Technology-Based Solutions for Sustainable Groundwater Management

PART I Understanding groundwater challenges
CHAPTER 1 Characterizing groundwater drought: A bibliometric analysis
of publication trends, delineation methods, and sustainability
implications

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Data obtaining and screening

2.2 Data visualization

2.3 Data investigation

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Publication trends

3.2 Delineation indices

3.3 Sustainability implications

4 Future research

5 Conclusions
CHAPTER 2 Groundwater geochemistry and its quality assessment for
drinking and irrigation purposes in the south-central stretch
of India: employing the graphical, entropy-weighted water
quality index and distribution patterns

1 Introduction

2 Material and methods

2.1 Study area

2.2 Sample collection and analysis procedure

2.3 Accuracy of the chemical analysis

2.4 Entropy-weighted water quality index

2.5 Irrigation water quality index

2.6 Assessment of irrigation water quality

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Groundwater chemistry and its quality for drinking purpose

3.2 Hydrogeochemical facies

3.3 Rock–water interaction

3.4 Effects of geochemical process

3.5 Groundwater quality based on entropy-weighted water quality index

3.6 Groundwater quality for irrigation purposes

4 Conclusions
CHAPTER 3 Groundwater-dependent agricultural use and economic
development: does it show an EKC

1 Introduction

2 Literature review

3 Data and methods

3.1 Data

3.2 Methods

4 Results

4.1 Descriptive statistics

4.2 Cross-sectional between-effect model with and without control
variables

4.3 Panel corrected standard error models with and without control,
fixed effect, and lag

5Discussion

6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 Impact of land use and land cover changes on groundwater
storage dynamics

1Introduction

2 Land use types and their impact on groundwater storage

2.1 Agricultural land use

2.2 Urbanization

2.3 Forested areas

2.4 Industrial land use

3 Land cover types and their impact on groundwater storage

3.1 Vegetated surfaces

3.2 Bare soil and desertification

3.3 Water bodies

4 Mechanisms linking LULC changes to groundwater dynamics

4.1 Infiltration and percolation

4.2 Evapotranspiration

4.3 Surface runoff and soil erosion

5 Case studies: Implications of LULC changes on groundwater storage

5.1 Urbanization impact on groundwater in mega cities―perspectives
from India as an overpopulated and developing nation

5.2 Strategies implemented to mitigate negative impacts of urban
development on groundwater resources

5.3 Agricultural practices and groundwater depletion in semiarid regions

5.4 Sustainable agricultural practices to enhance groundwater recharge

5.5 Deforestation and groundwater storage in tropical rainforests

5.6 Conservation efforts and the impact of rainforest on groundwater
recharge

6 Modeling and monitoring groundwater responses to LULC changes

6.1 An overview of groundwater simulation models

6.2 Groundwater modeling in the face of changing LULC

6.3 Groundwater monitoring techniques

7 Mitigation and management strategies

7.1 Sustainable land use planning

7.2 Policy and governance

7.3 Community involvement and education

8 Challenges and future research directions

9 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 Possible health risk from anthropogenic nitrate enrichment
in groundwater of the fast-growing Tenkasi district
(Tamil Nadu) in South India

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methodology

2.1 Study area

2.2 Sample acquisition and examination

2.3 Error of the chemical analysis

2.4 Statistical treatment

2.5 Nitrate Pollution Index

2.6 Spatial investigation

2.7 Assessment of chronic health risk (CHR)

3 Result and discussion

3.1 General hydro geochemistry

3.2 Chemical relationship between nitrate (NO3
−) and other parameters

3.3 Nitrate pollution index (NPI)

3.4 Depth-wise estimation of nitrate concentration

3.5 Source and spatial dispersion of nitrate

3.6 Chronic health risk

3.7 Recommendations

4 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 6 Assessment of ground and surface water quality index using
weighted overlay and weighted sum for Dibrugarh,
Assam, India

1 Introduction

2 Study area

3 Materials and method

3.1 The water quality index

4 Need of the research

5 Groundwater quality

5.1 Turbidity

5.2 Total hardness

5.3 Total alkalinity

5.4 Sulfate

5.5 Sodium

5.6 Total dissolved solids

5.7 pH at 15 C

5.8 Magnesium

5.9 Fluoride

5.10 Iron

5.11 Chloride

5.12 Calcium

6 Result and discussion

6.1 GWQ of the study area map perimeters

6.2 Surface water properties of Dibrugarh district

7 Groundwater and surface water management plan

7.1 Wetland conservation and restoration

7.2 Riparian vegetation utilization

7.3 Reduction of chemical inputs

7.4 Sediment management

7.5 Community involvement and socioeconomic integration

8 Conclusion
CHAPTER 7 Examining the spatial pattern of groundwater quality and
its association with diarrhea among under-five children in
West Bengal, India

