Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

4th Edition - October 10, 2022
Authors: S. M. Balaji, Padma Preetha Balaji
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 4 6 9 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 4 7 0 - 6

The Fourth edition of the book is a scholastic and comprehensive presentation of oral and maxillofacial surgery that delves into all aspects of the specialty in an insightful and… Read more

Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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The Fourth edition of the book is a scholastic and comprehensive presentation of oral and maxillofacial surgery that delves into all aspects of the specialty in an insightful and penetrating manner. This textbook is written in a language that is easy to comprehend and the latest surgical techniques and developments are categorised into easily understandable segments. The contents were well structured, organised and designed to adequately meet the curriculum requirement in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Cover image
Title page
Disclaimer
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface to the fourth edition
Preface to the first edition
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
SECTION I. Introduction to Oral Surgery
1. Definition and scope of oral surgery
Dentistry (ADA definition)
Purpose of specialisation
What a graduate should know
2. Medicolegal considerations in dentistry
Law
Crime and penal code
Malpractice
Rashness and negligence
Consent–contract between doctor and patient
Criminal liability of doctors in death during medical procedures
SECTION II. Diagnosis
3. History taking and clinical examination
A case sheet
History taking
Clinical examination
Diagnosis
Diagnostic tools
Final diagnosis
Treatment plan
Case files
4. Radiodiagnosis
Radiation-based imaging
Nonradiation-based imaging
Nuclear medicine
5. Diagnostic aid—haematological, biochemical and microbiological investigations
Haematological investigations
Biochemical investigations
6. Histopathological investigations
Cytology
Screening methods with cytology
Biopsy
Indications for biopsy
Biopsy procedure (Flowchart 6.3)
Types of biopsies
Immunohistochemistry
Recent advances in histopathological evidences
SECTION III. Medical Management in Oral Surgery
7. Management of the medically compromised
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases
Respiratory system
Renal diseases
Endocrine system
Neurological disorders
Haemopoietic system
Infectious diseases
Pregnancy and lactation
8. Medical emergencies and their management in dental office
Importance of medical history
Basic life support
Common medical emergencies in dental practice
Vasovagal syncope
Postural hypotension
Hyperventilation
Asthma
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Epilepsy
Hypoglycaemia
Acute adrenal insufficiency
Anaphylaxis
Choking/foreign body aspiration
Haemorrhage
Haematoma
La toxicity
Needle breakage
9. Haemorrhage and shock
Haemorrhage
Mechanism of haemostasis
Methods of achieving haemostasis
Shock
10. Therapeutics in oral surgery
Introduction
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Antiinflammatory drugs
Antioedematous substances
Antiallergic drugs
Sedatives and hypnotics
Anticoagulants
Newer drugs
SECTION IV. Anaesthesia in Oral Surgery
11. Local anaesthesia
Introduction
Composition of local anaesthetics
Basic physiology of local anaesthesia
Pharmacology of local anaesthetics
Pharmacokinetics—movement of the drug within the body
Pharmacodynamics—effects of the local anaesthetic agent
Clinical action of specific agents
Pharmacology of vasoconstrictors
Local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictor—drug interactions
Armamentarium used in local anaesthesia
Anatomic considerations (applied anatomy)
Preoperative assessment of the patient
Basic injection techniques
Techniques of maxillary anaesthesia (block anaesthesia for the maxilla) (Flowchart 11.1)
Techniques of mandibular anaesthesia (block anaesthesia for the mandible)
Complication of local anaesthesia
Recent advances in local anaesthesia
12. General anaesthesia
Preanaesthetic evaluation
General examination
Anaesthetic risk assessment
Preanaesthetic preparation of the patient (Table 12.7)
Stages of general anaesthesia (Fig. 12.1)
Drugs used for the induction of anaesthesia
Drugs and inhalational agents used for the maintenance of anaesthesia
Muscle relaxation during anaesthesia
Delivery of anaesthetic gases and vapours to the operation theatre
Managing the airway
Recovery from general anaesthesia
13. Conscious sedation
Introduction
Presedation evaluation of patients
Techniques to achieve conscious sedation
Oral sedation
Drugs used for conscious sedation
SECTION V. Principles of Practising Oral Surgery
14. Armamentarium
Instruments used for handling sterile instruments
