Textbook of Paediatric Emergency Medicine

4th Edition - April 4, 2023
Editors: Peter Cameron, Gary J. Browne, Biswadev Mitra, Stuart Dalziel, Simon Craig
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 5 3 5 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 5 3 6 - 9

This leading text is essential reading for all those working in the paediatric emergency medicine setting who require concise, highly practical guidance that incorporates the la… Read more

Textbook of Paediatric Emergency Medicine

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This leading text is essential reading for all those working in the paediatric emergency medicine setting who require concise, highly practical guidance that incorporates the latest best practice and evidence-based guidelines.

The Textbook of Paediatric Emergency Medicine provides clear, concise and comprehensive information to support clinicians in what can be a challenging area to provide care. It not only covers diagnosis and management of all common presentations, but it also includes practical tips on communicating with both patients and their families.

As a companion book to Cameron’s Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine, this volume is specifically tailored to the educational needs of emergency medicine trainees, but is also expected to benefit others working in the emergency setting including paramedics and emergency nurse specialists.

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Section 1. Approach to the paediatric patient
1.1. Approach to the paediatric patient
Introduction
Prehospital care
1.2. Common chronic paediatric conditions
Introduction
Cerebral palsy
Spina bifida
Cystic fibrosis
The ex-premature infant
Autism spectrum disorder
Section 2. Resuscitation
2.1. Paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Preventing in-hospital cardiac arrest
Outcome
Differences compared with adults
Development of resuscitation guidelines
Ethical considerations in paediatric resuscitation
2.2. Paediatric basic life support
Introduction
Paediatric versus adult basic life support
2.3. Paediatric advanced life support
Introduction
Definition of advanced life support
Diagnosing cardiac arrest
Oxygen, ventilation and advanced airway support
Rates and ratios of external cardiac compression and ventilation in advanced life support
Advanced airway support
Fluid therapy
Cardiac arrest/ Arrhythmias/Dysrhythmias
Management of pulsatile dysrhythmias
Post-resuscitation management (Box 2.3.1)
2.4. Paediatric resuscitation in specific circumstances
Teamwork in critical care management
Rapid sequence induction in critical situations
Resuscitation of children with congenital cardiac disease
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Drowning
Traumatic cardiac arrest
Toxicological emergencies
2.5. Shock
Introduction
Diagnosis and assessment
Initial management
Circulation
Further management
2.6. Sepsis recognition and initial management
Background
Definition
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Initial emergency management (Fig. 2.6.1)6
Initial treatment
Therapeutic targets
Disposition
Section 3. Analgesia and sedation
3.1. Analgesia
Introduction
Assessment of pain
Management
3.2. Paediatric procedural sedation within the emergency department
Introduction
The goal of procedural sedation
Preprocedure
Intraprocedure
Postprocedure
Nonpharmacological methods
Pharmacological methods
Balanced sedation
Section 4. Neonatal emergencies
4.1. The normal neonate
Definition and introduction
Immediately after birth
The neonatal history
The neonatal examination
Common reasons for healthy neonates to present to the emergency department
Conclusion
4.2. The crying infant
Introduction
Recurrent crying
General advice
Acute crying
4.3. Neonatal dermatology
Skin in the neonatal period
Red scaly rashes
Vesicles and blisters
Pustular lesions
Birthmarks
Blue/purple lesions
Vascular lesions in the neonatal period
4.4. Acute neonatal emergencies
The neonatal period
Neonatal resuscitation (see Chapter 4.5, Neonatal resuscitation)
Assessment of the neonate
The collapsed neonate
Sepsis
Cardiac emergencies
Endocrine disorders
The neonate with vomiting
Intestinal obstruction
The neonate with seizures
The neonate with breathing difficulty
The neonate with jaundice
4.5. Neonatal resuscitation
Introduction
Assessment at birth
Specific resuscitation situations
Postresuscitation stabilisation
Controversies
Prognosis
Section 5. Cardiology
5.1. Cardiovascular assessment and murmurs
Introduction
History
Physical examination
The child with an asymptomatic murmur
Pathological murmurs
5.2. Chest pain
Introduction
Immediate approach
General approach
History
Physical examination
Investigations
Chest pain following COVID-19 mRNA vaccine
Conclusion
5.3. Syncope
Introduction
Aetiology
Typical presentations
Clinical
Management of syncope within the emergency department
