Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine
- 5th Edition - August 2, 2019
- Editors: Peter Cameron, Mark Little, Biswadev Mitra, Conor Deasy
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 7 6 2 4 - 4
Since the first edition of Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine was published twenty years ago, there has been enormous change in the way emergency care is delivered. This has oc… Read more

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Request a sales quoteSince the first edition of Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine was published twenty years ago, there has been enormous change in the way emergency care is delivered. This has occurred both in countries where emergency medicine was originally developed and in those where its application was limited because of cost. Emergency medicine is now perceived as the cornerstone of response to acute illness regardless of resources.
This fully revised Fifth Edition provides clear and consistent coverage of this constantly evolving specialty. Building on the success of previous editions it covers all the major topics relevant to the practice of emergency medicine. The book will prove invaluable to professionals working in this setting – including nurse specialists and paramedics – who require concise, highly practical guidance, incorporating the latest best practice and evidence-based guidelines.
This edition comes with an enhanced electronic version with video and self-assessment content, providing a richer learning experience and making rapid reference easier than ever before, anytime, anywhere.
- A comprehensive textbook of adult emergency medicine for trainee doctors - covers all the problems likely to present to a trainee in the emergency department.
- Chapters are highly readable and concise – boxes summarise chapter key points and highlight controversial areas of treatment.
- The content is highly practical, clinically orientated and thoroughly updated in all the core subjects
- Emergency Medicine trainees and consultants
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Section 1. Resuscitation
- 1.1. Basic life support
- Introduction
- Development of protocols
- DRSABCD approach to Basic Life Support
- Management
- Basic life support summary
- 1.2. Advanced life support
- Introduction
- Chain of Survival
- Aetiology and incidence of cardiac arrest
- Advanced Life Support guidelines and algorithms
- Initiation of Advanced Life Support
- Attachment of the defibrillator-monitor and rhythm recognition
- Defibrillation
- CPR ‘code Blue’ process
- Vascular access and drug delivery
- Drug therapy in Advanced Life Support
- Hemodynamic monitoring during CPR
- Post-resuscitation care
- Outcome of prolonged Advanced Life Support
- Prognosis for survival after cardiac arrest
- Section 2. Critical Care
- 2.1. Airway and ventilation management
- Introduction
- Initial approach
- Non-invasive ventilation
- Advanced airway management
- Airway pharmacology
- Endotracheal tube delivery
- Complications of rapid sequence intubation
- Face mask ventilation
- Supraglottic airway
- Video-laryngoscopy
- Front of neck access
- Difficult airway approach
- Expected anatomic difficulty
- Expected physiological difficulty
- Post intubation package
- Mechanical ventilation
- Lung protective ventilation
- Extubation in the emergency department
- Governance
- Audit and education
- Credentialing
- 2.2. Oxygen therapy
- Introduction
- Uses of supplemental oxygen
- Physiology of oxygen1
- Oxygen delivery systems
- Variable-performance systems
- Fixed-performance systems
- One hundred percent oxygen delivery systems
- Helium and oxygen mixtures
- Measurement of oxygenation
- Paediatric considerations in oxygen therapy
- Transfer of patients on oxygen therapy
- Oxygen therapy in specific circumstances
- Goal-directed oxygen therapy
- Special delivery systems
- Complications of oxygen therapy
- 2.3. Haemodynamic monitoring
- Introduction
- Historical background
- Overview of cardiovascular physiology
- Role of haemodynamic monitoring in the emergency department
- Clinical assessment
- Blood pressure monitoring
- Other non-invasive monitoring methods for cardiac output
- Invasive devices
- Conclusion
- Future developments
- 2.4. Shock overview
- Introduction
- Aetiology and epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Initial management of shock
- Guidance for interventions and treatments
- Interventions in shock
- Effects of shock on other interventions
- Management of specific shock syndromes
- Conclusion
- 2.5. Sepsis and septic shock
- Introduction
- Aetiology and pathophysiology
- Definitions
- History and examination
- Early goal-directed therapy
- Antimicrobial therapy
- Source
- Source control
- Other therapies
- Post-sepsis syndrome
- 2.6. Arterial blood gases
- Introduction
- Technical aspects of arterial blood gas analysis
- Interpretation
- Pathophysiology of hypoxaemic respiratory failure
- Acid–base balance
- Venous blood gases
- 2.7. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion injury
- Cerebral haemodynamics after reperfusion
- Pharmacological interventions
- Oxygenation after resuscitation
- Carbon dioxide titration
- Blood pressure target
- Targeted temperature management
- Summary
- 2.8. Anaphylaxis
- Introduction
- Definition
- Aetiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Discharge policy
- Section 3. Trauma
- 3.1. Trauma overview
- Epidemiology
- Initial management
- Quality improvement in trauma care
- Trauma in developing countries
- 3.2. Neurotrauma
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- 3.3. Spinal trauma
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Effects of spinal cord damage on the autonomic nervous system
- Pre-hospital issues
- In-line protection of the spine
- First treatment options
- Clearing the spine
- Secondary survey, referral-disposition and definitive treatment
- Specific conditions
- Documentation conventions
- 3.4. Facial trauma
- Introduction
- Association with other injury
- History
- Specific injuries
- Soft tissue injuries
- Facial fractures
- Mandible
- Zygomatic arch
- Zygomatic complex (tripod fractures)
- Orbital fractures
- Maxillary fractures
- Nasal fractures
- Temporomandibular joint injury
- Penetrating injuries to the face
- Conclusion
- 3.5. Abdominal trauma
- Introduction
- Primary and secondary surveys
- Abdominal computed tomography
- Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta
- Penetrating injuries
- Disposition
- Future directions
- 3.6. Chest trauma
- Introduction
- Principles of initial management
- Indications for emergency thoracotomy
- Thoracic injuries
- Tracheobronchial injury
- Myocardial contusion
- Likely developments
- Conclusion
- 3.7. Limb trauma
- Introduction
- Fractures
- Associated injuries
- Presentation
- Investigations
- Management
- Management of the mangled extremity
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
- Disposition
- Complications
- Immobilization
- 3.8. Radiology in major trauma
- Hazards of radiation
- The trauma series
- Specific regional radiology
- Chest trauma
- Abdomen/pelvis
- Computed tomography scan of the pelvis
- Extremity injury
- Conclusion
- 3.9. Trauma in pregnancy
- Introduction
- Anatomical and physiological changes in pregnancy
- Epidemiology
- Specific injuries
- Presentation
- Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- 3.10. Wound care and repair
- Introduction
- Clinical presentation
- Wound cleansing
- Tetanus prophylaxis
- Wound-healing mechanisms
- Suture types
- Needles
- Basic suture technique
- Special sites and situations
- Special suture techniques
- The ‘dog-ear’
- Wound drainage
- Dressings
- Immobilization
- Disposal/removal
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 3.11. Burns
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Classification
- Thermal Burns
- Examination
- Evaluation of burn area
- Management
- Burn shock
- Inhalation injury
- Disposition
- Chemical burns
- 3.12. Massive transfusion
- What is a massive transfusion?
