The Art of Linear Electronics

PrefaceAcknowledgment1 Electronic Component Symbols and Circuit Drawing Introduction Basic Design Philosophy Avoidance of Ambiguities Conventional Assumptions Block Diagrams The Theoretical Circuit Technical Terms Circuit Symbols and Useful Conventions Capacitors Resistors and Potentiometers Coils and Transformers Switches Relays Transistors and Diodes Field Effect Devices Thyristors and Triacs Thermionic Valves and Other Vacuum Envelope Devices Linear Integrated Circuits (ICs) Logic ICs Light Operated and Light Emitting Devices Miscellaneous Symbols2 Passive Components Resistors Wirewound Carbon composition Carbon Film Metal Oxide Film Resistors Metal Film Resistors Metal Glaze Resistors Temperature Dependent Resistors Variable Resistors and Potentiometers Spurious Effects Capacitors Electrolytic Non-Polar Spurious Effects Inductors and Transformers Transformers Inductors Connectors and Switches Contact Erosion and Contamination Switches3 Active Components Based on Thermionic Emission Early Beginnings The Modern Thermionic Valve Thermionic Emission Indirectly Heated Cathode Systems Anode Structures Valve Characteristics Internal Grid Structures Screened Grid, Pentode and Beam-Tetrode Valves Secondary Emission Variable Mu Pentodes and Tetrodes Other Multiple Electrode Valve Types Cathode Ray Tubes Deterioration Procesess4 Active Components Based on Semiconductors Basic Theory The Effect of Doping The Semiconductor Junction and the Junction Diode The Depletion Zone Reverse Breakdown Effects Junction Capacitance Majority and Minority Carriers Ohmic Contacts Point Contact Devices The Point Contact Transistor The Bipolar Junction Transistor5 Practical Semiconductor Components Junction Transistor Manufacturing Techniques Junction Transistor Characteristics h Parameters Thermal Effects Junction Field Effect Transistors (FETs) Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistors Dual-Gate MOSFETs Power MOSFETs T-MOS Devices Thyristors and Triacs Silicon Bilateral Trigger Diodes (diacs) Linear Integrated Circuits Operational Amplifiers Voltage Regulator Units Voltage Reference Devices Transistor and Diode Arrays Current Mirrors Constant Current Sources Instrumentation Amplifiers Specialized Circuitry Linear Uses of Digital ICs6 DC and Low Frequency Amplifiers Introduction Circuitry Based on Bipolar Junction Transistors Small-Signal (Silicon Planar) Transistors General Characteristics Junction Transistor Voltage Amplifiers Transistor Stage Gain and Distortion DC Amplifier Layouts Constant Current Sources and Current Mirrors Impedance Conversion Stages Cascode Connection Phase-Splitter Systems Other Small-Signal Junction Transistors Bipolar Junction Power Transistors Circuit Characteristics of Field Effect Devices Junction Field Effect Transistors (FETs) General Characteristics Circuit Applications 'Cascode' Operation MOSFET Devices General Characteristics of Low Power Types Circuit Applications Power MOSFETs Protection From Gate Breakdown Voltage Reference Sources DC Amplifiers Requirements for Stability of Output Voltage Level7 Feedback, Negative and Positive Introduction The Basic Effects of Feedback The Effect of Feedback on Gain The Use of NFB to Reduce Distortion Problems with Negative Feedback The Relationship Between Frequency Response and Phase Shift Operational Amplifier Systems Effects of Negative Feedback on Distortion Appendix Operational Amplifier Parameters8 Frequency Response Modifying Circuits and Filters Introduction Passive Circuit Layouts Low-Pass Circuitry High Pass Circuitry Notch Filters Tuned Response Bandpass Circuitry Active Filter Circuitry Introduction High-Pass (HP) and Low-Pass (LP) Filters Variable Slope Filters Notch Filters Tuned Response Filters Bandpass Circuitry Effect of Filter Slope on Waveform Shape9 Audio Amplifiers The Evolution of Power Amplifier Design Basic Problems Performance Specifications Output Power and Bandwidth Waveform Distortion Transient Distortions Load Tolerance Early Amplifier Designs Simple Valve Designs A Typical Battery Operated Audio Amplifier Mains Operated Circuitry High Quality Valve Operated Amplifiers The Williamson Amplifier Alternative Output Stage Connections Output Stage Biasing Modem Audio Amplifier Circuit Design Early Transistor Operated