Conclusion
5.4. Cyanotic heart disease and tetralogy of Fallot spells
Introduction
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
Tetralogy spells
5.5. Heart failure
Definition
Causes of congestive heart failure
Clinical manifestations and investigations
Assessment
Acute management
5.6. Congenital heart disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Undiagnosed congenital heart disease
Diagnostic approach
Complications/residua of congenital heart disease and its treatment
Congenital heart disease and intercurrent illness
5.7. Acute rheumatic fever
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever
Clinical manifestations (history and examination)
Investigations
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiogram
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and prophylaxis
Prognosis
5.8. Infective endocarditis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Microbiology
History and presenting clinical features
Examination
Modified duke criteria8
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
5.9. Kawasaki disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Cardinal diagnostic features of Kawasaki disease
Other features of Kawasaki disease
Incomplete Kawasaki disease
Differential diagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Refractory Kawasaki disease
Prognosis
5.10. Cardiac arrhythmias
Introduction
Normal conduction system
The cardiac action potential
Vaughan Williams antiarrhythmia drug classification
Pathogenesis of arrhythmias
General principles for arrhythmia management
Bradyarrhythmias
Conduction disturbances: atrioventricular block
Bundle branch block
Tachyarrhythmias
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
Role of ‘molecular autopsy’ in sudden unexplained cardiac death in the young
Section 6. Respiratory
6.1. Stridor and noisy breathing
Introduction
Initial assessment
History
Examination
Common causes of acute stridor in children
Common causes of chronic stridor in children
6.2. Upper respiratory tract infections
Introduction
Nasopharyngitis
Stomatitis
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis
6.3. Inhaled foreign body
Introduction
Upper airway foreign bodies
Lower airway foreign body
6.4. Croup
Introduction
Presentation
Treatment and disposition
Prognosis
Prevention
6.5. Acute asthma
Introduction
Diagnosis of asthma
Infrequent intermittent asthma
Frequent intermittent asthma
Persistent asthma
Risk factors for mortality
Clinical assessment
Treatment: mild/moderate
Treatment: severe
Treatment: life threatening
Discharge from hospital
Prognosis
Prevention
Future directions/research
6.6. Pertussis
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
6.7. Community-acquired pneumonia
Introduction
Definition
Aetiology
Clinical findings
Investigations
Management
Complications
Prevention
Conclusion
6.8. Bronchiolitis
Introduction
Clinical assessment
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Section 7. Gastroenterology and hepatology
7.1. Abdominal pain
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Assessment
Investigations
Management
Acute Appendicitis
Meckel diverticulum
Chronic Abdominal Pain
7.2. Vomiting
Introduction
Definitions
Clinical evaluation
Examination
Differential diagnoses
Surgical causes of bilious vomiting
Investigations
Formal investigations
Management
Consultation
Complications
Conclusion
7.3. Gastrointestinal bleeding
Introduction
Definitions
Aetiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Imaging
Endoscopy
Primary medical management
Treatment of acute UGIB
Pharmacological treatment (Table 7.3.4)
Variceal bleeding
Disposition
7.4. Gastrooesophageal reflux
Introduction
Pathophysiology
History
Examination
Differential diagnosis
Complications
Oesophagitis
Investigations
Treatment
Follow-up
7.5. Pyloric stenosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical presentation
Examination findings
Imaging studies
Differential diagnosis
Management
Complications
7.6. Ingested foreign bodies
Introduction
History
Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Disposition
Prevention
7.7. Acute liver failure
Introduction
Definitions
Pathophysiology
Hepatic encephalopathy
Aetiology
Infectious hepatitis
Immune dysregulation
Drug- and toxin-induced liver injury
Idiopathic PALF (iPALF)
Presentation
Management
Prognosis
7.8. Diarrhoea
Introduction
Clinical evaluation
Examination
Differential diagnoses
Investigations
Management
Conclusion
7.9. Acute hepatitis
Introduction
Aetiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Viral hepatitis
Drug- and toxin-induced liver injury
Chronic liver disease presenting as acute hepatitis
7.10. Intussusception
Introduction
Aetiology
Epidemiology
Clinical
Investigations
Management
Outcome
7.11. Herniae
Introduction
Types of herniae
Complications
Treatment
7.12. Gastroenteritis
Introduction
Aetiology
History
