme of his research has concerned the influence of stressors on neurochemical, neuroendocrine and immune systems, and how these influence psychological (anxiety, depression) and physical illnesses including neurodegenerative, heart disease, and cancer progression.

Affiliations and expertise

Canada Research Chair in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ONT, Canada

Shawn Hayley

Shawn Hayley is a Full Professor and previous Canada Research Chair in the Department of Neuroscience at Carleton University. Some of his research examines how the immune system influences neuroplasticity of the brain and consequently, how could be important for the development of new antidepressant drugs. As well, Dr. Hayley has been focused on how inflammation within the brain can cause neuronal degeneration and contribute to the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. The Hayley lab is involved in studies in assessing how chemical (e.g. pesticides) immunologic (e.g. viral, bacterial agents) and even psychological environmental stressors can contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease, as well as it comorbid states (e.g. depression, anxiety). Much of this research is focused on how the brain's specialized immune cells, the microglia, are involved in the generation of neuronal pathology, as well as possibly recovery from pathology.

Affiliations and expertise

Health Sciences Building,Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Alexander W. Kusnecov

Alex Kusnecov received his doctorate from the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, after which he conducted postdoctoral research in psychoneuroimmunology at the University of Rochester. Subsequently, he held a faculty appointment in the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA. He is currently a Professor within the Department of Psychology at Rutgers University, where his research involves the analyses of functional relationships between the brain and behavior, endocrine systems, and immune processes. His research on psychoneuroimmunology has appeared in prestigious journals, and together with Dr. Anisman, he has published two books (one an edited volume, and the other a text dealing with the involvement of the immune system in mental illnesses and neurodegenerative disorders). His research is funded by the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH). He serves on the editorial board of Brain, Behavior and Immunity, and has served on several National Institute for Health research grant panels, and has reviewed grants for Canadian and European grant agencies. He has acted as undergraduate director of the Department of Psychology, and currently co-chairs the Department of Psychology Diversity and Climate Committee.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

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The Immune System

Mental Health and Neurological Conditions

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Hymie Anisman

Shawn Hayley

Alexander W. Kusnecov