The Fear of Population Decline

List of Tables and FiguresPreface1 The Nature of Population Decline The Recurrent Fear of Population Decline Images and Terminologies The Demography of Population Decline The Basic Population Equation Measurements of Fertility, Mortality, and Growth How a Population Ages The Momentum of Population Growth Population Projections Period versus Cohort Rates2 Demography and International Politics, 1870-1945 Introduction The European Demographic Transition Strategic Demography, 1870-1914 The French Connection The British Connection Strategic Demography, 1914-1945 European Security Imperial Power Communism 3 Demography and Internal Politics, 1870-1945 The Eugenic Approach to Population Decline Positive Eugenics Negative Eugenics Social Democracy and Population Decline4 Population Dynamics and Policies, 1945-1964 Political and Economic Change after the Second World War The Baby Boom The Resurgence of Fertility Interpretations of the Baby Boom Policy Developments in the Postwar Years 5 Fertility and Population Growth, 1965-1984 The Decline of Fertility since the Mid-1960s Contrasting Developments in the Third World: The "Population Explosion" Trends in International Migration Political and Ideological Movements The Environmental Movement The Abortion Reform and Feminist Movements The Pro-Life or Right-to-Life Movements Trends in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union The Soviet Union Romania Other Eastern European Countries 6 Policy Implications and Responses, 1965-1984 Introduction General Policy Implications Age Structure and Public Policy Demographic and Economic Significance of Immigration Changing Population Composition with Low Fertility and Substantial Immigration Political Responses to Demographic Changes since 1965 Efforts to Reverse Declining Fertility Effort to Adapt to Low Fertility Trends The Politics of Population in France and West Germany since 1965 France West Germany7 Conclusions Alarums and Excursions Perceptual Distortions Based on Historical Experience Misinterpretations of Population Projections Ideological Elements in the Fear of Population Decline Demographic Differentials, Both International and Internal Economic and Social Welfare Elements in the Fear of Population Decline Keynesian Economics and Population Growth International Politics and Pronatalism Projections of Plausible Futures Policy Responses to Fears of Population Decline Policies Affecting Fertility and Population Growth Policies Affecting Retirement Benefits Appendices Appendix A: Total Fertility Rates, 1920-1983 Appendix B: European Economic Community Resolution on Measures to Promote Population Growth (1984) Appendix C: U.S. Policy Statement at the United Nations International Conference on Population (1984) Introduction Policy Objectives Population, Development, and Economic Policies Health and Humanitarian Concerns Technology as a Key to Development Appendix D: Resolution by Romanian Communist Party on Population Policy (1984) Appendix E: The Heidelberg Manifesto (1982) References Index