Examination
Assessment of dehydration
Laboratory investigations in the assessment of dehydration
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Disposition
Prognosis
7.13. Constipation
Introduction
Definitions
What is normal?
Types of constipation
Assessment
Functional constipation
Examination
Investigations
Management
Behaviour modification
7.14. Inflammatory bowel disease
Introduction
New diagnoses
Known inflammatory bowel disease patients
Common treatments and their complications
Section 8. Neurology
8.1. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt complications
Introduction
Cerebral spinal fluid shunts
Clinical presentation
Causes of shunt complications
Investigation
8.2. Raised intracranial pressure
Introduction
Basic science
Clinical features
Causes
Investigation
Management of ICP
8.3. Seizures and nonepileptic events
Introduction
General comments
Classification of seizures
Febrile seizures
Presentation to emergency department
Presentation following a possible seizure
Differential diagnosis and specific seizure syndromes
Infancy
Presentation of a seizure
Drug therapy
Investigations
Disposition
8.4. Acute weakness
Introduction
Presentation
Primary survey approach
Examination
Investigations
Specific conditions causing acute weakness
8.5. Acute ataxia
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Differential diagnosis
Acute cerebellar ataxia
Acute cerebellitis
Poisoning
Tumours
Trauma
Infections
Vascular conditions
Other neurological conditions
Metabolic disorders
Chronic ataxia
Hereditary ataxias/spinocerebellar degenerative
Congenital malformations
Clinical evaluation of the patient
8.6. Headache
Introduction
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Clinical assessment
Management
Disposition
Migraine
Conclusion
8.7. Central nervous system infections: meningitis and encephalitis
Introduction
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Conclusion
Section 9. Infectious diseases
9.1. Infectious diseases
Fever
Common infectious exanthems
What specimens, when should they be ordered and what tests?
Infection control in the emergency department
Needlestick injury
Immunisation
9.2. SARS-CoV-2
Introduction
Incubation and transmission
Epidemiology
History and examination
Investigations
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prophylaxis: management of contacts
Current immunisation strategies
Section 10. Endocrinology and metabolic
10.1. Inborn errors of metabolism
Introduction
Physiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigation
Management
Chronic presentations
Extended newborn screening
Conclusion
10.2. Hypoglycaemia in the nondiabetic child
Introduction
The hypoglycaemia screen
Causes of hypoglycaemia
Treatment of hypoglycaemia
10.3. Diabetic emergencies in children
Introduction
The child with suspected diabetes
The child with diabetic ketoacidosis
The child with hypoglycaemia
The child with an insulin pump
The child with diabetes and intercurrent illness
The child with diabetes and surgery
10.4. Thyroid emergencies
Thyrotoxicosis
Hypothyroidism
10.5. Adrenal emergencies
Adrenal crisis
Cushing syndrome
10.6. Disorders of fluids, electrolytes and acid–base
Introduction
Physiology
Clinical assessment of hydration
Investigations
Treatment
Investigation and management of fluids in different conditions
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Potassium disorders
Maintenance fluids
Acid–base disorders
Section 11. Haematology and oncology
11.1. The use of blood products in children
Introduction
Use of blood products in resuscitation1–4
Packed red blood cells1
Platelets
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Clotting factor concentrates
Albumin
Normal human immunoglobulin
Hyperimmune immunoglobulins
Risks of blood component use2
Infections8
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
Transfusion-mediated immunomodulation
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
Other transfusion-related adverse reactions
11.2. Anaemia
Introduction
Acute management
Neonatal anaemia
Anaemias of childhood
Haemolytic anaemias
Haemoglobinopathies
11.3. Disorders of coagulation
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
Haemophilia
von Willebrand disease
11.4. Platelet disorders
Introduction
Immune thrombocytopaenia
11.5. Vasculitis
Introduction
Clinical presentation
Small-vessel vasculitis
Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
Large-vessel vasculitis
Secondary vasculitis and vasculitis mimics
11.6. Acute leukaemia
Introduction
Classification
Clinical presentation
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Prognosis
Complications
Management
11.7. Febrile neutropaenia
Introduction
Presentation
Investigations
Treatment
Low-risk children
11.8. Emergencies in paediatric oncology
Introduction
Fever and infection
Gastrointestinal emergencies
Blood product use in oncology
