The Application of Green Solvents in Separation Processes

List of Contributors

Section I: Introduction

Chapter 1. Initial Considerations

• Abstract
• 1.1 The Need to Use Solvents
• 1.2 Traditional Solvents
• 1.3 Green Solvents
• 1.4 Greener Extraction Techniques
• 1.5 Green Sampling and Sample Preparation
• 1.6 Solvents for Analytical Separations
• 1.7 Concluding Remarks
• Acknowledgments
• References

Section II: Green Solvents

Chapter 2. Water as the First Choice Green Solvent

• Abstract
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Solvent Properties of Water
• 2.3 Separation Techniques Utilizing Water
• 2.4 Recent Applications in Extraction
• 2.5 Recent Applications Carried out by High-Temperature Chromatography
• 2.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
• References

Chapter 3. A Systematic Approach to Green Solvent Selection, Design, and Verification

• Abstract
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Solvent Selection and Design
• 3.3 Application
• 3.4 Conclusions
• References

Chapter 4. Bio-Based Molecular Solvents

• Abstract
• 4.1 Introduction to Bio-Based Solvents and Solvent Extraction
• 4.2 Bio-Based Solvent Drivers
• 4.3 Selecting Solvents for Solvent Extraction Applications
• 4.4 Bio-Based Solvents
• 4.5 Conclusions
• References

Chapter 5. Supramolecular Solvents for Green Chemistry

• Abstract
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Synthesis of Supramolecular Solvents
• 5.3 Tailoring Composition and Nanostructure of Supramolecular Solvents
• 5.4 Solubilization of Solutes in Supramolecular Solvents
• 5.5 Applications
• 5.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 6. Ionic Liquids, Switchable Solvents, and Eutectic Mixtures

• Abstract
• 6.1 Motivation for Research in Neoteric Solvents: Ionic Liquids, Switchable Solvents, and Deep Eutectic Solvents
• 6.2 Recent Trends in Using ILs for Separation Processes
• 6.3 Recent Trends in Using DESs for Separation Processes
• 6.4 Recent Trends in Using Switchable Solvents for Separation Processes
• 6.5 Concluding Remarks
• References

Chapter 7. Supercritical Fluids and Gas-Expanded Liquids

• Abstract
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Physicochemical Properties of SCFs
• 7.3 Physicochemical Properties of GXLs
• 7.4 Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams
• 7.5 Solubility of Compounds in SCFs and GXLs
• 7.6 Experimental Procedures
• 7.7 Examples of Applications
• 7.8 Greenness of SCFs and GXLs
• 7.9 Conclusions
• List of abbreviations
• Acknowledgments
• References

Section III: Green Extraction Techniques

Chapter 8. Green-Membrane Extraction

• Abstract
• 8.1 Lead-in
• 8.2 Green-Membrane Classification
• 8.3 Porous Membrane Extractions
• 8.4 Nonporous Membrane Extractions
• 8.5 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 9. Microwaves for Greener Extraction

• Abstract
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Types of Microwave Systems
• 9.3 Experimental Variables Affecting Microwave-Assisted Extraction
• 9.4 Green Aspects of Microwave-Assisted Extraction
• 9.5 Standardized Procedures Using Microwave-Accelerated Extraction Techniques
• 9.6 Selected Applications Using Microwaves
• 9.7 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 10. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

• Abstract
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Ultrasound Principles
• 10.3 Kinetics of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
• 10.4 Typical Ultrasound Devices Used in Analytical Laboratories
• 10.5 Application of UAE
• 10.6 Conclusion
• References

Chapter 11. Environmentally Benign Supercritical Fluid Extraction

• Abstract
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology
• 11.3 Process and Natural Products Improvements Based on SFE Technology
• 11.4 Prospective Applications of Supercritical Fluids at Industrial Scale
• 11.5 Final Remarks
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 12. Surfactant-Mediated Extraction Techniques

• Abstract
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Cloud point and Coacervate Extraction
• 12.3 Combination of Surfactants With Other Techniques and Substances
• 12.4 Nonanalytical Application of Surfactants
• 12.5 Conclusions
• References

Section IV: Green Sampling and Sample Preparation Techniques

Chapter 13. Green Sample Collection

• Abstract
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Green Sample Collection Techniques in Air Quality Monitoring
• 13.3 Application of Green Sampling Techniques in the Field of Aquatic Medium Quality Monitoring
• Acknowledgment
• References

Chapter 14. Microextraction and Solventless Techniques

• Abstract
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Sorption-Based Microextraction Techniques
• 14.3 LPME Techniques
• 14.4 Conclusion
• References

Section V: Green Analytical Separations

Chapter 15. Green Gas and Liquid Capillary Chromatography

• Abstract
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Green Aspects of Liquid Chromatography
• 15.3 Green Aspects of Gas Chromatography
• 15.4 Conclusions
• References

Chapter 16. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

• Abstract
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide as Potent Green Solvent
• 16.3 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography as a New Approach in “Omics” Technology
• 16.4 The Evolution of SFC Technology
• 16.5 Detector and Ionization Mode in SFC
• 16.6 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
• 16.7 Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
• 16.8 Conclusions and Future Perspective
• References

Chapter 17. Capillary Electrophoresis as a Green Alternative Separation Technique

• Abstract
• 17.1 Chromatographic and Electrokinetic Separations
• 17.2 The Greenness of CE
• 17.3 Conclusion
• Acknowledgment
• References