1 Introduction

2 Study area

3 Statement of the problem

4 Methodology

4.1 Database

4.2 Methods

4.3 Water quality index

4.4 Computation of the water quality index

4.5 Investigative spatial analysis

4.6 Confirmatory spatial analysis

5 Result and discussion

5.1 Physico-chemical analysis for the drinking water

5.2 Groundwater water quality index for drinking suitability

5.3 Correlation matrix analysis

5.4 Spatial pattern and hotspot detection of under-five child diarrhea

5.5 Association between groundwater quality and prevalence of
child diarrhea

6 Recommendations

7 Conclusion
References...
CHAPTER 8 Current trends and future challenges in groundwater
vulnerability assessment

1 Introduction

2 Background and theoretical framework

2.1 Key concepts and definitions

2.2 Overview of different approaches and models

3 Current trends in groundwater vulnerability assessment

3.1 Methodological advances

3.2 Data availability and quality

3.3 Policy and management implications

4 Prospective difficulties in assessing groundwater vulnerability

4.1 Climate variability and environmental elements

4.2 Technological and methodological innovations

4.3 Socio-economic and policy challenges

5 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 9 Impacts of land use and seasonal variations on occurrence
of antibiotics resistance bacterial contamination in
groundwater

1 Introduction

2 Material and methods

2.1 Geographical setting

2.2 Collection and transportation of samples

2.3 Isolation and identification of bacteria

2.4 Antibiotic resistance analysis

2.5 Land use/land cover

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Occurrence and distribution of bacteria in groundwater

3.2 Land use land cover

3.3 Prevalence of resistant E. coli in groundwater

4 Conclusion
References
Further reading

PART II Innovative spatial tools for groundwater analysis
CHAPTER 10 Evaluating groundwater prospect zones in Guwahati Municipal
Corporation, Assam: a comparative analysis of fuzzy-AHP
and frequency ratio techniques

1 Introduction

2 Study area

3 Materials and methods

3.1 Database

3.2 Data processing for GWPZ mapping in GIS

3.3 Geomorphology

3.4 Fuzzy analytical hierarchy

3.5 Frequency ratio (FR)

4 Results and discussions

4.1 Delineation of groundwater potential zone using FAHP

4.2 Delineation of groundwater potential zone using FR technique

4.3 Validation of fuzzy-AHP and FR

4.4 Comparative analysis of FAHP and FR model

5 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 11 Evaluation of groundwater potentiality of North Koel River
of Eastern India using multi-criteria decision-analysis model

1 Introduction

2 Geographical account of the North Koel watershed

3 Materials and methods

4 Analytical hierarchical process

5 Results and discussion

5.1 Lithology

5.2 Geomorphology

5.3 Lineament density

5.4 Slope

5.5 Rainfall

5.6 Drainage density

5.7 Soil

5.8 Infiltration number

5.9 Topographic wetness index

5.10 Land use land cover

5.11 Assessment of groundwater potential zones

5.12 Overall accuracy and validation of model

5.13 Discussion

6 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 12 Hydrogeological simulation of groundwater flow in the
industrial periphery of narol within the Sabarmati basin

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

2.1 Study area

2.2 Numerical modeling

2.3 Flow and transport governing equations

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Physicochemical parameters

3.2 Model conceptualization and development

3.3 Transient state model development

3.4 MT3DMS model

4 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 13 Surface and groundwater flow modeling for calibrating
steady state using MODFLOW

1 Introduction: Water resources in changing climate

2 MODFLOW

3 Salient features of MODFLOW

3.1 Finite-difference method

3.2 Modular design

3.3 Support for multiple aquifer types

3.4 Advanced solution techniques

3.5 Integration with other models

3.6 User-friendly interfaces

4 Brief history of MODFLOW releases

5 Surface water and groundwater interaction

6 Data sources and methodology

7 Conceptual model

8 Model setup

8.1 Grid discretization

9 Hydraulic parameters for model development

10 Surface water

11 Pumping

12 Model calibration

13 Steady-state flow simulation and discussions

14 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 14 Assessment of groundwater quality in Agartala, Tripura,
North-East India using an effective fuzzy multicriteria
decision-making model

