The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Fuels

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsNote to the ReaderChapter 1. The Origin of Fuels in Nature Introduction The Origins of Fuels Structures of Fuel Precursors Proteins Carbohydrates Glycosides and Tannins Lipids Resins Lignin Summary Further ReadingChapter 2. Diagenesis The End of Accumulation of Organic Matter Rotting Moldering Proteins Carbohydrates and Glycosides Formation of Humic Acids Putrefaction Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Lignin The Formation of Kerogen The Van Krevelen Diagram Further ReadingChapter 3. Catagenesis Hydrogen Redistribution Catagenesis of Humic Kerogen Reactions During Early Catagenesis Coalification - The Later Stages of Catagenesis The Concept of Coal Rank Time-temperature Relationships in Coalification Catagenesis of Algal and Liptinitic Kerogen Introduction to Free Radical Reactions The effects of temperature Other Sapropelic Fuels Oil Shales Sapropelic Coals Summary Further ReadingChapter 4. Natural Gas Wet and Dry Gas Sour Gas Other Components of Natural Gas Introduction to Volatility Relationships Natural Gas as a Premium Fuel Further ReadingChapter 5. Petroleum The components of petroleum 85 Paraffins Naphthenes Aromatics NSO's Some Additional Properties of Petroleum API Gravity Viscosity Classification of Crude Oils Age-depth Relationships Composition Relationships Asphalts and Tar Sands Further ReadingChapter 6. Coal Coal Compared with Gas and Oil The Heterogeneity of Coal The Classification of Coal by Rank The Variation of Coal Composition with Rank The Variation of Calorific Value with Rank The Macromolecular Structures of Coal Low-rank Coals Bituminous Coals Anthracites Implications of Structural Variation in Coals Solvent Swelling Porosity and Surface Area Density Summary The Caking Behavior of Bituminous Coals The Inorganic Components of Coal The Origin of Inorganic Components in Coal The Minerals in Coal The Special Case of Low-rank Coals Variations of Ash Content and Composition with Rank Further Reading Chapter 7. Processing and Use of Natural Gas Natural Gas Processing Combustion of Natural Gas Carbon Blacks Other Non-fuel Uses of Natural Gas Synthesis Gas and Methanol Acetylene Further ReadingChapter 8. Petroleum Products Desalting Distillation Principles of Distillation Single Stage Distillation Two-stage Distillation Two-stage Distillation with Vacuum Tower Petroleum Products Gasoline Leaded Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Diesel Fuel Fuel Oils Lubricating Oils Waxes Asphalt Petroleum Cokes Further ReadingChapter 9. Processing of Petroleum Fractions Thermal Cracking Mixed-phase Cracking Visbreaking Alkene Formation in Thermal Cracking Delayed Coking Polymerization and Alkylation Polymerization Alkylation Catalytic Cracking 221 Carbocation Rearrangements Cracking Catalysts Catalytic Cracking Mechanisms Practical Aspects of Catalytic Cracking Summary Catalytic Reforming Reforming Catalysts The Mechanism of Catalytic Reforming Catalytic Reforming in Practice Applications of Hydrogen in Refining Hydrodesulfurization Hydrodenitrogenation Hydrofining Further ReadingChapter 10. Coal Combustion Coal preparation Hardness and Grindability Coal Cleaning Combustion Processes Chemical Aspects of Combustion Practical Aspects of Coal Combustion Further Reading 270Chapter 11. Production and Use of Synthesis Gas The Production of Synthesis Gas Steam Reforming of Natural Gas Coal Gasification The Water-gas Shift Reaction The Uses of Synthesis Gas Methanation Methanol Synthesis The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis The Oxo Process Further ReadingChapter 12. Alternate Fuels FromCcoal Coal Carbonization Coke Production Chemistry of Coke Formation Industrial Production of Coke Coal Gasification Coal Liquefaction Indirect Liquefaction Direct Liquefaction Further ReadingChapter 13. Oxygenated Fuels t-Butyl Alcohol and Ether Ethanol Methanol Methanol to Gasoline Further ReadingChapter 14. Chemicals from Fuels Coal Tar Chemicals Petrochemicals Methanol Ethylene Propylene Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes Chemicals from Coal and Biomass Further ReadingIndex