Textbook of Medical Physiology, 4th Edition

4th Edition - December 21, 2021
Imprint: Elsevier India
Author: G K Pal
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 3 8 3 2 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 3 8 3 3 - 4

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Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
The Authors
Acknowledgements
Preface to Fourth Editon
Preface to the First Edition
Inside Front Cover
Competency Map in Physiology
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Section I: General Physiology
Chapter 1: Importance of Physiology in Medicine
PHYSIOLOGY FOR LEARNING MEDICINE
PHYSIOLOGY FOR MEDICAL PRACTICE
PHYSIOLOGY FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH
PHYSIOLOGY FOR INTEGRAL PROGRESS
Chapter 2: Functional Organization of Human Body and Principles of Homeostasis
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
PRINCIPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS
Chapter 3: Cell and its Functions, Intercellular Connections, Physiology of Genetics, and Apoptosis
CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS
Cell Organelles
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
PHYSIOLOGY OF GENETICS
APOPTOSIS
Chapter 4: Transport Across the Cell Membrane
MEMBRANE CHANNELS
TYPES OF CARRIERS
TRANSPORT PROCESSES
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
OTHER TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
VESICULAR TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE EPITHELIA
Chapter 5: Membrane Potential
BASIC PRINCIPLES
GENESIS OF RMP
Chapter 6: Body Fluids
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID VOLUMES
IONIC COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
Section II: Blood
Chapter 7: Introduction to Blood, and Plasma Proteins
THE BLOOD
PLASMA PROTEINS
Chapter 8: Bone Marrow and Hemopoiesis
BONE MARROW
HEMOPOIESIS
Chapter 9: Red Blood Cells: Structure, Functions, Development Erythropoiesis), and Destruction
RED BLOOD CELLS
ERYTHROPOIESIS
DESTRUCTION OF RED CELLS
Chapter 10: Hemoglobins and Blood Indices
HEMOGLOBINS
BLOOD INDICES
Chapter 11: Pathophysiology of Anemia and Polycythemia
ANEMIA
POLYCYTHEMIA
Chapter 12: Pathophysiology of Jaundice
BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
TYPES OF JAUNDICE
Chapter 13: Blood Groups and Physiological Basis of Blood Transfusion
ABO SYSTEM
Rh SYSTEM
OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Chapter 14: White Blood Cells
LEUCOPOIESIS
LIFE HISTORY OF LEUCOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
MONOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES
LEUKEMIA
Chapter 15: Immunity
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE
SPECIFIC DEFENCE MECHANISMS Acquired Immunity)
MECHANISM OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY
MECHANISM OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
MECHNISMS OF SELF-RECOGNITION Immunological Tolerance)
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 16: Platelets
DEVELOPMENT OF PLATELETS
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
ROLE OF PLATELET IN HEMOSTASIS
PLATELET DYSFUNCTIONS
Chapter 17: Blood Coagulation
MECHANISM OF BLOOD COAGULATION
ANTICLOTTING MECHANISM Fibrinolysis)
REGULATION OF BLOOD COAGULATION
APPLIED ASPECTS
Section III: Nerve and Muscle
Chapter 18: Structure and Functions of Neuron, Nerve Potentials and Propagation of Nerve Impulse
STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
GENESIS OF NERVE POTENTIALS
INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL
Chapter 19: Classification and Properties of Nerve Fibers, Nerve Injury and Other Applied Aspects
PROPERTIES OF NERVE FIBERS
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE FIBERS
NERVE INJURY
OTHER APPLIED ASPECTS
Chapter 20: Neuromuscular Transmission
STRUCTURE OF NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
MECHANISMS OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION
BLOCKADE OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION
NEUROMUSCULAR DYSFUNCTIONS
NERVE ENDINGS IN SMOOTH & CARDIAC MUSCLES
DENERVATION HYPERSENSITIVITY
Chapter 21: Muscle: Structure, Functional Organization, Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Molecular Basis of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING
TYPES OF CONTRACTION
Chapter 22: Properties of Skeletal Muscle and Applied Aspects
PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
APPLIED ASPECTS
Chapter 23: Smooth Muscle
TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
STRUCTURE
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION
PROPERTIES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Section IV: Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 24: Functional Organization and Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF ANS
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF ANS
SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE
Chapter 25: Autonomic Dysfunctions, Autonomic Function Tests and Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability
AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTIONS
AUTONOMIC FUNCTION TESTS
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY
Section V: Cardiovascular System
Chapter 26: Functional Organization of Cardiovascular System
HEART
BLOOD VESSELS
SYSTEMIC Vs PULMONARY CIRCULATION
VOLUME DISTRIBUTION IN VASCULAR COMPARTMENTS
Chapter 27: Functional Anatomy of Heart, Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Innervation
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
CARDIAC MUSCLE
CARDIAC INNERVATION
Chapter 28: Properties of Cardiac Muscle
SPECIAL PROPERTIES
Chapter 29: Electrophysiology of the Heart, and Origin and Propagation of Cardiac Impulse
IONIC CURRENTS IN CARDIAC TISSUES
ACTION POTENTIALS IN CARDIAC TISSUES
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HEART
INITIATION & PROPAGATION OF CARDIAC IMPULSE
Chapter 30: Electrocardiogram
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
NORMAL ECG
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF ECG
SYSTEMATIC INTERPRETATION OF ECG
ABNORMAL ECG
HIS BUNDLE ELECTROGRAM
Chapter 31: Cardiac Cycle
PHASES OF CARDIAC CYCLE
JUGULAR VENOUS PULSE
HEART SOUNDS
Chapter 32: Cardiac Output
DEFINITIONS & NORMAL VALUES
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
Chapter 33: Heart Rate and Arterial Pulse
HEART RATE
ARTERIAL PULSE
Chapter 34: Principles of Hemodynamics
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING CIRCULATION PY5.7
PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
LAW OF LAPLACE
Chapter 35: Arterial System and Venous System
ARTERIAL SYSTEM
VENOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 36: Capillary Circulation, Lymphatic Circulation and Edema Formation
CAPILLARY CIRCULATION PY5.10
LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION
EDEMA FORMATION
Chapter 37: Regulation of Blood Pressure
DEFINITION & NORMAL VALUES
FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD PRESSURE
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE PY5.9
SHORT-TERM REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
LONG-TERM REGULATION OF BP
Chapter 38: Regulation of Local Blood Flow
TYPES OF REGULATIONS PY5.8
Chapter 39: Special Circulations
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION PY5.10
CORONARY CIRCULATION
CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION
SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION
SKELETAL MUSCLE CIRCULATION
Chapter 40: Fetal and Neonatal Circulation
DESIGN OF FETAL CIRCULATION PY5.10
Chapter 41: Pathophysiology of Hypertension and Hypotension
HYPERTENSION
HYPOTENSION
Chapter 42: Pathophysiology of Shock
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
OTHER TYPES OF SHOCK
TREATMENT OF SHOCK
Chapter 43: Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MANAGEMENT
Section VI: Respiratory System
Chapter 44: Functional Organization of Respiratory System
COMPONENTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Chapter 45: Mechanics of Breathing
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
PRESSURE CHANGES DURING BREATHING
LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LUNGS & CHEST WALL
ROLE OF SURFACE TENSION
PROPERTIES OF THE DYNAMIC LUNG
Chapter 46: Pulmonary Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Lungs
PULMONARY VENTILATION
GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS
Chapter 47: Pulmonary Circulation and Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO
BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION
Chapter 48: Transport of Gases in Blood
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
Chapter 49: Regulation of Respiration
NEURAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF BREATHING
NONCHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
Chapter 50: Physiological Changes at High Altitude
COMPENSATORY MECHNISMS
HIGH ALTITUDE ILLNESS
Chapter 51: Hypoxia, Cyanosis and Oxygen Therapy
HYPOXIA
CYANOSIS
OXYGEN THERAPY
Chapter 52: Hazards of Deep Sea Diving and Effects of Increased Barometric Pressure
NITROGEN NARCOSIS
HIGH-PRESSURE NERVOUS SYNDROME
ACUTE O2 TOXICITY
DYSBARISM CAISSONS DISEASE)
AIR EMBOLISM
SCUBA
Chapter 53: Respiration in Abnormal Conditions and Abnormal Respirations
RESPIRATION IN ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
ABNORMAL RESPIRATIONS
Chapter 54: Artificial Ventilation and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Chapter 55: Pulmonary Function Tests
CLASSIFICATION OF PFTs
ASSESSMENT OF VENTILATION
ASSESSMENT OF GAS EXCHANGE
ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Section VII: Gastrointestinal GI) System
Chapter 56: Functional Organization of GI System and Principles of GI Regulations
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
PRINCIPLES OF GI REGULATIONS
Chapter 57: Gastrointestinal Hormones
GI HORMONES OF GASTRIN FAMILY
GI HORMONES OF SECRETIN FAMILY
OTHER GI HORMONES
Chapter 58: General Principles of GI Secretion and Secretion of Saliva
PRINCIPLES OF GI SECRETION
SALIVARY SECRETION
Chapter 59: Gastric Secretion
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
GASTRIC SECRETION
GASTRIC FUNCTION TESTS
APPLIED ASPECTS
Chapter 60: Pancreatic Secretion
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
PANCREATIC SECRETION
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTS
Chapter 61: Hepatobiliary System and Biliary Secretion
HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
BILE SECRETION
Chapter 62: Intestinal Secretion and Secretion of Large Intestine
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
Chapter 63: Introduction to GI Motility
GI SMOOTH MUSCLES
BASIC PATTERNS OF GI MOTILITY
Chapter 64: Chewing, Deglutition and Esophageal Motility
CHEWING MASTICATION)
SWALLOWING DEGLUTITION)
ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY
Chapter 65: Gastric Motility
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
TYPES OF GASTRIC MOTILITY
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 66: Intestinal Motility, and Motility of Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal
INTESTINAL MOTILITY
MOTILITY OF LARGE INTESTINE
Chapter 67: Principles of Digestion and Absorption
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
OTHER NUTRIENTS
Section VIII: Endocrine Physiology
Chapter 68: Introduction to Endocrinology
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF HORMONES
REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION
Chapter 69: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
RECEPTOR FUNCTIONS
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS Second Messengers)
Chapter 70: Hypothalamus and Hypothalamopituitary Axis
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY AXIS
Chapter 71: Anterior Pituitary
HORMONES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
GROWTH HORMONE
OTHER HORMONES
Chapter 72: Posterior Pituitary
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE
OXYTOCIN
Chapter 73: Thyroid Gland
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
SYNTHESIS, SECRETION & METABOLISM OF THYROID HORMONES
MECHANISM OF ACTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
Chapter 74: Adrenal Cortex
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
SYNTHESIS & METABOLISM OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
SEX STEROIDS
Chapter 75: Adrenal Medulla
CELL TYPES
CATECHOLAMINES
Mechanism of Action
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
OTHER ADRENOMEDULLARY PEPTIDES
Chapter 76: Endocrine Pancreas, Blood Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
INSULIN
OTHER PANCREATIC HORMONES
BLOOD GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
DIABETES MELLITUS
Chapter 77: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Physiology of Bone and Parathyroid Gland
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
BONE PHYSIOLOGY
Parathyroid Gland
ROLE OF CALCITONIN, VITAMIN D & OTHER HORMONES
Chapter 78: Pineal Gland, Thymus and Local Hormones
PINEAL GLAND
THYMUS
LOCAL HORMONES
Section IX: Reproductive System
Chapter 79: Sex Differentiation and Physiology of Puberty and Menopause
SEX DIFFERENTIATION
