The Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Preface


1 The Concept of Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Prologue

Milestones in the Development of the Concept of Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Connections

Composition of Area 17

Comparison of the Architectonics of Areas 17 and 18 and Identification of Borders

Visual Maps in Areas 17 and 18

Circuitry and Signal Processing in Areas 17 and 18

Visually Guided Behavior

Synthesis

Recent Challenges to the Primacy of Areas 17 and 18

Epilogue


2 Optical Imaging of Functional Architecture in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

Methodological Aspects of Optical Imaging

Optical Imaging of Functional Maps in Cat Visual Cortex

Relationships between Columnar Systems

Comparison with the Functional Architecture in Other Species

Concluding Remarks


3 2-Deoxyglucose Architecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

Orientation Domains

Ocular Dominance Domains

Spatial Frequency Domains

Development and Experience-Dependent Changes of Cortical Maps

Advantages and Disadvantages of the 2-DG Technique

Outlook


4 Functional Mapping in The Cat Primary Visual Cortex Using High Magnetic Fields

Introduction

Limitations of Current Techniques, or Why We Need Another Mapping Technique

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional MRI of the Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Conclusions


5 Relationships of LGN Afferents and Cortical Efferents to Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs

Parallel Processing in the Mammalian Visual System

Organization of CO Staining in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Geniculate Inputs to the CO Blobs

Molecular Markers for Other Blob/Interblob Inputs

Outputs of the CO Blobs

Projections to Area 19

Comparisons with Primates

Conclusions


6 INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY AND OCULAR DOMINANCE ON THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CALLOSAL CONNECTIONS IN CAT STRIATE CORTEX

Introduction

The Vertical Meridian Rule

Callosal Fibers Interlink Cortical Sites That are in Retinotopic, Rather Than Anatomical, Correspondence

Interhemispheric Correlated Activity Guides Callosal Development

Summary and Concluding Remarks


7 Essential and Sustaining LGN Inputs to Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

The Reversible Inactivation Technique

Two Circuits in Area 17

Area 18: More Integrative Than Area 17

Functional Architecture of Visual Cortex


8 Integration of Thalamic Inputs to Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

Simple Receptive Fields

Numerical Aspects of the Geniculocortical Projection

Feedforward (Thalamic) Connections and Simple Cell Responses

Intrinsic Connections and Simple-Cell Responses

Conclusions


9 The Emergence of Direction Selectivity in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Overview

Directional Tuning: The Basics

Computational Requirements for Direction Selectivity

Biological Instantiation of Computational Principles

Origins of Cortical Timings: The Lagged/Nonlagged Cell Model

Comparison with Recent Models

Intracortical Inhibition: Experimental Evidence

How are Inputs Combined?

Intralaminar and Interlaminar Interactions

Summary and Conclusions

Future Directions


10 Long-Range Intrinsic Connections in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

Historical Overview

Layout of Long-Range Horizontal Connections

Types of Neurons Forming Long-Range Horizontal Connections

Synaptic Targets of Long-Range Intrinsic Connections

Divergence and Convergence of Long-Range Horizontal Connections at the Ultrastructural Level

Topographic Relations between Long-Range Intrinsic Connections and Functional Cortical Maps

Possible Functions

Plasticity of Long-Range Connections in the Adult

Conclusions


11 Pharmacological Studies on Receptive Field Architecture

Receptive Field Architecture in Cat Striate Cortex Cells

Specific Local Synaptic Input Systems to Striate Cortex Cells

Striate Cortical Network Effects on RF Properties


12 Orientation Selectivity and its Modulation by Local and Long-Range Connections in Visual Cortex

Overview and Introduction

Contributions of Local Cortical Excitation to the Generation of Orientation Selectivity: The Emergent Model

Effect of Long-Range Connections on Orientation-Specific Responses

Supraoptimal Responses and Dynamic Properties of Recurrent Inhibition

Short-Term Plasticity of Orientation Tuning Induced by Pattern Adaptation

Concluding Remarks


13 Response Synchronization, Gamma Oscillations, and Perceptual Binding in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

Two Complimentary Strategies for the Representation of Relations: Smart Neurons and Assemblies

A Need for Dynamic Response Selection and Binding

Dynamic Grouping Mechanisms

Predictions

Response Synchronization in Striate Cortex

Response Synchronization, Mechanisms and Properties

Relation between Response Synchronization and Perceptual Phenomena

Dependency on Central States and Attention

Plasticity of Synchronizing Connections

The Impact of Synchronized Responses

Gamma Oscillations and Visual Perceptions in Human Subjects

Stimulus Locked Synchronization and Perceptual Grouping

Conclusions


14 The Special Relationship between Β Retinal Ganglion Cells and Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Introduction

Identification of Subsystems and Connections

Visual System Connections and Function in the Newborn

Visual Cortex Lesions

Factors Linked to Survival and Death of Ganglion Cells

Primates

Summary


15 Primary Visual Cortex within the Cortico-Cortico-Thalamic Network

Introduction

Function

Structure

Structure-Function Relationships

Conclusions


16 Behavioral Analyses of the Contributions of Cat Primary Visual Cortex to Vision

Introduction

The Behavioral Consequences of Lesions of the Visual Cortex

Insights Gained from Cats Reared with Selected Forms of Early Visual Deprivation

Conclusions

Index