- Predicting massive transfusion
- Preparation
- Reception
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Circulatory management
- Massive transfusion guidelines
- Acute traumatic coagulopathy
- Future directions
- Section 4. Orthopaedic Emergencies
- 4.1. Injuries of the shoulder
- Fractures of the clavicle
- Acromioclavicular joint injuries
- Sternoclavicular subluxation and dislocation
- Fractures of the scapula
- Supraspinatus tendon injuries
- Dislocation of the shoulder
- 4.2. Dislocations of the elbow
- Introduction
- Clinical assessment
- 4.3. Fractures of the humerus
- Introduction
- Fractures of the proximal humerus
- Fractures of the shaft of humerus
- Fractures of the distal humerus
- 4.4. Fractures of the forearm and carpal bones
- Fractures of the radial head
- Shaft fractures
- Fractures of the distal radius and ulna
- Carpal fractures and dislocations
- 4.5. Hand injuries
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Fingertip injuries
- Digital nerve injuries
- Nail-bed injuries
- Distal interphalangeal joint injuries
- Middle phalangeal injuries
- Proximal interphalangeal joint injuries
- Proximal phalangeal injuries
- Metacarpophalangeal joint injuries
- Metacarpal injuries
- Dorsal hand injuries
- Palmar hand injuries
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- 4.6. Pelvic injuries
- Anatomy
- Classification of pelvic fractures
- Clinical assessment
- Injuries associated with pelvic fractures
- Management of the unstable pelvic fracture
- Laparotomy with pelvic packing
- Open pelvic fracture
- Acetabular fractures
- Stable fracture of the pelvis
- 4.7. Hip injuries
- Anatomy
- Classification of hip fractures
- Hip dislocation
- 4.8. Femoral injuries
- Femoral shaft fracture
- 4.9. Knee injuries
- Anatomy
- Clinical assessment
- Fractures around the knee joint
- Dislocations around the knee joint
- Soft tissue knee injuries
- 4.10. Tibial and fibular injuries
- Anatomy
- Fractures of the tibia
- Fractures of the fibula
- 4.11. Ankle joint injuries
- Anatomy
- Clinical assessment
- Ankle fracture classification
- Fracture management
- Fractures of the tibial plafond (pilon)
- Maisonneuve fracture
- Ankle dislocations
- Soft-tissue injuries
- 4.12. Foot injuries
- Anatomy
- Clinical assessment
- Hindfoot injuries
- Midfoot fractures
- Forefoot fractures and dislocations
- 4.13. Osteomyelitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Examination
- Investigations
- Microbiology
- Imaging studies
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- Section 5. Cardiovascular Emergencies
- 5.1. Chest pain
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Differential diagnosis and approach
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 5.2. Acute coronary syndromes
- Introduction
- Pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Primary and secondary prevention
- 5.3. Assessment and management of acute pulmonary oedema
- Introduction
- Aetiology and pathophysiology
- Clinical assessment
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- 5.4. Arrhythmias
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology and pathogenesis
- Principles of assessment and management
- Bradyarrhythmias
- Tachyarrhythmias
- Unifascicular blocks
- Other disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction
- 5.5. Pulmonary embolism
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Prevention
- Clinical Features
- Examination
- Electrocardiography
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- 5.6. Pericarditis, cardiac tamponade and myocarditis
- Pericarditis
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Clinical management and treatment
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Interventional technique and surgical therapy
- Prognosis
- Non-Traumatic Cardiac Tamponade
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Myocarditis
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis and pathophysiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- First-line clinical Investigations
- Treatment and disposition
- Prognosis
- 5.7. Heart valve emergencies
- Introduction
- Infective endocarditis
- Acute aortic incompetence
- Acute deterioration in chronic aortic incompetence
- Acute deterioration in critical aortic stenosis
- Acute deterioration in mitral stenosis
- Acute mitral incompetence
- Acute deterioration in chronic mitral incompetence
- Prosthetic valve complications
- 5.8. Peripheral vascular disease
- Arterial disease
- Chronic arterial ischaemia
- Acute arterial ischaemia of the lower limb
- Acute arterial ischaemia of the upper limb
- Venous disease: lower limb
- Venous insufficiency and varicose veins
- Superficial venous thrombosis
- Deep venous thrombosis
- Venous disease: upper limb
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 5.9. Hypertension
- Introduction
- Hypertensive emergencies
- Hypertensive urgency
- Developments in the next 5 to 10 years
- 5.10. Aortic dissection
- Introduction
- Epidemiology, pathophysiology and classification
- Classification
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- 5.11. Aneurysms
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Thoracic aortic aneurysm (see Section 5.10)
- Peripheral aneurysms
- Future developments
- Section 6. Respiratory Emergencies
- 6.1. Upper respiratory tract
- Introduction
- Triage and initial evaluation
- Upper airway obstruction
- Foreign-body airway obstruction
- Blunt trauma
- Penetrating trauma
- Burns
- Infections
- Acute supraglottitis
- 6.2. Asthma
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology, pathophysiology and pathology1,2
- Thunderstorm asthma
- Clinical assessment
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- 6.3. Community-acquired pneumonia
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Pathogenesis and aetiology
- Prevention
- Differential diagnosis
- Complications
- Clinical investigations
- Severity assessment
- Treatment
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 6.4. Influenza and emerging respiratory infections
- Introduction
- Microbiological classification
- Epidemiology
- Avian and other zoonotic influenzas
- Incubation period and infectivity
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Management
- Influenza prevention
- Influenza preparedness
- Emerging respiratory infections
- 6.5. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Introduction
- Aetiology, genetics, pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment in the emergency department
- Prognosis
