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Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis
Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies
- 2nd Edition - June 28, 2014
- Editors: J. Coombs, D. O. Hall, S. P. Long
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 7 4 9 9 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 9 0 8 0 - 8
Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis, Second Edition is a manual that provides information on the field and laboratory techniques associated with the measurement of… Read more
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Request a sales quoteTechniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis, Second Edition is a manual that provides information on the field and laboratory techniques associated with the measurement of plant productivity. The title discusses the most reliable and relevant techniques that can be applied to a wide variety of problems. The coverage of the text includes various quantitative methods, such as measurement of plant biomass and net primary production; measurement of CO2 assimilation by plants in the field and the laboratory; and measurement of oxygen and chlorophyll fluorescence. The selection also deals with photosynthetic energy conversion; assimilatory nitrate reduction; and ammonia assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis. The book will be of great interest to botanists, horticulturists, and agriculturists.
Introduction
Units, Symbols and Abbreviations
1. Measurement of Plant Biomass and Net Primary Production
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Definitions
1.1.2 Units
1.1.3 Principles
1.2 Sampling Design
1.2.1 Fully Randomized Design
1.2.2 Randomized Block Design
1.3 Measurement of Above-Ground Biomass
1.3.1 Number, Area and Shape of Quadrats
1.3.2 Harvesting
1.3.3 Sorting
1.3.4 Drying
1.3.5 Ashing
1.3.6 Determination of Energy Content
1.3.7 Carbon Analysis
1.4 Measurement of Below-Ground Biomass
1.4.1 Soil Extraction
1.4.2 Separation from Soil and Washing
1.4.3 Separation of Live Roots from Dead Matter
1.4.4 Dry Weight and Organic Weight
1.5 Non-Destructive Measurement of Biomass
1.5.1 Estimation from Stem and Leaf Dimensions
1.5.2 Remote Sensing
1.6 Estimation of Losses
1.6.1 Decomposition
1.6.2 Grazing
1.6.3 Exudation
1.7 Estimation of Net Primary Production
1.8 Experimental Work
References
2. Plant Growth Analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Principles
2.3 Components of Classical Growth Analysis
2.3.1 Relative Growth Rate
2.3.2 Unit Leaf Rate
2.3.3 Leaf Area Ratio
2.3.4 Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Weight Ratio
2.3.5 Leaf Area Index
2.3.6 Crop Growth Rate
2.3.7 Leaf Area Duration
2.4 Functional Growth Analysis
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 The Richards Function
2.5 Experimental Investigations
2.5.1 Limitations
2.5.2 Procedure
References
3. Plant Microclimate
3.1 General Introduction
3.2 Radiation - Solar and Long Wave
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Radiation Measurements
3.3 Temperature
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Temperature Measurements
3.3.3 Use of Thermometers
3.4 Humidity
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Definitions
3.4.3 Measurements
3.5 Wind
3.5.1 Measurement
3.6 Automatic Weather Stations
3.7 Recording
3.8 Experimental Work
References
4. Canopy Structure and Light Interception
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Radiation in Canopies
4.2.1 Changes in Photon Flux Density within the Canopy
4.2.2 Considerations for Specific Canopies
4.2.3 Light Compensation
4.2.4 Measurement of Light in Canopies
4.3 Measurement of Canopy Structure
4.3.1 Leaf Area Index
4.3.2 Leaf Inclination
4.3.3 Leaf Orientation
4.3.4 Stems and Inflorescences
References
5. Water Relations
5.1 Stomatal Conductance
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Resistance or Conductance
5.1.3 Methods for Stomatal Aperture
5.1.4 Methods for Rate of Water-Vapor Loss
5.1.5 Principles and Calibration of Diffusion Porometers
5.2 Plant Water Status
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Water Content
5.2.3 Water Potential
5.2.4 Components of Water Potential
5.2.5 Pressure-Volume Curves
5.3 Soil Water Status
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Soil Water Content
5.3.3 Water Potential
5.4 Practical Work on Water Relations
5.4.1 Objectives
5.4.2 Materials
5.4.3 Procedure