Cardiothoracic emergencies
Metabolic emergencies
Genitourinary emergencies
Neurological emergencies
Brain and spinal cord tumours in children
Conclusion
Section 12. Renal
12.1. Acute kidney injury
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Treatment
Acute presentation of chronic renal failure
Acute kidney injury in the renal transplant recipient
12.2. Haematuria
Introduction
Isolated microscopic haematuria
History
Examination
Investigations
Disposition
12.3. Hypertension
Introduction
History
Examination
Emergency department management
Severe hypertension
12.4. Urinary tract infection in preschool children
Introduction
History and examination
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
12.5. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Introduction
Incidence
Pathophysiology
History
Examination
Investigation
Differential diagnosis
Management
Complications
Prevention
12.6. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Introduction
Pathophysiology of proteinuria
Definition of nephrotic syndrome
Classification of paediatric nephrotic syndrome
Epidemiology
Response to corticosteroids
Minimal change disease
Primary (idiopathic) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Prognosis
12.7. Immunoglobulin A vasculitis
A note on nomenclature
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Signs and symptoms
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Follow-up
Prognosis
Section 13. Trauma in children
13.1. Introduction to paediatric trauma
Prevalence
Prevention
Systematic paediatric trauma care
Primary survey
Secondary survey
Tertiary survey
Rehabilitation
13.2. Paediatric Neurotrauma
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
History
Examination
Glasgow Coma Scale
Investigations
Management
13.3. Spinal injury
Introduction
Developmental anatomy and physiology
Initial assessment
Spinal immobilisation
Cervical spine injuries
Cervical spine clearance guidelines
Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation
Thoracic and lumbar spine injuries
Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
13.4. Thoracic injuries in childhood
Introduction
Initial approach in the emergency department
Chest wall injury
Pulmonary injury
Pneumothorax
Haemothorax1,14,16
Tracheobronchial injuries
Mediastinal injury
Diaphragmatic injury
Oesophageal injury
Emergency department thoracotomy
13.5. Abdominal trauma
Important characteristics of paediatric patients with abdominal trauma
Mechanism of injury
Assessment and management
Investigations
Initial management
Take-home message
13.6. Burns
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Classification
History
Examination
Management of burns
Electrical burns
Chemical burns
13.7. Children in a disaster response
Introduction
Mass-casualty events
Types of disasters
What disasters affect children?
Disaster planning and response
Care for the carers
Training and testing disaster plans
Conclusion
13.8. Wound Management
Introduction
Anatomy of the skin
Pathophysiology of wound healing
Wound infection
Classification of wounds
Evaluation of the patient with a laceration
Treatment of wounds
Treatment of selected injuries
Section 14. Orthopaedics and rheumatology
14.1. Orthopaedics and rheumatology
Introduction
The child with acute musculoskeletal pain or dysfunction
Generalised or multifocal bone/joint pain
Neoplastic presentations
Other important subacute paediatric musculoskeletal presentations
Conclusion
14.2. The child with a limp
Introduction
History
Examination
Investigation
Clinical decision-making in a child with a limp
Specific conditions
14.3. Fractures and dislocations
Fracture patterns in childhood
Initial assessment and management
Upper limb and shoulder girdle injuries
Lower limb and pelvis injuries
Conclusions
Future directions
14.4. Risk management in acute paediatric orthopaedics
Introduction
Nonidentification or delayed identification of paediatric fractures
Low-risk fractures
Adverse events in acute paediatric orthopaedics
Section 15. Dermatology
15.1. Dermatology
Introduction
Erythroderma and skin failure
Vesiculobullous rashes
Sunburn and photosensitivity
Pustular rashes
Papular (raised) rashes
Red scaly (papulosquamous) rashes
Eczematous rashes
Red blanching rashes (erythematous)
Urticaria
Purpuric rashes
Vascular tumours: haemangiomas and haemangioma variants
Vascular malformations
Hyperpigmentation
Hypopigmentation
Mouth disorders
Anogenital rashes
Hair problems
Nail problems
Itch without rash
Collection of specimens
Section 16. Ophthalmology
16.1. Ophthalmological emergencies
Introduction
History
Examination
The red eye in paediatrics
The red eye
Recurrent corneal erosion
Uveitis
Episcleritis and scleritis
16.2. Congenital, developmental and neoplastic conditions of the eye
Deficits in visual acuity
Strabismus
Paediatric cataracts
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Infantile glaucoma