Presurgical draping and asepsis
Soft tissue handling instruments
Instruments used for reflecting the mucoperiosteal flap
Hard tissue handling instruments
Airway maintenance/anaesthesia
Oral/nasal pharyngeal airway
Special instruments in fracture management
Miscellaneous instruments
Diathermy
Surgical drain
15. Sterilisation and disinfection
Introduction and classification
Sterilisation
Methods of disinfection
Antiseptics
Operating room decorum
Infection control
Universal precautions
Sterilisation procedures
Protective measures
Needlestick injury
Disposal of waste
16. Suture materials and suturing techniques
Introduction
Classification
Absorbable suture materials
Nonabsorbable suture materials
Needles
Principles of suturing
Suturing techniques
Knot
Mechanical wound closure methods
Wound closure tapes
Tissue adhesives
SECTION VI. Minor Oral Surgery
17. Principles of minor oral surgery
Introduction
Asepsis
Adequate access
Principles of wound incision
Types of blade grasp
Intraoral incisions
Principles and guidelines for flap designs
Suturing
18. Exodontia
Introduction
Methods of extraction
Indications for extraction
Contraindications for extraction
Assessment of teeth for extraction
Preoperative radiographs
Extraction forceps
Forceps design style
Instruments used for reflecting the mucoperiosteal flap
Principles of tooth extraction
Choice of anaesthesia
Management of haemorrhage
Complications of extraction
Technological advancement in extraction techniques
19. Impaction
Introduction
Aetiology of impacted canine
Preoperative planning
Lateral trephination
Orthodontic extraction
Surgical removal of impacted maxillary 3rd molar
Surgical removal of canine impaction
20. Endodontic surgery
Introduction
Classification of endodontic surgery
Armamentarium for periradicular surgery (Fig. 20.2)
Presurgical patient management
Principles of endodontic surgery
Management of soft tissues
Management of hard tissue (surgical access)
Corrective surgery
Replacement surgery (extraction/replantation)
Endodontic microsurgery
21. Preprosthetic surgery
Ideal edentulous ridge
Residual ridge resorption (RRR)
Preprosthetic surgery
Patient evaluation
Classification of preprosthetic surgery and treatment planning
Hard tissue surgeries
Alveolar ridge preservation
Alveolar ridge augmentation
Mandibular augmentation procedures
Maxillary augmentation procedure
Maxillary and mandibular augmentation
Soft tissue procedures
22. Dental implantology
Introduction
Indications & contraindications of implant treatment (Tables 22.4 and 22.5)
SECTION VII. Infections in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
23. Head and neck space infections
Odontogenic infection
Fascial spaces
Mechanism of spread of infection
Routes of spread
Aetiology of space infections
Stages and types of infection
Evaluation of the patient with orofacial infection
Principles of management of odontogenic infections
Classification of fascial spaces
Primary fascial spaces—direct involvement
Spaces related to lower jaw
Secondary fascial spaces—indirect involvement
Parapharyngeal space infections
Life-threatening complication of orofacial infections
Distant spread
24. Osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis and osteochemonecrosis
Osteomyelitis
Classification
Types of osteomyelitis
Clinical features of osteomyelitis
Management of osteomyelitis
Osteoradionecrosis
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (Fig. 24.12)
Pentoxifylline and vitamin E
Osteochemonecrosis (OCN) - medications associated osteonecrosis of jaws
25. Maxillary sinus and its disorders
Introduction
Maxillary sinus
Clinical examination of maxillary sinus pathology
Radiological investigation and assessment for maxillary sinus pathology (Fig. 25.4)
Classification of diseases affecting maxillary sinus
Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis
Inflammatory maxillary sinusitis (Fig. 25.5)
Complications of untreated maxillary sinusitis
Oroantral fistula
Caldwell-Luc procedure
Traumatic disease
Iatrogenic disease
Fungal disease in the maxillary sinus
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Epistaxis
SECTION VIII. Maxillofacial Pathologies
26. Cysts of the oral cavity
Definition
Classification
Pathogenesis and development of cyst
Diagnosis of cysts in oral and maxillofacial region
Various modalities of surgical management of cystic lesions (Flowchart 26.2)
Complications of untreated cysts
Cyst of the jaws
Odontogenic inflammatory cysts
Nonepithelial lined pseudocysts
Cysts associated with maxillary antrum
Soft tissue cysts
27. Odontogenic tumours
Introduction
Classification of odontogenic tumours
Benign odontogenic tumours
Malignant odontogenic tumours
28. Nonodontogenic tumours
Introduction
Classification of nonodontogenic tumours
Benign maxillofacial bone and cartilage tumours
Malignant maxillofacial bone and cartilage tumours