- 6.6. Pneumothorax
- Introduction
- Aetiology, genetics, pathogenesis and pathology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Other issues
- 6.7. Pleural effusion
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment and prognosis
- Complications
- Disposition
- 6.8. Haemoptysis
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Massive haemoptysis
- Interventional radiology procedures
- Section 7. Digestive Emergencies
- 7.1. Dysphagia
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- 7.2. Approach to abdominal pain
- Introduction
- Epidemiology, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Special patient groups
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Non-specific abdominal pain
- Developments in the next 5 to 10 years
- 7.3. Bowel obstruction
- Introduction and pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment and prognosis
- 7.4. Hernia
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathology and clinical features
- Complications
- Treatment
- 7.5. Gastroenteritis
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Diarrhoea in certain circumstances
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- 7.6. Haematemesis and melaena
- Introduction
- Definitions, epidemiology and pathogenesis
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Specific therapy
- Disposition
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 7.7. Peptic ulcer disease and gastritis
- Introduction
- Aetiology, genetics, pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 7.8. Biliary tract disease
- Introduction
- Gallstones and acute biliary pain
- Acute cholecystitis
- Acute acalculous cholecystitis
- Choledocholithiasis
- Cholangitis
- 7.9. Acute pancreatitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology and pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Severe pancreatitis scoring systems
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- Complications
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- Chronic pancreatitis
- 7.10. Acute appendicitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Acute appendicitis in pregnancy
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 7.11. Inflammatory bowel disease
- Introduction and pathology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Gastrointestinal complications
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- 7.12. Acute liver failure
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 7.13. Haematochezia
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Risk Assessment
- Definitive Investigations and Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Surgery
- 7.14. Perianal conditions
- Anorectal abscesses and fistulae
- Pilonidal disease
- Haemorrhoids
- Anal fissure
- Pruritus ani
- Proctalgia fugax
- Injuries and foreign bodies in the perianal region
- Other anorectal conditions
- Section 8. Neurology Emergencies
- 8.1. Headache
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathophysiology and pathology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Tension headache
- Migraine
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Temporal (giant cell) arteritis
- 8.2. Stroke and transient ischaemic attacks
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Risk factors for transient ischaemic attack/stroke and prevention
- Ischaemic stroke syndromes
- Intracerebral haemorrhage
- 8.3. Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and pathology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Complications
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Incidental unruptured aneurysms
- Conclusion
- 8.4. Altered conscious state
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical assessment
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 8.5. Seizures
- Introduction
- First seizures
- Status epilepticus
- Non-convulsive seizures
- Pseudoseizures
- Alcohol-related seizures
- Drug-related seizures
- Post-traumatic seizures
- Seizures and pregnancy
- Future directions
- 8.6. Syncope and vertigo
- Introduction
- Syncope
- Vertigo
- 8.7. Weakness
- Introduction
- Aetiology and pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment and prognosis
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Specific conditions
- Section 9. Infectious disease emergencies
- 9.1. Approach to undifferentiated fever in adults
- Introduction
- Approach
- Clinical investigations
- Disposition
- Future research directions
- 9.2. Meningitis
- Introduction
- Classification
- Aetiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Presentation
- Examination
- Investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- 9.3. Septic arthritis
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- 9.4. Urinary tract infections
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Pathogenesis
- Presentation
- Investigations
- Imaging
- Management
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 9.5. Skin and soft-tissue infections
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and aetiology
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Superficial skin infections
- Cellulitis
- Abscesses
- Deep soft tissue infections
- Toxic complications of wound infections
- Special infections
- 9.6. Hepatitis
- Introduction
- Clinical presentations of viral hepatitis
- Hepatitis A virus
- Hepatitis B virus
- Epidemiology
- Hepatitis C virus
- Hepatitis D virus
- Hepatitis E virus
- Hepatitis G virus
- Non-hepatotrophic viruses
- Non-viral hepatitis
- Future directions
- 9.7. Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Classification and natural history
- Presentation
- Other presentations
- Clinically silent HIV infection with risk factors
- Investigations
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- 9.8. Sexually transmitted infections
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- History
- General principles of examination and screening
- Clinical features of specific infections
- Infections presenting with discharge, urethritis and cervicitis
- Infections presenting with genital ulcers
- Genital warts
- Principles of clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Follow-up
- 9.9. Antibiotics in the emergency department
- Principles of antimicrobial therapy
- Antibiotic resistance
- Prophylactic use of antibiotics
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Tetracycline
- Aminoglycosides
- Metronidazole
- Co-trimoxazole
- Quinolones
- Nitrofurantoin
- Colistin Link Parenteral
- Antiviral drugs
- Antiviral agents for influenza