1 Introduction

1.1 Research gap and novelty

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Study area

2.2 Method

3 Assessment of water pollution of GWQ in Agartala City

4 Detailed result analysis of GWQ

4.1 Premonsoon period analysis

4.2 Monsoon period analysis

4.3 Postmonsoon period analysis

4.4 Seasonal changes and differences

4.5 Ranking of sampling stations according to Ω-scores in each season

5 Comparison analysis

6 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 15 Exploration of groundwater potential zones in Phuentsholing

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

2.1 Data collection

2.2 Data for seismic refraction tomography (SRT)

2.3 Data for geographical information system (GIS)

2.4 Data analysis

2.5 Exploration of groundwater

3 Water demand and supply

3.1 Water supply scheme model

4 Groundwater exploration using SRT

4.1 Methodology

5 Groundwater exploration using GIS technique

5.1 Study area

5.2 Materials and data used

5.3 Procedure

5.4 Procedure and result

5.5 Weighted overlay

5.6 Groundwater potential zone

6 Validation of groundwater potential map

6.1 Seismic refraction tomography with GIS

7 Results and discussion

7.1 Seismic refraction tomography (SRT) results

7.2 Correlation with GIS-based groundwater potential zones

8 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 16 Analyzing aquifer from space: Leveraging remote sensing
data for sustainable groundwater management

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

3 Groundwater data management: Current practices and challenges

3.1 Traditional methods

3.2 Limitations and challenges

3.3 Need for improved monitoring

4 Remote sensing for groundwater management: Techniques and applications

4.1 Remote sensing techniques in groundwater management

4.2 Remote sensing-based application in groundwater management

4.3 Data needs for groundwater management and remote sensing

5 Data integration strategies

5.1 Data fusion and assimilation

5.2 Data analysis techniques

6 Advantages and limitations of integrating remote sensing data

6.1 Advantages

6.2 Limitation

7 Future directions

7.1 Emerging remote sensing technologies

7.2 Advances in data processing techniques

7.3 Prospects of real-time monitoring and dynamic modeling

7.4 Recommendations for future research and development

8 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 17 Groundwater potential zones mapping in Koch Bihar
district of West Bengal using Geographic Information
System-based multicriteria decision-making approach

1 Introduction

2 Review of the literature

3 Study area

4 Materials and methods

4.1 Groundwater potential zones

5 Results and discussions

5.1 Weights analysis

5.2 Lineament density

5.3 Geomorphology

5.4 Distance from river

5.5 Terrain Ruggedness Index

5.6 Elevation0

5.7 Slope

5.8 Drainage density

5.9 Land use land cover

5.10 Normalized difference vegetation index

5.11 Soil texture

5.12 Rainfall

5.13 Groundwater potential zones

6 Conclusions
References

PART III Sustainable groundwater management strategies
CHAPTER 18 Strategies for efficient water resource management
in urban agricultural systems

1 Introduction

2 Urban agriculture

3 Rainwater harvesting

3.1 Component of rainwater harvesting system

4 Rooftop harvesting system

5 Runoff harvesting.

5.1 Artificial ground water recharge

6 Integration of rainwater harvesting into urban agricultural systems

6.1 Sprinkler irrigation

7 Drip irrigation

8 Monitoring water quality parameters

9 Case studies and best practices

9.1 Rainwater harvesting in India

9.2 Rainwater harvesting in Rome

9.3 Rainwater harvesting in Mashhad city, Iran

10 Challenges and limitations

11 Discussion and conclusion
References
Further reading
CHAPTER 19 Rainwater harvesting techniques in semiarid areas as a
sustainable solution to groundwater management challenges

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Study area

2.2 Data sources

2.3 Methodology

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Rainwater harvesting techniques use in agricultural fields

3.2 Nonarable rainwater harvesting techniques

4 Opportunities brought by rainwater harvesting techniques in
management of groundwater storage

5 Challenges faced in the use of RWH techniques to manage
groundwater storage

6 Conclusion
References
Further reading
CHAPTER 20 Delving into subterranean solutions: A comparative
analysis of 1D, 2D, and 3D groundwater models