Haematolymphoid tumours
Fibro-osseous and osteochondromatous lesions
Giant cell lesions and simple bone cyst
Reactive lesions of oral cavity
29. Premalignant lesions and conditions
Introduction
Dysplasia
Clinical precancerous changes
Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity
Classification of oral potentially malignant disorders
Diagnosis and treatment plan of potentially malignant lesions and conditions (Flowchart 29.1)
Leukoplakia (leuko—white; plakia—plaque)
Erythroplakia
Carcinoma in situ
Oral submucous fibrosis
Oral lichen planus
Actinic (solar) keratosis, elastosis and cheilitis
30. Oral cancer and its management
Introduction
Aetiology
Carcinogens
Carcinogenesis
Concept of field cancerisation
Staging and grading of oral cancer
Types of cancer in the head and neck
Site based malignant cancers in the head and neck
Carcinoma of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and other paranasal sinuses
Carcinoma of the oral cavity
Surgical management of oral cancer
Cervical lymph node metastasis
Treatment of cervical lymph node metastasis
Salivary gland neoplasms
Adjuvant treatments for oral cancer
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
31. Salivary gland pathologies
Surgical anatomy
Diagnosis of salivary gland diseases
Classification of salivary gland diseases
Obstructive disorders
Infections and systemic diseases
Cysts of the salivary glands
Neoplasms of salivary glands
Benign tumours
Malignant tumours of the salivary gland
Idiopathic diseases
SECTION IX. Reconstructive Surgery
32. Introduction to reconstructive surgery
Introduction
Principles and guidelines for flap designs
Biological principles of bone graft healing
Classification of reconstruction
33. Local and regional flaps used in maxillofacial surgery
Definition
Classifications
Local flaps (random flaps and axial flaps)
Regional flaps for head and neck defects
Distant free flaps
Flap modifications
34. Hard and soft tissue reconstruction using vascularised and nonvascularised grafts
Introduction to hard tissue reconstruction
Autogenous bone graft properties (Table 34.2)
Forms of autogenous bone grafts
Nonvascularised grafts or free grafts
Soft tissue reconstruction with grafts
Composite reconstruction with or without microvascular surgery for hard and soft tissues of maxillary and mandibular defects
SECTION X. Temporomandibular Joint
35. Introduction to temporomandibular joint
Introduction
Embryology
Temporomandibular joint anatomy
Biomechanics of temporomandibular joint
Classification of TMJ disorders
36. Masticatory muscle disorder
Introduction
Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS)
37. Temporomandibular joint disorders
Derangements of the condyle–disc complex/internal derangement
Structural incompatibility of the articular surfaces/dislocation
Inflammatory disorders of the temporomandibular joint
38. Temporomandibular joint ankylosis and chronic mandibular hypomobility
Introduction
Pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint ankylosis
Classification of ankylosis
Clinical presentation
Radiological assessment (Figs. 38.5 and 38.6)
Management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis
Management of facial deformity secondary to temporomandibular joint ankylosis
Complications of TMJ ankylosis surgery
False ankylosis
Trismus
39. Growth disorders of temporomandibular joint
Introduction and development of temporomandibular joint
Growth disorders of bone
Hypoplasia
Treatment of condylar hypoplasia
Growth disorders of muscle (congenital and developmental)
SECTION XI. Neurological Disorders of Maxillofacial Region
40. Sensory and motor disturbances of the orofacial region
Sensory disturbances of the face
Anatomy of the peripheral nerve
Traumatic nerve injuries
Patient evaluation
Clinical examination
Management
Motor disturbances of the face
Facial palsy
Bell’s palsy
Management of bell’s palsy
Surgical management of nerve injuries
Primary management
Secondary management
41. Orofacial pain management
Introduction
Classification of orofacial pain
Neurobiology of pain
Transmission of pain from the periphery to the central nervous system
Measurement of pain
Clinical presentation of orofacial pain
Management of orofacial pain
Conclusion
42. Trigeminal neuralgia and other orofacial neuralgias
Neuralgia
Pathophysiology
Classification
Investigations and diagnostic tests
Management
Medical care
Surgical management
Anaesthesia dolorosa
Geniculate neuralgia
Sphenopalatine neuralgia (sluder’s neuralgia)
Paratrigeminal neuralgia of raeder
SECTION XII. Dentofacial Deformities
43. Orthognathic surgery
Introduction
Classification
Diagnosis and treatment planning
Maxillary osteotomy procedures
44. Distraction osteogenesis
Introduction
History of distraction osteogenesis
Biological aspects in distraction osteogenesis
Classification of distraction osteogenesis techniques (Flowchart 44.1)
