The Development of Expressive Behavior

Contents

Contributors

Preface

I. Issues in Biology-Environment Interactions in Expressive Development

1. Separating the Issues in the Study of Expressive Development: A Framing Chapter

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Characteristics of Expressive Behavior Associated with Innateness

Planes of Biology-Environment Interaction

Studying Biology-Environment Interactions on the Individual Plane

Summary

References

2. Charles Darwin's Thought on Expressive Mechanisms in Evolution

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

The Medical Approach to Expression

Darwin's Theories

Erasmus Darwin's Psychology

The Evolution of Expression

Conclusion

Summary

References

3. Consistency and Change in Communication

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Communication and Formalized Signaling

Making Distinctions in Signaling and Responding to Signals

Marked Changes in Signaling Behavior

Unmarked Changes in Signaling Behavior

Summary

References

4. External Reference and Affective Signaling in Mammalian Vocal Communication

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

External Reference in Nonhuman Mammalian Communication

Referential Specificity: Roles of Affective and Representational Signals

Cognitive Implications of Representational Signaling

Associative Naming versus Representational Symbolism

Evolutionary Considerations

Summary

References

5. Expression and Negotiation

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

How Complex Are the Factors Affecting the Final Common Path?

Does the Internal State that Accompanies Signals Persist and Determine the Behavior that Follows?

Some Further Issues

Conclusions

Summary

References

6. Experiential Influences on the Development of Expressive Behaviors In Rhesus Monkeys

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Stimulus Attributes, Age, and Experience

Form, Social Functions, and Experience

Responsiveness, Expressive Behaviors, and Experience

Conclusions

Summary

References

7. Faces as Signs and Symbols

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Examples of Faces as Signs versus Symbols

A Structural Analysis of Emotion

The Development of the State-Expression Relationship

Socialization Rules: Converting Signs into Symbols

Summary

References

II. Processes of Expressive Development in Humans

8. Developmental Course of Emotion Expression in the Human Infant

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Theoretical Considerations

Developmental Inputs

Sociocultural Factors

Developmental Course of the Interplay between Biological and Social Factors in Expressive Behavior

Summary

References

9. Expression as Action: A Motor Perspective of the Transition from Spontaneous to Instrumental Behaviors

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

The Hierarchical Structure of Movement

What Are the Developmental Coordinative Structures and How Do They Arise?

How Are Simple Coordinative Structures Assembled into More Complex Movements?

Rhythmical Stereotypies as Developmental Coordinative Structures

Expressive Behaviors as Developmental Coordinative Structures

How Do the Developmental Coordinative Structures Become Connected to Mechanisms of Voluntary Control?

A Motor Rule in the Transition from Spontaneous to Instrumental Action

Summary

References

10. Coordinative Structures in the Development of Expressive Behavior in Early Infancy

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Sequential Patterns of Affect Expression: Coordinative Structures

Further Evidence for Expressive Behavior Sequencing in the First Year of Life

Theoretical Considerations

The Role of Evolution in the Development of Expressive Behavior

Summary

References

11. Display Rules and the Socialization of Affective Displays

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

Display Rules

Infant Preparation for Affective Display Self-Regulation

Childhood Developmental Self-Regulated Affective Displays

Display-Rule Knowledge

Initial Conclusions

Discussion

Summary

References

12. Emotional Expression, Social Referencing, and Preparedness for Learning in Early Infancy—Mother Knows Best, but Sometimes I Know Better

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

The Concept of Social Referencing: Origins and Applications

The Application of Social Referencing Theory to Infancy

Basic Features of Social Referencing

Dimensions of Social Referencing: A Typology of Social Influence

Social and Cognitive Skills Needed for Social Referencing

The Investigation of Social Referencing

Social Referencing Errors and Preparedness for Learning

Uncertainty, Preparedness to Learn, and Social Referencing

Does Social Referencing Occur in Nonhuman Primates?

Summary

References

13. The Development of the Ability to Interpret Emotional Signals—What Is and Is Not Known

Relationship to Other Chapters and to the Field—ED.

Introduction

The Important Issues and Questions

The Present State of Knowledge

Problems with the Present Approach

Suggestions for Research

When Should Response Capacity Appear?

Summary

References

Author Index

Subject Index