1 Background
Scope of groundwater numerical models (1D, 2D, and 3D)

2.1 1D groundwater numerical models: Understanding vertical dynamics

2.2 2D groundwater numerical models: Assessing horizontal variations

2.3 3D groundwater numerical models: Comprehensive representation

3 Applications of groundwater numerical models

4 Comparative analysis: Advantages, drawbacks, and solutions

5 Case studies and practical implementations

5.1 Real-world examples of 1D model applications

5.2 Case studies highlighting 2D model successes

5.3 Three-dimensional modeling in complex hydrogeological environments

6 Future directions and conclusion
References
CHAPTER 21 Advanced nanomaterials for groundwater treatment
sustainability

1 Introduction

1.1 Global water scarcity and the need for sustainable solutions

1.2 Conventional groundwater treatment methods: Limitations and
challenges

1.3 Emergence of nanotechnologies: A paradigm shift in water treatment

2 Advanced nanomaterials for groundwater remediation

2.1 Graphene

2.2 MXenes0

2.3 Carbon nanotubes

2.4 Nanocomposites

3 Modern techniques for groundwater treatment

3.1 Pumping and treatment method

3.2 Air sparing protocol with soil vapor extraction

3.3 Permeable reactive barriers

3.4 Photocatalysis

4 Sustainability considerations in nanomaterial-based groundwater treatment

5 Advancements and challenges in nanotechnology for groundwater treatment

6 Conclusion

7 Future prospects
CHAPTER 22 Imagining the invisible: Codesigning adaptive
methodologies for groundwater governance in small islands

1 Importance of groundwater, challenges in groundwater sustainability,
and state of groundwater in small island settings

1.1 Groundwater as an archetypal keystone ecosystem in small islands

1.2 The wGHI: A promising tool for groundwater health assessment
on small islands

1.3 Coidentifying nutrient thresholds for safeguarding the future of coral
reef ecosystems: Exploring its potential in the Pacific region

1.4 Codesigning and applying groundwater governance frameworks:
Insights from Southeast Asia and Nepal

1.5 Practices of adaptive governance and projection mapping for
strengthening groundwater governance

1.6 How can we codesign groundwater assessment methodologies
and promote community-based envisioning approaches?
CHAPTER 23 Assessing the impacts of climate change on groundwater
resources: Challenges and adaptive strategies

1 Introduction

2 Climate change and hydrological cycle

3 Climate change on groundwater storage―A physical aspect

4 Groundwater level scenario: Perspectives from India―A developing
and overpopulated country

5 Impacts of climate change on groundwater quality

6 Modeling techniques to evaluate the impact of climate change on
groundwater: A global synthesis

7 Future perspectives and research needs

8 Conclusion
CHAPTER 24 Uncovering the pressing groundwater challenges,
public health, and technology-based solution:
Microscale qualitative study on Boner Pukur Danga,
Santhal Village, Bolpur, West Bengal

1 Introduction2 Study area

3 Materials and methods0

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Drinking water system―Source, occurrence, and distribution

4.2 Quality and sustainability of drinking water

4.3 Population―Society―Vulnerability

4.4 Water management strategies and policies

4.5 Sustainable management of water through technology-Based solution

4.6 Community-based cost-effective water management: An introduction
to constructed wetland

4.7 Proposed plan of constructed wetland

5 Major findings

6 Conclusion and recommendation
CHAPTER 25 Microbial remediation of arsenic from groundwater and soil

1 Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global environmental problem

2 Arsenic toxicity in India

3 Mechanism of arsenic toxicity

4 Arsenic speciation, release, and mobilization

5 Bioremediation of arsenic

6 Application of arsenic hypertolerant microorganisms for bioremediation

7 Mechanism of arsenic resistance by arsenic-hypertolerant microorganisms

8 Biofilter for arsenic removal

9 Conclusion
CHAPTER 26 Community-based sustainable water management
practices, strategy, technology, and innovation: A significant
mouza scale study in foothill of Garpanchakot, West Bengal

1 Introduction

2 The area of study

3 Data and methodology

4 Result and discussion

4.1 The landscape

4.2 The community

4.3 Occurrence, source, and scarcity of water

4.4 Community-based sustainable water management practices and
ecosystem services

4.5 Community-based sustainable water management strategies

4.6 Technology and innovation in community-based sustainable water
management practices

4.7 Challenges and opportunities

5 Outcomes

6 Conclusion and recommendations
References.