- Antiretroviral drugs
- Antifungal agents
- Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy
- Other issues
- Recent updates from the medical literature
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 9.10. Needlestick injuries and related blood and body fluid exposures
- Introduction
- General issues
- Management
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Human immunodeficiency virus
- Exposures that occur in the community
- 9.11. Tropical infectious diseases
- Introduction
- Parasitic tropical diseases
- Viral tropical diseases
- Bacterial tropical diseases
- Approach to the returned traveller
- Section 10. Genitourinary Emergencies
- 10.1. Acute kidney injury
- Introduction
- Aetiology and pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Full blood examination
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- 10.2. The acute scrotum
- Torsion of the Spermatic Cord (Testicle)
- Pathology
- Classical clinical presentation
- Differential diagnosis of acute testicular pain
- Traps in the clinical diagnosis
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Torsion of a testicular appendage
- Acute epididymo-orchitis
- Aetiology
- Clinical presentation
- Investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Necrotizing fasciitis of the scrotum
- Traumatic Injury to the Testicle
- 10.3. Renal colic
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of pain
- Presentation
- Examination
- Investigations
- Radiological examination
- Management
- Disposition
- Precautions
- Conclusion
- Section 11. Endocrine Emergencies
- 11.1. Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia: an overview
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Aetiology
- Emergency presentations of a high blood sugar
- General management of diabetes mellitus
- Diabetic Hypoglycaemia
- Management of hypoglycaemic coma
- 11.2. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar, hyperglycaemic state
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and aetiology
- Clinical features
- Diagnostic criteria
- Typical deficits per body weight
- Investigations
- Differential diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis
- Management
- Hyperosmolar, hyperglycaemic state
- Miscellaneous issues
- 11.3. Thyroid and adrenal emergencies
- Introduction
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations and criteria for diagnosis1–3
- Treatment
- Thyroid storm
- Apathetic hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations and criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Myxoedema coma
- Hypoadrenal States
- Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
- Secondary adrenal insufficiency
- Causes of primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Response to severe illness
- Hyperadrenal States
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations and criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Section 12. Metabolic Emergencies
- 12.1. Acid–base disorders
- Introduction
- Acid–base homeostasis
- Acidaemia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Alkalaemia
- Systematic acid–base interpretation
- Lactate gap
- 12.2. Electrolyte disturbances
- Hyponatraemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology and classification
- Clinical features
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Hypernatraemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology and classification
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Hypokalaemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology
- Clinical presentation
- Treatment
- Hyperkalaemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Hypocalcaemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Hypercalcaemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Pathophysiology
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Hypermagnesaemia
- Section 13. Haematology Emergencies
- 13.1. Anaemia
- Introduction
- Anaemia Secondary To Haemorrhage
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Chronic haemorrhage
- Disposition
- Anaemia Secondary to Decreased Red Cell Production
- Anaemia of chronic disorders
- Other causes of decreased red cell production
- Anaemia Secondary to Decreased Red Cell Survival: The Haemolytic Anaemias
- Hereditary spherocytosis
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Sickle cell anaemia
- Thalassaemias
- Acquired haemolytic anaemias
- Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
- Haemolytic uraemic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura
- HELLP syndrome
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- Other causes of haemolysis
- 13.2. Neutropaenia
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology and aetiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 13.3. Thrombocytopaenia
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Pseudothrombocytopaenia
- Thrombocytopaenia due to increased platelet destruction
- Thrombocytopaenia due to impaired platelet production
- Massive blood transfusion and thrombocytopenia
- Hypersplenism
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Disposition
- 13.4. Haemophilia
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- von Willebrand disease
- Contacts
- 13.5. Blood and blood products
- Introduction
- Packed red blood cells
- Precautions when cross-matching and transfusing blood
- Adverse reactions to transfusion
- Management of transfusion reactions
- Platelets
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Cryoprecipitate
- Refusal of blood and blood product transfusion
- Section 14. Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Emergencies
- 14.1. Rheumatological emergencies
- Introduction
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Articular Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Extra-Articular Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Other extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
- Ischaemic heart disease in rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis and Other Vasculitides
- Polymyalgia rheumatica
- Approach to the other systemic vasculitides
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Systemic sclerosis
- Rheumatological Therapy Emergencies
- 14.2. Monoarthritis
- Septic Arthritis
- Pathogenesis and pathology
- Epidemiology and risk factors
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Imaging
- Criteria for diagnosis of septic arthritis
- Treatment
- Gout
- Aetiology and pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations and diagnosis