Ocular tumours
16.3. Ocular trauma
Introduction
Time-critical ocular trauma
Globe trauma
Eyelid trauma
Orbital trauma
Thermal burns
Traumatic iritis
Nonaccidental injury
Section 17. ENT and dental
17.1. The ear
Otitis externa
Acute otitis media
Discharging otitis media: chronic suppurative otitis media
Otitis media with effusion
Mastoiditis
Trauma
17.2. The nose
Rhinitis and sinusitis
Epistaxis
Nasal trauma
17.3. The mouth and throat
Stomatitis
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis
Peritonsillar abscess
Posttonsillectomy haemorrhage
Oral/dental trauma
Oral/dental infection
Other dental issues
17.4. Retropharyngeal abscess
Introduction
History
Examination
Investigation
Treatment
17.5. Foreign bodies of the nose and throat plus caustic ingestions
Nasal foreign bodies
Aural foreign bodies
Caustic ingestion
Section 18. Obstetrics and gynaecology
18.1. Paediatric gynaecology
Infant and prepubescent gynaecology
Adolescent gynaecology
18.2. Emergency contraception
Introduction
Clinical assessment
Available medicines
Medication interactions
Medicine contraindications
Medicine adverse effects
Medicine outcomes
Copper intrauterine devices
Section 19. Male genitalia
19.1. Male genitalia
The acute scrotum
Acute problems of the penis and foreskin
Section 20. Adolescent medicine in the emergency department
20.1. Adolescent medicine in the emergency department
Introduction
Adolescent health problems in the emergency department
The approach to the adolescent in the emergency department
Conclusion
20.2. Eating disorders and anorexia
Introduction
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Section 21. Psychlatric
21.1. Paediatric psychiatric emergencies
Introduction
General approach
Common paediatric psychiatric presentations
Suicidal attempts and intentional self-harm
Other psychiatric presentations
Excessive use of electronic screens
21.2. Acute behavioural disturbance in children and young people
Introduction
Arousal
Behaviour
Containment
Cognitive processes
The principles of psychiatric triage
Managing the ABCC including restraint and acute sedation
Sedating the young brain
Treating comorbid medical disorder
Mental state signs of organic dysfunction
Treating comorbid psychiatric disorder
The special problem of the autistic spectrum disorders
Conclusion
Section 22. Crisis intervention
22.1. Sexual assault
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology of child sexual assault
Child sexual assault and emergency medicine
Recognition of child sexual assault
Signs and symptoms
Diagnostic considerations
Role of the emergency physician
Documentation
Mandatory reporting legislation
Long-term effects
22.2. Child at risk
Introduction
Definition
Physical abuse
Emotional abuse
Neglect
Medical child abuse
The community response to the child at risk
Section 23. Poisoning
23.1. General approach to poisoning
Introduction and epidemiology
Diagnosis
Risk assessment
Investigations
Resuscitation
Decontamination
Antidotes
Enhanced elimination
Supportive care
Consultation and disposition
23.2. Specific poisons
Common poisons
Rare and dangerous poisons
Section 24. Envenomation
24.1. Envenomation
Introduction
Snakebite
Scorpion stings
Spiderbite
Tick bite paralysis
Jellyfish stings
Venomous fish stings
Venomous marine molluscs
24.2. Drowning
Introduction
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Disposition
Prognosis
Prevention
24.3. Heat-induced illness
Introduction
Causes of heat-related illness
Clinical syndromes
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and disposition
24.4. Cold injuries
Introduction
Normal thermal physiology: A review
Hypothermia
Localised cold injuries
Hypothermia not due to environmental causes
24.5. Anaphylaxis and food reactions
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Admission/observation
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Prevention
Future directions and research
Section 25. Administration in EMS
25.1. Managing the death of a child in the emergency department: Bereavement issues
Introduction
The resuscitation process
Talking to parents and families
Laying out of the child
Viewing the body: quiet suite
The grief response
Support of the family
Cultural implications
Legal issues
Organ and tissue donation and collection
Debriefing and support for emergency department staff
Collaboration with paediatric palliative care services
The concept of a good death
Conclusion
Section 26. Transport and retrieval
26.1. Paediatric emergency retrieval
Paediatric retrieval
What is different about children?
Paediatric emergency referrals
Paediatric referral and retrieval: roles and expectations
Paediatric retrieval staff
Paediatric retrieval equipment
Criteria for transport
Degrees of urgency
Definitions
Transport platforms
While waiting
Stabilisation
Communication and retrieval leadership
Framework for communications during paediatric retrieval