Audio Power Amplifiers The Lin Quasi-Complementary Circuit Layout Crossover Distortion Amplifier Sound and Listener Fatigue Improved Transistor Amplifier Designs Output Circuit Alternatives Contemporary High Quality Audio Amplifier Designs Improved Lin Type Negative Feedback and HF Compensation The Quad Current Dumping Amplifier Sandman's Class S Design The future Preamplifiers Basic Requirements Headroom Tone Controls Filters Magnetic Tape and Gramophone Record Replay Equalization Low noise Circuitry Integrated Circuit Systems10 Low frequency Oscillators and Waveform Generators Introduction Sinewave Oscillators Phase-Shift Oscillators Relaxation, or Capacitor Charge/Discharge Oscillators The Multivibrator The Source-Coupled Oscillator The 555 Circuit The 'Bowes' Multivibrator The 'Spany' Pulse Generator The Blocking Oscillator Logic Element Based Square-Wave Generators Sawtooth, Triangular and Staircase Waveform Generators Mark-to-Space Ratio Adjustment Negative Impedance Oscillators Noise Sources White and Pink Noise Noise Source Systems and Bandwidths11 Tuned Circuits Introduction Calculation of Resonant Frequency, Dynamic Impedance and Q Circuit Magnification Factor Q Bandpass-Coupled Tuned Circuits Quartz Crystals and Other Mechanical Resonators Quartz Crystal Resonators Ladder and Surface Acoustic Wave Filters Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Type Filters12 High Frequency Amplifiers Introduction Practical Circuitry Bandwidth, Noise and Cross-Modulation Wide Bandwidth Amplifier Design Effects of Junction Capacitances Input Bandwidth Limitation13 High Frequency Oscillators Introduction Basic Circuit Designs LC Oscillators Quartz Crystal Oscillators RC Oscillators Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs)14 Radio Receiver Circuitry Introduction Radio Receiver Circuitry Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Systems Super-Regenerative Receiver Systems Effect of Selectivity on the Received Signal The Supersonic Heterodyne, or Superhet System IF Amplifier Stages Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Stable Frequency Oscillator Systems Synchrodyne and Homodyne Receiver Systems Frequency Modulation (FM), Systems Appendix. Transmission and Reception Data15 Power Supply Systems Introduction Battery Power Supplies Primary Cells Secondary Cells Mains Operated Power Supplies Simple Transformer-Rectifier Systems Voltage Regulator Systems Switching and Switch-Mode Voltage Regulators16 Noise and Hum Introduction The Physical Basis of Electrical Noise Thermal or Johnson Noise (Resistor Noise) Shot Noise (Current Flow Noise) Flicker, Excess or 1/f Noise (Defect Noise) Noise Figure or Noise Factor Low Noise Circuit Design Noise Models for Junction Transistors and J-FETs The Operational Amplifier Model MOSFETs Amplifiers for Very Low Impedance Systems Bipolar Transistor Systems Junction FET Designs The Effect of the Distribution of Stage Gains Summary Noise from External Sources Radio Pick-Up Mains Hum Screening Balanced Cables Microphony17 Test and Measurement Equipment The Importance of Measurements, and the Need for Testing Static Testing (voltage, Current and Resistance Measurement) Voltmeters Current Meters Resistance Meters Meter Sensitivity Moving Iron Meters Electrostatic Movements Electronic Analogue Meters Digital Meters Inductance and Capacitance Measurement Measurement of Q Chopper Type DC Amplifier Systems Dynamic Testing AC Voltage and Current Meters Waveform Distortion Measurement Oscilloscopes Multiple Trace Displays Storage Oscilloscopes Frequency Measurement Signal Generators Beat-Frequency Oscillators Frequency Modulated Oscillators (Wobbulators)Appendix A Component Manufacturing Conventions Resistor Colour Codes Preferred Value Systems Capacitor Coding Systems Semiconductor Labelling Manufacturers' Prefixes Discrete Semiconductor Type Numbering The Japanese Electronic Industry Association (JEIA) Classification Base Connections Diode/Rectifier Polarity MarkingAppendix B Circuit Impedance and Phase Angle Calculations Practical Network Impedance Calculations Resistor-Capacitor Networks Resistor-Inductor Networks Practical Examples of Unusual Circuit Effects The LC Series Circuit The LC Parallel Resonant Circuit The Wien Network The Sallen and Key Filter Circuit ConclusionsIndex