5.4.4 Calculations
5.4.5 Analysis of Data
5.4.6 Suggested Additional Work
References and Further Reading
6. Measurement of CO2 Assimilation by Plants in the Field and the Laboratory
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 The Role of CO2 Exchange Measurements
6.1.2 Measures, Symbols and Units
6.1.3 The Approach
6.1.4 Closed Systems
6.1.5 Semi-Closed Systems
6.1.6 Open Systems
6.2 Infra-Red Gas Analysis
6.2.1 Principles
6.2.2 Configurations
6.2.3 Calibration
6.3 14C Incorporation
6.3.1 Principle
6.3.2 Procedure
6.4 Measurement and Control of Gas Flow
6.4.1 Flowmetering
6.4.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters
6.4.3 Thermal Mass Flowmeters
6.4.4 Flowmeter Calibration
6.4.5 Flow Control
6.5. Chamber Conditions and Construction
6.5.1 Principles
6.5.2 Chamber Design
6.5.3 Boundary Layer Conditions
6.5.4 Temperature
6.5.5 Photon Flux Density
6.5.6 Materials
6.5.7 Air Conditioning
6.6 Analysis of Gas Exchange Measurements
6.6.1 Resistance Analogies
6.6.2 The Gaseous Diffusion Pathway
6.6.3 The A/ci Response
6.6.4 Light Response
6.7 Conclusion
6.8 Experimental Work
6.8.1 Photosynthetic Gas Exchange in the Laboratory
6.8.2 Photosynthetic Gas Exchange in the Field
References
7. Measurement of Oxygen and Chlorophyll Fluorescence
7.1 The Oxygen Electrode
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Characteristics of the Oxygen Electrode
7.1.3 Calibration
7.1.4 Other Forms of Oxygen Measurement
7.2 The Leaf Disc Electrode
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Calibration
7.2.3 Calculations Relating to Volume and Calibration
7.2.4 Experiment: Does It Work with a Leaf
7.3 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Principles of Measurement
7.3.3 Is Fluorescence Influenced by Carbon Assimilation
7.3.4 Fluorescence Induction
7.3.5 Complex Fluorescence Kinetics and Oscillations
References
8. Shoot Morphology and Leaf Anatomy in Relation to Photosynthesis
8.1 Shoot Morphology and the Relationship of Single Leaf to Whole Plant CO2 Assimilation and Canopy Productivity
8.2 Leaf Anatomy
8.2.1 Influence of High and Low Light Intensities on Leaf Anatomy
8.2.2 Xeromorphy
8.2.3 Leaf Anatomy Related to C3 and C4 Pathways of CO2 Fixation
8.2.4 Sub-Groupings of C4 Species
8.3 Experiments
8.3.1 Leaf Anatomy
8.3.2 Stomatal Width
8.3.3 Demonstration of 02 Evolution from Whole Plants
8.3.4 in Situ Demonstration of PSII Activity
8.3.5 Differentiation between C3 and C4 Plants by Detection of Starch In Situ
8.3.6 Demonstration of Phloem Translocation in Detached Maize Leaves
References
9. Chloroplasts and Protoplasts
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Plant Material
9.2 Mesophyll Protoplasts from C3, C4 and CAM Plants
9.2.1 Preparation of Leaf Tissue and the Digestion Procedure
9.2.2 Isolation and Purification
9.2.3 Storage of Protoplasts
9.2.4 Isolation of Plant Cells
9.3 Photosynthesis by Isolated Protoplasts
9.3.1 C3 Protoplasts
9.3.2 C4 Mesophyll Protoplasts
9.3.3 C4 Bundle-Sheath Strands
9.3.4 CAM Cells and Protoplasts
9.4 Chloroplast Isolation from Protoplasts
9.4.1 C3 Chloroplasts
9.4.2 C4 Chloroplasts
9.4.3 CAM Chloroplasts
9.5 Mechanical Separation of Intact Chloroplasts
9.5.1 Isolation of Chloroplasts from Spinach
9.5.2 Variations in the Procedure for Spinach
9.6 Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts
9.6.1 Criteria of Intactness
9.6.2 Intactness Assay
9.6.3 Improvement in Chloroplast Intactness
9.7 Carbon Assimilation by C3 Chloroplasts
9.7.1 Measurement of Chloroplast Photosynthesis
9.8 Materials
References
10. Photosynthetic Energy Conversion
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Measurement of Proton Flux, Photophosphorylation and Electron Transport Using Broken Chloroplasts and a pH Electrode
10.2.1 Measurement of Proton Flux
10.2.2 Measurement of Photophosphorylation
10.2.3 Measurement of Electron Transport
10.3 Partial Electron Transport Reactions Assayed with the O2 Electrode and a Conventional Recording Spectrophotometer
10.3.1 Water to Methyl Viologen
10.3.2 DCPIP to Methyl Viologen
10.3.3 Water to p-Phenylenediamine
10.3.4 Water to Silicomolybdate
10.3.5 DPC to Methyl Viologen
10.3.6 Assay for FNR Using a Recording Spectrophotometer
References
11. Carbon Metabolism
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Carbon Reduction Cycle
11.3 Photorespiration
11.4 C4 Photosynthesis
11.5 CAM Plants
11.6 Carboxylation Enzymes
11.6.1 RUBISCO
11.6.2 Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxylase
11.7 Experiments
11.7.1 I4C Fixation Patterns in C, and C, Plants
11.7.2 Photorespiration
11.7.3 Assay of Carboxylases
References
12. Nitrogen Fixation
12.1 Nitrogen Metabolism
12.2 Introduction to N-Fixation
12.3 The Genus Rhizobium
12.4 Measurement of N-Fixation by Direct Means
12.5 Indirect Assay of Nitrogenase Activity
12.6 Preparation of Acetylene
12.7 Gas Chromatography
12.8 Experimental Schedule
References
13. Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Enzymology
13.2.1 Nitrate Reductase
13.2.2 Nitrite Reductase
13.3 Relationship between Nitrate Reduction and Photosynthesis
13.4 Determination of Enzymatic Activities
13.4.1 Nitrate Reductase Activity
13.4.2 Nitrite Reductase Activity
13.5 Other Analytical Procedures Useful for the Study of Nitrate Assimilation
13.5.1 Determination of Nitrate
13.5.2 Chemical Determination of Ammonium and Dissolved Ammonia
13.5.3 Enzymatic Determination of Ammonium and Dissolved Ammonia
13.6 Uptake of Nitrate by Cells of Blue-Green Algae. Effects of Ammonium and MSO
References
14. Ammonia Assimilation and Amino Acid Biosynthesis
14.1 Ammonia Assimilation
14.1.1 Introduction
14.1.2 Enzyme Isolation
14.1.3 Glutamine Synthase
14.1.4 Glutamate Synthase
14.1.5 Glutamate Dehydrogenase
14.1.6 Aminotransferases
14.2 Transport of Nitrogenous Compounds
14.2.1 Compounds Utilized
14.2.2 Assay of Transport Compounds
14.2.3 Nitrogen Fixation
14.3 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
14.3.1 The Aspartate Family
14.3.2 Selection of Amino Acid Metabolism Mutants
14.3.3 Mutagen Treatment Technique
14.3.4 Isolation and Characterization of Aspartate Kinase
14.3.5 Proline and Drought Stress
References
15. Micro-Algae: Laboratory Growth Techniques and Outdoor Biomass Production
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Growth of Micro-Algae: Techniques and Kinetics
15.2.1 Batch Culture
15.2.2 Continuous Culture
15.3 Chemostat Cultures
15.4 Synchronized Cultures
15.5 Nutrient-Limited Growth
15.6 Analytical Techniques
15.6.1 Cell Counting
15.6.2 Light Scattering (Turbidity)
15.6.3 Dry Weight Measurement
15.7 Growth, Maintenance and Preservation of Algal Cultures
15.8 Culture Media
15.9 Definition of Common Units and Terms
15.10 Technical Problems
15.11 Where to Obtain Algal Cultures
15.12 Algal Biomass Production
15.12.1 Biological Problems
15.12.2 Engineering Problems
15.12.3 Uses of Algal Biomass
References and Further Reading
16. Enzymes: Separation and Kinetics
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Enzyme Activity
16.3 Isolation of Enzymes
16.4 Protein Determination
16.5 Extraction of Proteins
16.6 Protection from Phenols and Phenol Oxidase Activity
16.7 Crude Extracts
16.8 Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation
16.9 Modern Methods of Protein Purification
16.9.1 Ion Exchange Chromatography
16.9.2 Molecular Sieve Chromatography
16.9.3 Electrophoresis
16.9.4 Isoelectric Focusing
16.10 Enzyme Kinetics
16.11 Experiments
16.11.1 Demonstration of Phenol Oxidase Activity and Design of Protective Media
16.11.2 Enzyme Purification
16.11.3 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
16.12 The Enzyme Commission Classification System
References
17. Analytical Techniques
17.1 Protein Analysis
17.1.1 Kjeldahl Method
17.1.2 Biuret Reaction
17.1.3 Lowry Method
17.2 Analysis of Carbon Isotope Discrimination Ratios
17.3 Measurement of Light Absorption
17.3.1 The Absorption of Light by Molecules
17.3.2 Experimental Method
17.4 Chlorophyll Determination
17.4.1 Chlorophyll in Higher Plants
17.4.2 Algal Chlorophyll
17.5 Measurement of Starch and Sucrose in Leaves
17.5.1 Preparation of Leaf Extracts for Metabolite Measurements
17.5.2 Measurement of Sucrose
17.5.3 Measurement of Starch
17.6 Mineral Analysis of Plants, Soil and Water
References
Appendices
A. Equipment for Field and Laboratory Studies of Whole Plant and Crop Photosynthesis and Productivity Research
B. Experimental Design and Presentation of Results
C. Biomass Production and Data
D. Conversion Factors and Approximate Conversion Factors
E. Solar Radiation on the Earth
Index
- No. of pages: 324
- Language: English
- Edition: 2
- Published: June 28, 2014
- Imprint: Pergamon
- Paperback ISBN: 9781483174990
- eBook ISBN: 9781483190808
JC
J. Coombs
Affiliations and expertise
BABA, Reading, UKDH
D. O. Hall
Affiliations and expertise
King's College, London, UKRead Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis on ScienceDirect