The Fungal Population

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents of Previous Volumes

Ecology: Saprobic Fungi and their Habitats

1. The Ecology of Terrestrial Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Important Concepts

III. Factors Influencing Fungal Ecology

IV. Distribution of Fungi

V. Special Habitats and Habitat Selection

VI. General Habitats and Seral Succession

References

2. Ecology of Freshwater Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Quantitative Studies

III. Occurrence

IV. Lotie Environment

V. Lentie Environment

VI. Special Environments

VII. Habitat Factors

VIII. Phenology (Seasonal Occurrence)

IX. Evidence for Succession

X. The Question of Communities

XI. Geographical Distribution

References

3. Saprobic Marine Fungi

I. Introduction

II. The Habitat

III. Distribution

IV. Evaluation and Summary

References

4. Thermophiles

I. Introduction

II. Physiology

III. Natural Occurrence

IV. Economic Importance

V. Notes on the Identification of Thermophilic Fungi

References

5. Psychrophiles

I. Introduction

II. Polar Fungi

III. Alpine Fungi

IV. Plant Pathogenic Fungi at Low Temperatures

V. Fungi on Refrigerated Foods

VI. Conclusions

References

Ecology: Symbiotic Fungi and their Associates

6. Mycorrhiza

I. Introduction

II. Types of Mycorrhiza and Their Fungi

III. The Physiology of Mycorrhizal Fungi

IV. Susceptibility and Resistance of Hosts to Mycorrhizal Fungi

V. Physiological Interaction of Host and Fungus

VI. Conclusions

References

Ecology: Parasitic Fungi and their Hosts

7. Fungal Parasites of Plants

I. Introduction

II. Entry into the Plant

III. Growth in the Plant

IV. Life Cycle in Relation to That of the Host

V. Host Ranges

VI. Discussion

References

8. Fungal Parasites of Vertebrates

I. Introduction

II. Taxonomic Distribution

III. Endogenous Mycoses

IV. Exogenous Mycoses

V. Host-Pathogen Interactions

References

9. Fungal Parasites of Invertebrates: 1. Entomogenous Fungi

I. Introduction

II. The Insect Host

III. Insect-Parasitism in the Fungi

IV. Modes of Parasitism

V. The Life Cycle of the Parasite

References

10. Fungal Parasites of Invertebrates: 2. Predacious Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Fungi Attacking Protozoans

III. Fungi Attacking Rotifers

IV. Fungi Attacking Nematodes

V. Fungi Attacking Other Invertebrates

References

11. Fungi Parasitic on Other Fungi and Lichens

I. Introduction

II. Mycoparasitic Fungi

III. The Host-Parasite Relationship

IV. Fungi Parasitic on Lichens

References

Ecology: Fungi under Domestication

12. Fungi under Domestication

I. Introduction

II. The Traditional Processes Using Fungi

III. Mushroom Growing

IV. Industrial Fermentations

References

Ecology: Methods of Adjustment to the Environment

13. Physiological and Biochemical Adjustment of Fungi to Their Environment

I. Introduction

II. Mechanisms of Physiological and Biochemical Adjustment

III. Conclusions

References

14. Survival of Fungi after Freezing and Desiccation

I. Introduction

II. Biophysical Aspects of Freezing and Dehydration

III. Causes of Freezing Injury in Fungi

IV. Dehydration and Freeze-Drying

V. Preservation of Fungi by Freezing and Dehydration

VI. Ecological Implications and Conclusions

References

15. Genetical Adjustment of Fungi to Their Environment

I. Introduction

II. Adaptation in Fungi

References

Ecology: Results of Adjustment in Nature

16. Effects of Adjustment to the Environment on Fungal Form

I. Introduction

II. Adjustment within the Substrate

III. Adjustment at the Substrate Surface

IV. Adjustment above the Substrate Surface

V. Conclusions

References

17. Longevity and Survivability of Fungi

I. Longevity

II. Survivability

III. Conclusion

References

18. Geographical Distribution of Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Distribution in Water

III. Distribution in Soil

IV. Distribution on Land

V. Distribution in the Atmosphere

VI. Endemism and Activity of Man

VII. Discussion

References

19. The Number of Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Individual Fungi

III. Kinds of Fungi

IV. Names of Fungi

V. Number of Species of Fungi

References

Taxonomy: Taxonomic Criteria

20. Morphology as a Taxonomic Criterion

I. Introduction

II. Criteria

III. Sources of Morphological Criteria

IV. Of Fungi Imperfecti

V. Of Pyrenomycetes

VI. Of Basidiomycetes

References

21. Host Specialization as a Taxonomic Criterion

I. Introduction

II. Plasticity of Physiological Characters

III. Implications of Genetical Research

IV. Specialized Forms as Taxa

V. Description and Publication in Relation to Taxa

VI. Conclusions

References

22. Biochemical Differentiation of Taxa with Special Reference to the Yeasts: A Discussion of the Biochemical Basis of the Nutritional Tests Used for Classification

I. Introduction

II. The Nutritional Tests

III. Modes of Catabolism of the Test Substrates

IV. Translocation: The Entry of Substrates into the Cells

V. A Biochemical Interpretation of the Responses to Growth Tests

VI. Conclusion

References

23. Serology as an Aid to Taxonomy

I. Introduction

II. Historical Remarks

III. Test Procedures

IV. Specificity of Reaction

V. Application and Interpretation of Fungous Serology

VI. Conclusions

References

24. Genetical and Cytological Aspects of Taxonomy

I. Introduction

II. Cytology

III. Genetics

IV. Conclusions

References

Taxonomy: Possible Evolutionary Patterns

25. The Origin and Status of Fungi (with a Note on the Fossil Record)

I. The Origin and Status of Fungi

II. Note on Fossil Fungi

References

26. Possible Interrelationships between Fungal Groups

I. Introduction

II. Convergence and Homology

III. The Phycomycete-Ascomycete Connection

IV. The Ascomycete-Basidiomycete Connection

V. Relationships within the Basidiomycetes

VI. Relationships within the Ascomycetes

VII. The Ascomycete-Deuteromycete Connection

Addendum

References

27. On the Evolution of Fungi

I. Significance of Basic Fungal Characteristics

II. Variability in Fungal Populations

III. Critical Events in the Evolution of Fungi

IV. Conclusion

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Index to Fungi, Lichens, and Actinomycetes