- Management
- Acute Pseudogout
- Aetiology and pathogenesis
- Clinical features
- Investigations and clinical diagnosis
- Management
- Haemarthrosis
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Haemophilia or other bleeding diathesis
- Spondyloarthritis
- Guideline Approach to the Management of Acute Monoarthritis
- 14.3. Polyarthritis
- Introduction
- Acute Polyarthritis
- Clinical features and diagnosis
- Examination
- Investigations
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Diagnosis
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Prognosis
- Seronegative Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Clinical features and diagnosis
- Asymmetric oligoarthritis
- Symmetric small joint polyarthritis
- Psoriatic spondyloarthritis
- Arthritis mutilans
- Dermatological features
- Investigations
- Emergency management
- Prognosis
- Reactive Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features and diagnosis
- Investigations
- Emergency management
- Prognosis
- Polyarticular Crystal Arthritis
- Infectious Polyarthritis
- Viral arthritis
- Rheumatic Fever
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis and clinical features
- Laboratory investigations and imaging
- Emergency management
- Prognosis
- 14.4. Musculoskeletal and soft-tissue emergencies
- Common Causes of Soft-Tissue Injuries
- General evaluation of a soft-tissue injury
- Puncture Injury
- Acute Mechanical Overload Injuries
- Management
- Pretibial Laceration
- Management
- Degloving Injury
- Chronic Overuse (Overload) Injuries
- Classification
- Management
- Non-Arthritic Joint and Soft-Tissue Disorders
- Torticollis (‘wry neck’)
- Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen shoulder)
- Testing Passive External Rotation of the Glenohumeral Joint – Additional Online Material
- Supraspinatus tendonitis
- Painful Arc
- Tennis and golfer’s elbow
- Olecranon bursitis
- Prepatellar bursitis (housemaid’s knee)
- De Quervain stenosing tenosynovitis
- Plantar fasciitis
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Back Pain
- Back pain ‘red flags’
- Indirect mechanical back trauma (non-specific low back pain)
- Back pain with radiculopathy
- Back pain with focal ‘hard’ neurology, or a specific serious cause suspected
- Section 15. Dermatology Emergencies
- 15.1. Emergency dermatology
- Introduction
- Potentially Life-Threatening Dermatoses
- Erythema multiforme
- Sweet syndrome
- Drug rash with eosinophilia
- Erythroderma
- Other Bullous and Vesicular Conditions
- Pemphigus vulgaris
- Bullous pemphigoid
- Petechial and Purpuric Rashes
- Investigations for vasculitis
- Management
- Pruritic (Itchy) Dermatoses
- Urticaria
- Scabies
- Tinea
- Investigations for pruritus
- Management
- Eczema and Psoriasis
- Discoid eczema
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Irritant contact dermatitis
- Eczema herpeticum
- Psoriasis
- Other Dermatoses
- Herpes zoster
- Section 16. Ocular Emergencies
- 16.1. Ocular emergencies
- Introduction
- Ocular Trauma
- Examination
- Management of specific injuries
- Unilateral Red Eye
- Acute infectious keratitis
- Adenoviral conjunctivitis
- Acute iritis
- Endophthalmitis
- Acute primary angle-closure (glaucoma)
- Sudden Loss of Vision
- Clinical assessment
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Central (branch) retinal vein occlusion
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Acute vitreo-retinal problems
- Vitreous haemorrhage
- Giant cell arteritis
- Optic neuritis
- Section 17. Dental Emergencies
- 17.1. Dental emergencies
- Anatomy
- Dental caries
- Periodontal emergencies
- Alveolar osteitis (dry socket)
- Post–dental extraction bleeding
- Traumatic dental emergencies
- Dentoalveolar trauma in children
- Dental fractures
- Temporomandibular dislocation
- Dental infection and abscess (odontogenic infection)
- Dental nomenclature
- Section 18. Ear, Nose and Throat Emergencies
- 18.1. Ear, nose and throat emergencies
- Introduction
- The Ear
- Acute otitis externa (‘swimmer’s ear’)
- Differential diagnoses
- Furuncle
- Acute otitis media
- Acute mastoiditis
- Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss
- Acute facial (seventh) nerve palsy
- Ear trauma
- Subperichondrial haematoma of the pinna
- Lacerations to the auricle
- Foreign body in ear
- Barotrauma
- Acoustic trauma
- Traumatic tympanic membrane perforation
- The Nose
- Acute rhinosinusitis
- Fractured nose
- Nasal vestibulitis
- THE THROAT
- Quinsy (peritonsillar abscess)
- Epiglottitis/Supraglottitis
- Post-tonsillectomy bleeding
- Foreign body in throat
- Oesophageal foreign body
- Section 19. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Emergencies
- 19.1. Pelvic pain
- Introduction
- Classification
- Presentation
- Examination
- Laboratory investigations
- Imaging
- Differential Diagnosis
- Acute pelvic pain
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Cyclic pelvic pain
- Acyclic pelvic pain
- Conclusion
- 19.2. Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Presentation
- Investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 19.3. Abnormal vaginal bleeding in the non-pregnant patient
- Introduction
- causes of Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
- History
- Physical examination
- Investigations
- Management
- General supportive measures
- Disposition
- 19.4. Ectopic pregnancy and bleeding in early pregnancy
- Introduction
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Miscarriage
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- 19.5. Bleeding after the first trimester of pregnancy
- Introduction
- Antepartum Haemorrhage
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- secondary Postpartum Haemorrhage
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Treatment
- 19.6. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology3,4
- Clinical features
- Management
- Summary
- 19.7. Emergency delivery and complications
- Introduction
- Setting
- History
- Examination
- Management
- Conduct of labour
- Disposition
- Complications of delivery
- Neonatal Resuscitation
- Section 20. Psychiatric Emergencies
- 20.1. Mental state assessment
- Epidemiology
- Introduction to the mental state examination
- Aims of the mental health assessment
- The formal psychiatric interview
- Conclusion
- 20.2. Distinguishing medical from psychiatric causes of mental disorder presentations
- Introduction
- General approach
- Triage
- The interview environment
- History
- Collateral history
- Examination
- Investigations
