The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System

List of Contributors

Chapter One. Drug Use and Its Consequences

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Drugs and Consequences

2.2 Consequences of Use

2.3 Biology

2.4 public Policy

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Two. Genetics of Substance Use, Abuse, Cessation, and Addiction: Novel Data Implicate Copy Number Variants

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Working Hypothesis I: Genomic Variants of Several Classes and Differing Frequencies Contribute to Vulnerability to Addiction and Ability to Quit

2.2 Working Hypothesis II: Genomic Variants that Contribute to Vulnerability to Addiction and Ability to Quit Provide Largely Additive Influences

2.3 Working Hypothesis III: Most Genomic Variants that Contribute to Dependence or Ability to Quit Exert Effects of Small Size, Though There are Larger Influences in Specific Populations and for Addiction-Associated Phenotypes

2.4 Working Hypothesis IV: There are Robust Overall Genetic Influences on Vulnerability to Dependence, Many Shared across Vulnerabilities to Different Substances. There are Robust Overall Genetic Influences on Ability to Quit, Some of Which Overlap with Those that Determine Degree of Dependence

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Three. Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: Building Blocks for Etiologic Research

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Epidemiology

2.2 Etiology

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Four. Detection of Populations At-Risk or Addicted: Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in Clinical Settings

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Use of Alcohol

2.2 Substance Abuse

2.3 Prevention and Intervention

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Five. Cocaine: Mechanism and Effects in the Human Brain

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Cocaine Use in Humans

2.2 Imaging Cocaine Abuse in the Human Brain

2.3 Imaging Cocaine: Behavioral Correlates

2.4 Dopamine Transmission in Striatal Subdivisions

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Six. Stress, Anxiety, and Cocaine Abuse

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Neurotransmitter Systems in Cocaine Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety and Stress-Induced Relapse

2.2 Serotonin

2.3 Corticotropin Releasing Factor

2.4 Norepinephrine

2.5 Endogenous Opioids

2.6 Other Neuropeptides

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Seven. The Neuropathology of Drug Abuse

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Neurobiological Basics of Drug Abuse

2.2 CNS Alterations of the Major Drugs of Abuse

2.3 Opioids and Derivatives

2.4 Cocaine

2.5 Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, and Designer Drugs

2.6 Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Derivatives

2.7 Neuropathological Investigations of (Poly-) Drug Abusers

2.8 Neurodegeneration and Drugs of Abuse

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Eight. The Pathology of Methamphetamine Use in the Human Brain

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Does Methamphetamine, a Dopamine Releaser, Cause Loss of Dopamine Neuronal Markers in Human Brain as Observed in Animal Studies?

2.2 Nondopaminergic Changes in Brain of Methamphetamine Users

2.3 Does Methamphetamine Cause Oxidative Stress in Human Brain?

2.4 Does Methamphetamine Cause Gliosis (Activated Microgliosis and Reactive Astrogliosis), a Reputed Index of Neurotoxicity, in Human Brain?

2.5 Does Methamphetamine Cause Holes in Human Brain or a Larger (Glial-filled) Brain?

2.6 Does Methamphetamine Cause Parkinson’s Disease or Persistent Psychosis Pathologies?: Epidemiological Findings

3 Conclusions

Recommendations for Future Studies

References

Chapter Nine. The Effects of Alcohol on the Human Nervous System

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 The Neurobiology of Alcohol

2.2 Acute Intoxication

2.3 Alcohol Withdrawal

2.4 Alcohol and Seizures

2.5 Wernicke–Korsakoff’s Syndrome

2.6 Neuroimaging and Alcohol-Induced Brain Changes

2.7 Alcohol-Related Neuropathy

2.8 Psychiatric Sequalae

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Ten. The Nicotine Hypothesis

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Schizophrenia

2.2 nAChR Radiotracers

2.3 Alzheimer’s Disease

3 Conclusions

Appendix

References

Chapter Eleven. Smoking Effects in the Human Nervous System

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

2.2 The Effects of Nicotine on naChRs in the Human Brain

2.3 Effect of nAChr Activation on Other Neurotransmitters in Human CNS

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Twelve. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Cognitive Effects of Nicotine in Humans

2.2 Neurobiology of the Cognitive Effects of Nicotine

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Thirteen. Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in the Human Nervous System

Abstract

1. Introduction

2.1 Actions and Effects of Endocannabinoids and Cannabis

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Fourteen. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Association with Psychosis

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Transient Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Cannabinoids: Nonexperimental Evidence

2.2 Transient Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Cannabinoids: Experimental Evidence

2.3 Effects of Cannabinoids on Schizophrenia Patients

2.4 Effects of Cannabinoids on Brain Structure and Function

2.5 Persistent Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Cannabinoids

2.6 Cannabinoids, Psychosis, and Causality

2.7 The Effects of Cannabinoids on Neurodevelopment

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Fifteen. Effects of MDMA on the Human Nervous System

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Mechanism of Action

2.2 Pharmacology

2.3 Neurotoxicology

2.4 Lasting Consequences of MDMA Exposure

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Sixteen. Sedative Hypnotics

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Historical Perspective

2.2 Mechanism of Action of Sedative Hypnotics

2.3 Clinical Use of Benzodiazepines

2.4 Abuse and Misuse

2.5 Introduction to the Z-Drugs: Nonbenzodiazepine GABA Receptor Agonists

2.6 Barbiturates

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Seventeen. Hallucinogens

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Pharmacology, Antagonists, and Neuroanatomy of Hallucinogen Action

2.2 Neuroanatomy of Hallucinogens

2.3 Hallucinogens in Medicine

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Eighteen. Inhalants: Addiction and Toxic Effects in the Human

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 How and Why Are They Used?

2.2 Epidemiology Data

2.3 What Are the Medical Consequences of Abuse?

2.4 Pharmacological Properties/Effects

2.5 Screening

2.6 Recovery Potential and Treatment

3. Conclusions

References

Chapter Nineteen. Emerging Designer Drugs

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Types of Designer Drugs

2.2 Psychostimulants

2.3 Synthetic Cannabinoids

2.4 Salvinorin

2.5 Dissociatives

3 Conclusions

References

Index