Interface with adult retrieval
Parents
Paediatric retrieval and end-of-life situations
Quality
Conclusion
26.2. Sick child in a rural hospital
Introduction
Challenges in the rural setting
Caring for the critically ill child
What can be done to assist care in remote environments?
Section 27. Teaching paediatric emergency medicine
27.1. Web-based resources
Accessing web-based resources
Needs of paediatric emergency medicine staff
Educational tools available online
Social media
Pitfalls of online content
Links
Conflict of interest
27.2. Teaching paediatric emergency medicine
Introduction
Desirable attitudes in paediatric emergency medicine
Skill set for paediatric emergency medicine
Putting knowledge into perspective
Helping others acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes
Engagement
Feedback
Learning resources
Pandemic challenges
Conclusion
Section 28. Paediatric research in the emergency department
28.1. Research in children in the emergency department
Introduction
Research science
The practice and governance of research
Key regulatory documents
Implementation research
Multicentre research
Funding research
Section 29. Common procedures
29.1. Estimating the weight of infants and children
Background
Age-based tools to estimate body weight
Tips
29.2. Basic airway management techniques
Background
Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways
Laryngeal mask airway
Bag–valve-mask and flow-inflating mask ventilation
29.3. Noninvasive ventilation
Noninvasive continuous positive pressure ventilation
Humidified high-flow nasal prong oxygenation
T-piece ventilation device
Continuous positive airway pressure/biphasic positive airway pressure
29.4. Endotracheal intubation
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Confirmation of intubation
29.5. The surgical airway
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Needle cricothyroidotomy
Surgical cricothyroidotomy
Guidewire or Seldinger technique
29.6. Chest procedures
Introduction
Needle thoracostomy
Tube thoracostomy
Three-sided dressing
Pericardiocentesis
29.7. Removing and replacing a tracheostomy tube
Background
Indications for emergent replacement
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
29.8. Central and peripheral intravenous lines
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Peripheral venous catheter placement
Central venous line placement
29.9. Intraosseous access
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
The EZ-IO intraosseous vascular access system
29.10. Umbilical vessel cannulation
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
29.11. Defibrillation
Background
Current technology for defibrillators
Pads versus paddles
Asynchronous versus synchronous
Indications for defibrillation (asynchronous)
Indications for synchronous cardioversion
Contraindications
Equipment
Standard preparation
Standard procedure
Automated external defibrillators procedure
Complications
Tips
29.12. Transurethral catheterisation and suprapubic bladder aspiration
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Transurethral catheterisation
Suprapubic aspiration
29.13. Lumbar puncture
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation and positioning
Procedure
Complications
Tips
29.14. Reduction of paediatric inguinal hernias
Introduction
Preparation
Procedure
Inguinal hernias in girls
Complications
29.15. Paraphimosis reduction
Introduction
Indications
Contraindications
Procedures
Postreduction management
Contraindications to attempted reduction
Complications
Tips
29.16. Gastrostomies and other enteral feeding devices: trouble shooting in the emergency department
Background
Anatomy of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion method
Complications
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy displacement
Buried bumper
Gastrocolocutaneous fistula
Peristomal leak
Peristomal infection
Mechanical problems: blockage
Jejunal feeding devices
Granulation tissue
Section 30. Ultrasound
30.1. Ultrasound
30.2. Diagnostic ultrasound in paediatric emergency medicine
Introduction
Haemodynamic assessment with ultrasound
Lung ultrasound
Musculoskeletal
Abdominal ultrasound
Neurological
30.3. Ultrasound guidance for procedures
Ultrasound guidance for procedures
Vascular access
Suprapubic aspiration
Nerve blocks
Foreign body identification and removal
Joint aspiration
Neonatal lumbar puncture
Confirmation of nasogastric tube position
Fracture reduction
30.4. Incorporating ultrasound into paediatric resuscitation
Introduction
Undifferentiated severe respiratory distress
Intubation
Cardiac arrest
Shock
Serial evaluations at the bedside
Conclusion
Index

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Textbook of Paediatric Emergency Medicine

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Peter Cameron

Gary J. Browne

Biswadev Mitra

Stuart Dalziel

Simon Craig