PHYSIOLOGY OF PUBERTY
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENOPAUSE
Chapter 80: Male Reproductive System
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
SPERMATOGENESIS
TESTICULAR HORMONES
TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES
Chapter 81: Female Reproductive System
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
OOGENESIS
DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE
OVULATION
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
OVARIAN HORMONES
CONTROL OF OVARIAN FUNCTIONS
APPLIED ASPECTS
Chapter 82: Physiology of Copulation
MALE SEXUAL ACT
FEMALE SEXUAL ACT
Chapter 83: Physiology of Pregnancy and Parturition
PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
PLACENTAL HORMONES
MATERNAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
PARTURITION
Chapter 84: Physiology of Breast Development and Lactation
BREAST DEVELOPMENT
LACTOGENESIS AND LACTATION
Chapter 85: Physiology of Contraception
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Section X: Renal System
Chapter 86: Introduction to Renal System and Functional Anatomy of Kidney
RENAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF KIDNEY
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
INNERVATION OF KIDNEY
Chapter 87: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
RENAL CIRCULATION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Chapter 88: Tubular Functions
COMMON PRINCIPLES OF TUBULAR FUNCTIONS
TUBULAR FUNCTIONS
REGULATION OF IONS & WATER REABSORPTION IN KIDNEY
REGULATION OF K+ EXCRETION
Chapter 89: Concentration and Dilution of Urine
GENERAL CONCEPT
COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM
Chapter 90: Water Excretion, Diuresis and Diuretics
WATER EXCRETION
DIURESIS AND DIURETICS
Chapter 91: Acidification of Urine
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
MECHANISM OF URINE ACIDIFICATION
RENAL DEFENSE IN ACID-BASE DISORDER
Chapter 92: Kidney Function Tests and Renal Failure
KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS
RENAL FAILURE
Chapter 93: Physiology of Micturition and Bladder Dysfunctions
URINARY BLADDER
MICTURITION REFLEX
BLADDER DYSFUNCTIONS
Section XI: Neurophysiology
Chapter 94: Functional Organization of Nervous System
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF CNS
Chapter 95: Synaptic Transmission in Central Nervous System
SYNAPSES IN CNS
MECHANISM OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
PROPERTIES OF SYNAPSES
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Chapter 96: Introduction to Sensory System and Physiology of Receptors
INTRODUCTION
RECEPTORS
Chapter 97: Sensory Communication to Spinal Cord
PERIPHERAL NERVE
SPINAL CORD
Chapter 98: Ascending Pathways
DORSAL COLUMN PATHWAYS
ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM
PATHWAYS FOR SPECIFIC SENSATIONS
ABNORMALITIES OF DORSAL COLUMN SENSATIONS
Chapter 99: Physiology of Pain, Itch, Temperature and Trigeminal System
PAIN
ANALGESIA SYSTEMS
ITCH
TEMPERATURE
TRIGEMINAL SYSTEM
Chapter 100: Thalamus
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
CONNECTIONS AND FUNCTIONS
APPLIED ASPECTS
EPITHALAMUS
SUBTHALAMUS
Chapter 101: Sensory Cortex
CORTICAL SENSORY AREAS
Chapter 102: Applied Sensory Physiology
LESIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
SENSORY FUNCTION TESTS
Chapter 103: Introduction to Motor Physiology and Organization of Motor System
INTRODUCTION TO MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY
ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR SYSTEM
Chapter 104: Muscle Spindle and Golgi Tendon Organ
MUSCLE SPINDLE
GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
Chapter 105: Spinal Reflexes
STRETCH REFLEX Myotatic Reflex)
INVERSE STRETCH REFLEX Inverse Myotatic Reflex)
WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
PROPERTIES OF SPINAL REFLEXES
Chapter 106: Descending Pathways
CLASSIFICATION
MEDIAL SYSTEM PATHWYAS
OTHER DESCENDING PATHWAYS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UMN & LMN PARALYSIS
CLINICAL ASPECTS
Chapter 107: Regulation of Posture and Movement
GENERAL ORGANIZATION
GENERAL ORGANIZATION
SPINAL INTEGRATION
MEDULLARY INTEGRATION
MIDBRAIN INTEGRATION
CORTICAL INTEGRATION
Chapter 108: Basal Ganglia
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
FUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA
DYSFUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA
Chapter 109: Cerebellum
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
CEREBELLAR CONNECTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLAR DISORDERS
Chapter 110: Vestibular Apparatus
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
VESTIBULAR REFLEXES
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 111: Functions of Hypothalamus
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 112: Reticular Activating System, EEG, Physiology of Sleep and Brain Death
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
BRAIN DEATH
Chapter 113: Limbic System
MAJOR AMINERGIC & CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS
FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
DISORDERS AFFECTING LIMBIC SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 114: Physiology of Learning and Memory
DEFINITIONS
TYPES OF MEMORY
MECHANISMS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 115: Physiology of Language and Speech
LANGUAGE AND SPEECH AREAS IN THE BRAIN
THEORY OF SPEECH PRODUCTION
DISORDERS OF SPEECH & LANGUAGE
Chapter 116: Neocortex Association Cortex), Cerebral Asymmetry, Lobes of the Brain and Cortical Plasticity
NEOCORTEX ASSOCIATION CORTEX)
CEREBRAL ASYMMETRY CEREBRAL DOMINANCE)
FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT LOBES OF THE BRAIN
CORTICAL PLASTICITY
Chapter 117: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood-Brain Barrier
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Section XII: Special Senses
Chapter 118: Functional Anatomy of Eye
LAYERS OF THE EYE
Chapter 119: Image Forming Mechanisms
REFRACTION OF LIGHT RAYS
ACCOMMODATION
SIZE OF THE PUPIL
DEFECTS OF THE IMAGE FORMING MECHANISM
Chapter 120: Photoreceptor Mechanisms
STRUCTURE OF PHOTORECEPTORS
MECHANISM OF PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
Chapter 121: Visual Pathway and Visual Cortex
VISUAL PATHWAY
VISUAL CORTEX
Chapter 122: Visual Acuity, Visual Field, Light and Dark Adaptations, and Visual Reflexes
VISUAL ACUITY
VISUAL FIELD
VISUAL ADAPTATIONS
VISUAL REFLEXES
Chapter 123: Color Vision
THEORIES OF COLOR VISION
COLOR BLINDNESS
Chapter 124: Movements of the Eye
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
TYPES OF OCULAR MOVEMENTS
ABNORMALITIES OF EYE MOVEMENTS
INVESTIGATIONS
Chapter 125: Functional Anatomy and Functions of the Ear
EXTERNAL EAR
MIDDLE EAR
INNER EAR
Chapter 126: Auditory Pathways
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
Cochlear Nuclei
Superior Olivary Complex
Inferior Colliculus and MGB
AUDITORY CORTICAL AREAS
Chapter 127: Mechanisms of Hearing
SOUND WAVES
TRANSDUCTION OF SOUND WAVES
COCHLEAR POTENTIALS
Chapter 128: Hearing Defects and Hearing Tests
HEARING DEFECTS
TESTS FOR HEARING
Chapter 129: Physiology of Smell
SITE OF OLFACTION
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 130: Physiology of Taste
RECEPTOR ORGANS TASTE BUDS)
PHYSIOLOGY OF GAUSTATION
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Section XIII: Integrative Physiology
Chapter 131: Structure and Functions of the Skin
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
Chapter 132: Regulation of Body Temperature and Acclimatization to Hot and Cold Environments
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
ACCLIMATIZATION TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 133: Physiology of Exercise and Sports Science
FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE WORK
FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE WORK
AEROBIC TRAINING
Chapter 134: Aviation and Space Physiology
AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY DURING FLIGHT
SPACE PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 135: Principles of Acid-Base Homeostasis
GENERAL CONCEPT
ABNORMALITIES OF ACID BASE BALANCE
Chapter 136: Body Fluid Volume Homeostasis
WATER BALANCE
EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING VOLUME
Chapter 137: Growth and Development, Physiology of Stress and Aging
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMEMNT
PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING
Chapter 138: Physiology of Nutrition and Obesity
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES
DISORDERS OF NUTRITION
Chapter 139: Physiology of Yoga and Meditation
HATHA YOGA
OTHER FORMS OF YOGA
MEDITATION
Index of Normal Values
Bibliography
Index

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