Principles of distraction osteogenesis
Treatment planning
Surgical procedure (Figs. 44.13–44.16)
The factors that influence the success of distraction osteogenesis include
Applications of distraction osteogenesis in maxillofacial surgery
Complications of distraction osteogenesis
Conclusion
45. Orofacial cleft
Introduction
Prevalence
Aetiology of oral cleft
Embryology
Prenatal diagnosis
Anatomical features—pathological anatomy of cleft lip and cleft palate
Clinical features—problems faced by cleft children
Classifications of oral and facial clefts
Management of patients with cleft lip and palate
Primary management
Lip repair
Secondary corrections
Closure of alveolar cleft
Prosthesis for cleft patients
SECTION XIII. Maxillofacial Trauma
46. Emergency management of trauma patients and soft tissue injuries
Introduction
Primary survey and resuscitation
Secondary survey (complete examination of the patient)
Imaging of maxillofacial injuries
Soft tissue injuries
47. Basic principles in the management of maxillofacial trauma
Introduction
Biology of bone and fracture healing
Basic principles in the treatment of a fracture
Conclusion
48. Dentoalveolar fracture
Introduction
Aetiology and risk factors
Clinical findings
Radiographic findings
Classification
Treatment of dentoalveolar injuries
49. Fractures of the mandible
Introduction
Fracture patterns
Applied surgical anatomy of mandible
Classification of mandibular fracture
Clinical evaluation
Radiographic examination
Management of mandibular fracture
Complications of mandibular fracture (Table 49.9)
50. Condylar fractures
Introduction
Surgical anatomy
Biomechanics of condylar fracture
Classification of condylar fracture
Clinical features of condylar fractures
Radiographic investigations
Management of condylar fracture
Condylar fractures in children
Complications following mandibular condylar fracture
51. Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Introduction
Anatomy of zygomaticomaxillary complex
Mechanism of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures
Fracture patterns
Classification of zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Clinical assessment
Radiographic evaluation
Management of zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Malunited zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures
Complications of zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
52. Fractures of the maxilla
Introduction
Applied anatomy of the maxilla
Classification of maxillary fractures
Clinical findings (Tables 52.1 and 52.2)
Radiographic investigations
Management of Le Fort fractures
Palatal fractures
Complications of maxillary fractures
53. Orbital fractures
Introduction
Anatomy
Fracture patterns
Clinical examination
Radiographic examination
Management of orbital fractures
Complications
54. Naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture
Introduction
Applied anatomy of naso-orbito-ethmoid complex
Classification of naso-orbito-ethmoid complex fractures
Clinical evaluation of naso-orbito-ethmoid complex fractures
Radiographic evaluation
Management of naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures
Soft tissue readaptation
Complications of naso-orbito-ethmoid complex fracture
Nasal bone fracture
55. Frontal bone fractures
Introduction
Applied anatomy
Functions of frontal sinus
Classification of frontal sinus fractures
Clinical evaluation of frontal sinus fractures
Radiographic evaluation
Management of frontal sinus fracture
Complications of frontal sinus fracture
56. Panfacial and paediatric fractures
Panfacial fractures
Introduction
Classification
Anatomical considerations
Assessment of panfacial fractures
Management of panfacial fractures
Secondary reconstruction of panfacial fractures
Complications
Conclusion
Paediatric facial fractures
Anatomical considerations
Assessment of trauma in paediatric patients
Diagnosis of facial fracture
Management of paediatric facial fractures
Growth disturbance
SECTION XIV. Recent Advances
57. Recent advances in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Recent advances in recent anatomical discoveries
Recent advances in imaging
Recent advances in surgical planning
Recent advances in anaesthesia
Recent advances in sterilisation
Recent advances in equipment and material used in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Recent advances in dental implantology
Recent advances in the field of exodontia
Recent advances in treatment of fractures
Recent advances in soft tissue reconstruction
Recent advances in bone reconstruction
Recent advances in treatment of osteoradionecrosis
Recent advances in trigeminal neuralgia
Recent advances in orthognathic surgery
Index

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Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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