- Diagnostic formulation
- Conclusion
- 20.3. Deliberate self-harm/suicide
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Patient characteristics
- Aetiology
- Assessment
- Definitive treatment and disposition
- Prevention
- Ethical and governance considerations
- Conclusion
- 20.4. Depression
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Assessment
- Treatment
- 20.5. Psychosis
- Introduction
- Classification
- Epidemiology and prognosis
- Aetiology and prevention
- Clinical features
- Assessment
- Treatment
- Community referral
- 20.6. Pharmacological management of the aroused patient
- Introduction
- General principles of rapid tranquillization
- Section 21. Challenging Situations
- 21.1. Death and dying
- Introduction
- The process of dying
- Initiation of the grieving process
- Breaking bad news
- Viewing the body
- Death certificates
- Organ donation
- Bereavement counselling
- Subsequent issues
- Professional issues
- 21.2. Sexual assault
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Barriers to care
- Consent
- Chain of evidence
- Medical evaluation of the victim (MCQ 1)
- Forensic history, examination and evidence collection (MCQ 3)
- Medical aftercare
- Children
- Conclusion
- 21.3. Family violence
- Definition
- Incidence
- Vulnerable groups
- Risk factor identification
- Barriers to the detection and reporting of family violence
- Screening
- Management
- Conclusion
- 21.4. Alcohol-related illness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pharmacology
- Chronic alcohol-related illness
- Important illnesses to be excluded that mimic alcohol intoxication
- Treatment of alcohol-related illness
- Pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder
- 21.5. The challenging patient
- Introduction
- The Homeless Patient
- Definition and epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Management
- The Prisoner
- Definition and epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Violence and security issues
- Management
- The Behaviourally Disturbed and Violent Patient
- Aetiology and epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Legal and ethical considerations
- Management
- Disposition
- Violence
- The Frequent Attender
- Definition and epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Management
- The Patient with Drug-Seeking Behaviour
- Definition and aetiology
- Clinical features
- Management
- The Very Important Person
- Definition
- Management
- 21.6. End-of-life decision making and palliative care
- Introduction
- Definitions
- General legal principles in end-of-life decision making
- Palliative care
- 21.7. Organ and tissue donation
- Introduction
- Donation pathways
- Initiatives to improve organ donation rates
- Identification of potential organ donors
- Management of devastating brain injuries and support of the potential donor within the emergency department
- Conversations with families in the emergency department
- Best practice in raising organ donation
- Eye and tissue donation
- Section 22. Pain Relief
- 22.1. General pain management
- Introduction
- Physiology
- Assessment of pain and pain scales
- General principles
- Routes of administration
- Specific agents
- Pain relief in pregnancy
- Non-pharmacological therapies
- Special pain situations and non-analgesic agents
- Acute neuropathic pain
- Chronic pain
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 22.2. Local anaesthesia
- Local anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
- Amino ester and amino amide local anaesthetics
- Adverse effects
- Topical anaesthesia
- Specific nerve blocks
- 22.3. Emergency department procedural sedation
- Introduction and rationale
- Underlying principles
- Preprocedural risk assessment
- Choice of agent
- Other drugs
- Preparation and monitoring
- Postprocedure considerations
- Section 23. Emergency Imaging
- 23.1. Emergency department ultrasound
- Background
- The scope of emergency department ultrasound
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm7,8
- Early pregnancy9,10
- Right upper quadrant/gallbladder14
- Renal ultrasound
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Limitations and pitfalls
- Emergency echocardiography
- Lung ultrasound
- Ultrasound-guided vascular access
- Miscellaneous applications
- Training and credentialling1
- 23.2. Computed tomography scanning in emergency medicine
- Introduction
- Development science
- Current uses and indications
- Problems
- In childhood
- Overuse
- Advances in CT scanning
- 23.3. Magnetic resonance imaging in emergency medicine
- Introduction
- Technical issues
- Components
- Creating an image
- Different magnetic resonance imaging techniques
- Monitoring patients in the magnetic resonance imaging
- Indications for magnetic resonance imaging
- Contraindications, precautions and limitations
- Conclusion
- Section 24. Environmental Emergencies
- 24.1. Heat-related illness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Prognosis and disposition
- 24.2. Hypothermia
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Prognosis and disposition
- 24.3. Dysbarism
- Introduction
- Diving physics and physiology
- Barotrauma
- Middle-ear barotrauma
- Inner-ear barotrauma
- External ear barotrauma
- Sinus barotrauma
- Mask squeeze
- Gastrointestinal barotrauma
- Dental barotrauma
- Pulmonary barotrauma
- Decompression illness
- Assessment of the injured diver
- Adverse effects of hyperbaric oxygen
- Adjuvant therapies for DCI
- Prognosis after treatment
- Flying after treatment and return to diving
- Other issues
- Important phone numbers
- 24.4. Radiation incidents
- Introduction
- Radiation sources and incidents
- Measuring radioactivity
- Pathophysiology
- Acute radiation exposure
- Contamination with radioactive material
- Internal contamination
- Likely developments over the next 10 years
- 24.5. Drowning
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Definitions and terminology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features and organ-specific effects
- Treatment
- Clinical investigations
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- 24.6. Electric shock and lightning injury
- Electric Shock
- Physics of electricity and pathophysiology of electrical injury (Qtn 1)
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Electric shock in pregnancy
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Disposition
- The Taser
- Lightning Injury
- Physics
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Prognosis and disposition
