The Earth's Ionosphere

PrefaceChapter 1 Introductory and Background Material 1.1 Scope and Goals of the Text 1.2 Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Ionosphere 1.3 The Earth's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere ReferencesChapter 2 Fundamentals of Ionospheric Plasma Dynamics 2.1 The Basic Fluid Equations 2.2 Steady-State Ionospheric Plasma Motions Due to Applied Forces 2.3 Generation of Electric Fields 2.4 Electric Field Mapping 2.5 Elements of Magnetospheric Physics 2.6 Coordinate Systems ReferencesChapter 3 Electrodynamics of the Equatorial Zone 3.1 Motions of the Equatorial F Region: The Data Base 3.2 The Equatorial F-Region Dynamo 3.3 E-Region Dynamo Theory and the Daytime Equatorial Electrojet 3.4 Further Complexities of Equatorial Electrodynamics 3.5 Feedback between the Electrodynamics and the Thermospheric Winds ReferencesChapter 4 Equatorial Plasma Instabilities 4.1 F-Region Plasma Instabilities: Observations 4.2 Development and Initiation of Equatorial Spread F 4.3 Nonlinear Theories of ESF 4.4 Short Wavelength Waves in Equatorial Spread F 4.5 ESF Summary 4.6 E-Region Plasma Instabilities: The Observational Data Base 4.7 Linear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities 4.8 Nonlinear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities 4.9 Future Directions ReferencesChapter 5 The Mid-Latitude Ionosphere 5.1 Competing Influences on the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Ionospheres 5.2 Electrodynamics of the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Zone 5.3 Irregularities in the Mid-Latitude Ionosphere 5.4 Mid-Latitude Plasma Instabilities ReferencesChapter 6 High-Latitude Electrodynamics 6.1 Electrical Coupling between the Ionosphere, Magnetosphere, and Solar Wind 6.2 Observations of Ionospheric Convection 6.3 Simple Models of Convection in the Magnetosphere 6.4 Empirical and Analytic Representations of High-Latitude Convection 6.5 Observations of Field-Aligned Currents 6.6 Horizontal Currents at High Latitudes ReferencesChapter 7 Effects of Plasma Flow at High Latitudes 7.1 Ionospheric Effects of Parallel Plasma Dynamics 7.2 Ionospheric Effects of Perpendicular Plasma Dynamics 7.3 Electrodynamic Forcing of the Neutral Atmosphere 7.4 Summary ReferencesChapter 8 Instabilities and Structure in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 8.1 Planetary and Large-Scale Structures in the High-Latitude F Region 8.2 Intermediate-Scale Structure in the High-Latitude F Region 8.3 Small-Scale Waves in the High-Latitude F Region 8.4 Plasma Waves and Irregularities in the High-Latitude E Region—Observations 8.5 Auroral Electrojet Theories 8.6 Summary ReferencesAppendix A Ionospheric Measurement Techniques A.1 Radio Wave Techniques in Ionospheric Physics A.2 In Situ Measurements ReferencesAppendix B Reference Material and Equations B.1 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Structure B.2 Miscellaneous Formulas B.3 Surface Magnetic Field Measurements and Magnetic Activity Indices ReferencesIndexInternational Geophysics Series