The Fine Structure of Algal Cells

Introduction


1. A General Account of the Structure of Algal Cells

I. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)

II. Chloromonadophyceae (Raphidophyceae)

III. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

A. Zygnemaphyceae

B. Oedogoniophyceae

C. Bryopsidophyceae

D. Chlorophyceae (sensu Round)

IV. Chrysophyceae (Golden Algae)

V. Cryptophyceae

VI. Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellates)

VII. Euglenophyceae

VIII. Eustigmatophyceae

IX. Haptophyceae

X. Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)

XI. Prasinophyceae

XII. Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)

XIII. Xanthophyceae (Yellow-Green Algae)


2. The Cell Covering

I. Naked membrane

II. Modifications within the Plasma-Membrane

A. Cryptophyceae—Periplast

B. Euglenophyceae—Pellicle

C. The Dinophyceae—Theca

III. Scaly Covering Outside Cell Membrane

A. Scales of Organic Material

B. Calcite Scales

C. Silica Scales

D. Scale Formation

IV. The Diatom Frustule

V. The Cell Wall

A. Incomplete Walls (such as the Lorica)

B. Complete Cell Walls

C. Calcified Algal Walls

D. Plasmodesmata in Algal Cell Walls

E. Cell Wall Formation


3. Flagella and Associated Structures

I. External Features

A. Smooth Flagella

B. Flagella with Single Row of Hairs (Stichonematic)

C. Flagella with Two Rows of Hairs (Pantonematic)

D. Flagella Bearing Spines

E. Scaly Flagella

II. Internal Structure of Flagella

A. The Free Part

B. The Transition Zone

C. The Flagellar Base, Basal Body or Kinetoplast

III. Flagellar Roots

IV. The Origin of Flagellar Hairs

V. Pseudocilia

VI. The Haptonema


4. Chloroplasts (Plastids)

I. Chloroplast Structure

A. Structure of the Thylakoid

B. Arrangement of the Thylakoids

C. The Chloroplast Stroma or Matrix

D. The Chloroplast Envelope and Endoplasmic Reticulum Sheath

II. Unusual Chloroplast Structure in Mutants, etc

III. Chloroplast Development

IV. Chloroplast Division

V. Chloroplasts as Symbionts


5. The Pyrenoid

I. Types of Pyrenoid

A. Simple Internal Pyrenoid

B. Compound Internal Pyrenoid

C. Stalked Pyrenoids

D. Pyrenoid with Nuclear or Cytoplasmic Invaginations

E. Pyrenoid Entirely Embedded in a Starch-containing Chloroplast

II. The Pyrenoid Matrix

III. The Development of Pyrenoids

IV. Pyrenoids and Taxonomy


6. TheEyespot

I. The Types of Eyespot

II. The Development and Replication of Eyespots

III. Eyespot Structure and Taxonomy

IV. The Function of the Eyespot


7. The Nucleus and Nuclear Division

I. The Interphase Nucleus

A. Nuclear Envelope

B. Nucleolus

C. Chromatin

II. Nuclear Division—Mitosis

A. Chlorophyceae

B. Phaeophyceae

C. Chloromonadophyceae

D. Haptophyceae

E. Chrysophyceae

F. Bacillariophyceae

G. Xanthophyceae

H. Rhodophyceae

I. Euglenophyceae

J. Dinophyceae

K. Cryptophyceae

III. Nuclear Division—Meiosis


8. Cell Division (Cytokinesis)

I. Unicellular Algae

A. Flagellates

B. Desmids (Chlorophyceae)

C. Coccoid Algae (Chlorophyceae)

II. Multicellular Algae

A. Filaments

B. Parenchymatous Algae


9. Ejectile Organelles

I. Trichocysts in the Dinophyceae

II. Nematocysts (Cnidocysts) of Dinoflagellates

III. Ejectosomes of Cryptomonads

IV. Discobolocysts in the Chrysophyceae

V. Other Ejectile Organelles


10. Miscellaneous Organelles and Inclusions

I. Mitochondria

II. Golgi or Dictyosomes

III. The Contractile Vacuole

IV. The Pusule

V. Microbodies (Peroxisomes)

VI. Food Storage Materials

A. Polysaccharide

B. Lipids

C. Protein

VII. Polyphosphate Inclusions and Phosphatases

VIII. Virus-like Inclusions

IX. Membranous Extrusions and Inclusions, Digestion Vesicles


11. Reproductive Structures

I. Gamete Formation and Structure

A. Phaeophyceae

B. Bacillariophyceae

C. Xanthophyceae

D. Chlorophyceae

II. Gamete Fusion and Zygote Development

III. Spore Formation and Structure

IV. Encystment


12. Symbiosis


13. Experimental Ultrastructure Studies

I. Effects of Chemicals

II. Effects of Environmental Conditions

A. Nutrition

B. Light

C. Osmotic Potential

III. Senescence


14. Postscript: Fine Structure and Phylogeny

Review Articles and Books

References

Author Index

Subject Index