- 24.7. Altitude illness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Section 25. Toxicology Emergencies
- 25.1. Approach to the poisoned patient
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology and clinical features
- Assessment
- Treatment
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Disposition
- 25.2. Cardiovascular drugs
- Calcium Channel Blockers and β-Blockers
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Digoxin
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Clonidine
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Class 1c Antiarrhythmics
- Pharmacokinetics
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Cardiac Arrest Due to Cardiovascular Active Drugs
- 25.3. Antipsychotic drugs
- Introduction
- Pharmacology
- Clinical effects
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- 25.4. Antidepressant drugs
- Introduction
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- Combined serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
- Bupropion
- 25.5. Lithium
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition and prognosis
- 25.6. Paracetamol
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Assessment of risk of hepatotoxicity
- Antidotal therapy with acetylcysteine
- Treatment
- 25.7. Salicylate
- Introduction
- Pharmacology and pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- 25.8. Antidiabetic drugs
- Introduction
- Insulin
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Sulphonylureas
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Octreotide
- Disposition
- Metformin
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Other Agents
- 25.9. Colchicine
- Introduction
- Toxicokinetics
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 25.10. Theophylline and caffeine
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Caffeine
- 25.11. Iron
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Prognosis
- 25.12. Drugs of abuse
- Introduction
- Amphetamines
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Cocaine
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Gamma-Hydroxybutyric ACID
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Emerging Psychoactive Substances
- Cathinones
- Piperazines
- Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists
- NBOMe
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Opiates
- Opioid withdrawal syndrome
- ‘Body-Packers’, ‘Body-Stuffers’, ‘Body-Pushers’
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- 25.13. Cyanide
- Introduction and epidemiology
- Toxicokinetics and pathophysiology
- Clinical features (Fig. 25.13.2)
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Specific cyanide antidotes (Table 25.13.1)
- 25.14. Hydrofluoric acid
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Disposition
- 25.15. Pesticides
- Introduction
- Aetiology and pathophysiology
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Anticholinesterase Pesticides
- Mechanism of toxicity
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigation
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- 25.16. Herbicides
- Introduction
- Paraquat (Bipyridyl herbicide)
- Mechanism of toxicity
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Glyphosate
- Mechanism of toxicity
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Chlorphenoxy Herbicides
- Mechanism of toxicity
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- 25.17. Ethanol and other ‘toxic’ alcohols
- Introduction
- Ethanol
- Clinical presentation
- Ethanol withdrawal syndrome
- Wernicke encephalopathy
- Alcoholic ketoacidosis
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Wernicke encephalopathy
- Alcoholic ketoacidosis
- Disposition
- Toxic alcohols
- Predictors of toxicity
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigations
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- 25.18. Carbon monoxide
- Introduction
- Aetiology, pathophysiology and pathology
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical investigations
- Criteria for diagnosis
- Treatment
- 25.19. Anticonvulsants
- Introduction
- Carbamazepine
- Phenytoin
- Sodium valproate (valproic acid)
- Lamotrigine
- Levetiracetam
- 25.20. Hymenoptera stings
- Introduction
- Bee stings
- Wasp stings
- Mass envenomation
- Treatment
- Ant stings
- Venom immunotherapy
- 25.21. Toxidromes
- Anticholinergic (anti-muscarinic) toxic syndrome
- Serotonin toxicity
- Sympathomimetic toxicity
- Cholinergic toxicity
- 25.22. Chloroquine
- Introduction
- Kinetics
- Clinical manifestations
- Generic management
- Specific management
- Other therapies
- Disposition
- 25.23. Opioids
- Introduction
- Pharmacology
- Clinical effects
- Management
- Naloxone
- Opioids in children
- Specific opioid agents
- Conclusion
- 25.24. Oral anticoagulants
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical investigation
- Treatment
- Disposition
- Section 26. Toxinology Emergencies
- 26.1. Snakebite
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Clinical investigations
- Disposition
- 26.2. Exotic snakebite
- Introduction
- Bites by captive non-native (exotic) venomous snakes
- Exotic venom activity
- First aid
- Venom spit ophthalmia
- Approach to hospital management
- Antivenom use
- Non-antivenom treatments
- 26.3. Spider bite
- Introduction
- An approach to the patient with spider bite
- Redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti)
- Steatoda species (cupboard or button spiders)
- Funnel-web spider (Atrax and Hadronyche species)
- Mouse spiders (Missulena spp.)
- Other Australasian spiders
- Necrotic arachnidism
- 26.4. Marine injury, envenomation and poisoning
- Marine injuries
- Envenomation
- Carukia Barnesi
- Treatment
- Fish
- Molluscs
- Cone shell
- Reptiles
- Poisonings
- Section 27. Academic Emergency Medicine
- 27.1. Research methodology
- Introduction
- Initiating the research project
- Assembling the research team
- Development of the study protocol
- Study design
- Concepts of methodology
- Sampling study subjects
- Data collection instruments
- Bias and confounding
- Principles of clinical research statistics
- Databases and principles of data management
- Research ethics
- 27.2. Writing for publication
- Introduction
- Important principles
- Readability
- Publication types
- Manuscript preparation
- Manuscript submission
- Feedback from journals
- Post-acceptance issues
- 27.3. Principles of medical education
- Introduction
- Adult learning principles
- Learner-centred education
- What makes a good emergency department teacher?
- Types of teaching in the emergency department
- Feedback to learners
- Conclusion
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 27.4. Teaching medical students emergency medicine
- Introduction
- The importance of medical student teaching
- Curriculum and discipline development
- Methods of teaching emergency medicine
- Future directions
- 27.5. Postgraduate emergency medicine teaching and simulation
- Introduction
- Oversight of training programs
- Curricular trends in emergency medicine
- Learning and teaching methods in emergency medicine
- Technology for learning in emergency medicine
- Simulation-based learning
- Assessment and performance appraisal for emergency medicine training
- Faculty development in emergency medicine
- Continuing professional development
- Section 28. Emergency Medicine And The Law
- 28.1. Mental health and the law: the Australian, NZ and UK perspectives
- Introduction
- Variations in practice
- Mental health legislation in Australia and NZ
- 28.2. The coroner: the Australian, NZ and UK perspectives
- Introduction
- Legislation
- Reportable deaths
- The UK
- Introduction
- History of the coroner
- Structure of the coroner system in the UK
- Reportable deaths
- How to report a death
- Handling the body
- Documentation
- Information for families
- Post-mortems
- Preparing a statement for the coroner
- Inquest
- 28.3. Consent and competence—the Australian, NZ and UK perspectives
- Introduction
- Consent
- Competence
- Patients who may be incompetent to consent (Table 28.3.2)
- Patient disabled by drugs or alcohol
- 28.4. Privacy and confidentiality
- Introduction
- Physical privacy
- Mandatory reporting
- Health care providers
- Police and medico-legal reports
- Patient health information
- Legislation
- Australian privacy principles
- New Zealand
- 28.5. Ethics in emergency medicine
- Introduction
- Ethics and law
- Ethical decision making – influences and processes
- An ethics tool kit for the emergency department
- Summary
- Section 29. Emergency And Medical Systems
- 29.1. Pre-hospital emergency medicine
- Introduction
- Dispatch
- Clinical skills
- Trauma care
- Cardiac care
- Other medical emergencies
- 29.2. Retrieval
- Retrieval systems
- Retrieval processes
- Clinical principles in retrieval and pre-hospital medicine
- 29.3. Medical issues in disasters
- Introduction
- Definitions and classification
- Epidemiology
- Socioeconomic impact
- Emergency and disaster risk management
- Emergency response planning
- Domestic emergency response activities
- Urban search and rescue
- Mental health
- Mass gatherings
- Public health issues in emergencies and disasters
- Conclusion
- Likely developments
- 29.4. Triage
- Introduction
- Origins of triage
- Civilian triage developments
- Process of triage
- Australasian triage development
- The Australasian Triage Scale
- Other triage scales
- Use beyond waiting time
- Structure and function of a triage system
- Prehospital triage
- Military and disaster triage
- 29.5. Emergency care in a humanitarian crisis
- Introduction
- Coordination in a humanitarian crisis
- Emergency Medical Teams
- Before you go
- Personal attributes
- Camps for refugees and internally displaced persons
- Responding to a crisis
- Permanent ‘durable’ solutions
- Past problems
- 29.6. Emergency department short stay units
- Introduction
- Observation ward policies and protocols
- Efficiency of patient care
- Audit and feedback
- Conclusions
- 29.7. Overcrowding
- Introduction
- Theoretical basis of overcrowding
- Definition of overcrowding
- Causes of overcrowding
- Consequences of overcrowding
- Strategies to deal with overcrowding
- Conclusions
- Future research
- 29.8. Rapid response systems and the emergency department
- Introduction and definitions
- Principles underlying rapid response system
- Clinical deterioration in emergency department patients
- Future developments
- 29.9. Public health and emergency medicine
- Introduction
- Disease and injury surveillance
- Disease prevention and control
- Screening, brief intervention and referral for treatment
- Health of Indigenous people and cultural safety
- Australian Indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
- New Zealand’s Indigenous Māori people
- Cultural safety and competency
- Section 30. Administration
- 30.1. Emergency department staffing
- General principles
- Estimating medical workload
- Structure of medical staff
- Estimating nursing workload
- Nurse staffing structure
- Allied health, clerical and other support staff
- Optimizing work practices
- 30.2. Emergency department layout
- Introduction
- Design considerations
- Size and composition of the emergency department
- Clinical areas
- Clinical support areas
- Non-clinical areas
- Likely developments over the next 5 to 10 years
- 30.3. Quality assurance and quality improvement
- Introduction
- Definitions
- PDSA and other QI tools
- Benchmarking
- Quality indicators in the emergency department
- The future for quality
- 30.4. Business planning
- Introduction
- Emergency department business planning
- Business plan development
- Content of the emergency department business plan
- Specific considerations
- Private emergency departments
- Business plan implementation and monitoring
- 30.5. Accreditation, specialist training and recognition in Australia
- Specialist recognition and registration
- Specialist training in emergency medicine
- Accreditation
- Future directions
- 30.6. Specialist training and recognition in emergency medicine in the United Kingdom
- Introduction
- Regulation of training
- Postgraduate training in the United Kingdom
- 30.7. Complaints
- Introduction
- Incidence
- Reasons
- Clinical care
- Communication
- Delays
- Administration
- Unmet expectations
- Responding to a complaint
- Immediate response
- Diffusing dissatisfaction and conflict
- Support of the complainant
- Expressing regret
- Documenting and investigating
- Determining the issues
- Supporting staff and confidentiality
- Resolution
- Integrating with risk management
- Prevention
- Managing specific aspects
- Summary
- 30.8. Patient safety
- Introduction
- Specific emergency department factors that may compromise patient safety
- Common safety problems encountered in emergency departments
- Improving safety in the emergency department
- Conclusion
- 30.9. Wellness, resilience and performance in emergency medicine
- Introduction
- Critical incidents, medical error and event debriefing
- Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction
- Distressed and impaired doctors
- Mandatory reporting
- Self-care and individual resilience strategies
- Organizational strategies
- Mentorship and peer support
- Index
- No. of pages: 1008
- Language: English
- Edition: 5
- Published: August 2, 2019
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780702076244
PC
Peter Cameron
ML
Mark Little
BM
Biswadev Mitra
CD