Tea in Health and Disease Prevention

2nd Edition - September 14, 2024
Editors: Victor R Preedy, Vinood Patel
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 1 5 8 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 1 5 9 - 1

While there is a nearly universal agreement that drinking tea can benefit health, information on the benefits or adverse effects of drinking tea is scattered, leaving definitive… Read more

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While there is a nearly universal agreement that drinking tea can benefit health, information on the benefits or adverse effects of drinking tea is scattered, leaving definitive answers difficult to ascertain. Tea in Health and Disease Prevention, Second Edition, once again addresses this problem, bringing together all the latest and most relevant information on tea and its health effects into one comprehensive resource. This book covers compounds in black, green, and white teas and explores their health implications, first more generally, then in terms of specific organ systems and diseases. With over 75% brand new content, this fully reorganized, updated edition covers a wider range of tea varieties and beneficial compounds found in tea, such as epigallocatechin gallate and antioxidants.

Tea in Health and Disease Prevention, Second Edition, is an organized, efficient resource that will help readers find quick answers to questions and will help inspire further studies for those interested in tea research. This is a must-have reference for researchers in food science and nutrition, as well as nutritionists and dieticians.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Section I. Tea, tea drinking, and varieties
Chapter 1. The tea plants: Botanical aspects
Introduction
Place of origin
Tea taxonomy and classification of the tea plant
Camellia sinensis L. or the China tea plant
Camellia assamica (masters) or the Assam tea plant
Camellia assamica sub. sp. lasiocalyx (Planch. MS) or the cambodiensis or Southern form of the tea plant
Tea cytogenetics
Anatomical features and chemical composition of the tea plant
Concept of tea germplasm and its importance
Tea physiology
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 2. Black tea: Manufacturing and composition
Introduction
Chemical compositions of tea
Summary points
Chapter 3. Green tea: Plants, artisanal knowledge, processing, manufacturing and production
Introduction
Botanical classification and distribution
Distribution
Cultivation
Propagation and breeding
Shrub formation
Tea harvest: Plucking and seasons
Processing
Postharvest spreading of leaves
Fixing
Rolling, shaping, and drying
Chemistry and biochemical changes during green tea processing
Storage, preparation, and flavor
Global green tea production
Other health effects of tea or extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 4. White tea: The plants, processing, manufacturing, chemical compositions, and potential health benefits
Introduction
Historical perspectives
Processing and manufacturing of white tea
Varieties of white tea
Chemical composition of white tea
Health benefits of white tea
Summary points
Chapter 5. Pu-erh tea: Botany, ethnobotany, production, and chemistry
Introduction
Botany, ethnobotany, and biogeography
Production and preparation
Processing
Preparation
Chemistry and health
Relationship of phytochemistry to environmental variability
Relationship of phytochemistry to infusion sequence
Oxidation and microbial fermentation
Other health effects of tea or extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 6. Mate tea: Manufacture and composition
Introduction
One plant, three forms
Cultivation and processing
Cancheamento cycle
Beneficiation
Chemical composition
Variations in chemical composition
Extractions and chemical profile of beverages
Biological activities
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 7. Compositional and nutritional aspects: Kombucha-type fermented teas
Introduction
Preparation of kombucha
Fermentation
Biochemical composition of kombucha
Organic acids
Polyphenols
Mineral ingredients
Microbiological composition
Health-promoting properties of kombucha
Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic properties
Hypocholesterolemic properties
Antimicrobial and antiviral properties
Antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties
Anticancer properties
Hepatoprotective properties
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 8. Oolong tea: The plants, processing, manufacturing, and production
Introduction
Historical perspectives
Unveiling the differences: Oolong tea versus black tea and green tea
Manufacturing steps and biochemical significance of oolong tea
Factors affecting the unique flavor of oolong tea
Oolong tea: The plants, processing, manufacturing, and production
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 9. Exploring the world of herbal teas
Introduction
Traditional herbal teas versus innovative herbal teas
Types of herbal teas according to the complexity of the formulas
Regional traditions for herbal teas
Dosage and consumption patterns of herbal teas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Section II. Production, processing, and preparation
Chapter 10. Advances in the processing of tea extracts: Emerging sustainable technologies
Introduction
Composition
Wastes
Extraction
Purification
Stability and encapsulation
Challenges and future trends
Summary points
Chapter 11. The effect of tea brewing time on chemical content and biological activity
Introduction
Chemical composition of tea
Tea polyphenols and catechins
Theaflavins and thearubigins
Tea flavonoids
Tea organic acids
Tea amino acids
Tea glucosides
Tea carbohydrates
Tea aromatic compounds
Tea minerals
Effect on the chemistry of tea processing
Tea brewing methods
The effect of tea brewing times on the chemical content of tea
Effect on total phenolic content
Total flavonoid content and its effect on flavonoid content
Effect on tea polysaccharides
Impact on flavor compounds (volatile compounds) and amino acids
Effect of tea brewing times on the biological activity of tea
Effects on antioxidant activity
Effect on antibacterial, antiviral, and antiinflammatory activity
Effect on antidiabetic activity
Effect on anticancer activity
Other effects
The effect of tea brewing times on sensory properties of tea
Toxic effects of tea brewing time
Effects on mineral toxicity
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 12. Tea processing and impact on catechins, theaflavin and thearubigin formation
Introduction
The chemistry and benefits of green and black tea
Impact of tea processing on catechins, theaflavin, and thearubigin formation
Methods to determine polyphenols
Section III. Compositional and nutritional aspects
Chapter 13. Compounds found in tea, their concentrations, and methods of analysis
Introduction
Different types of tea
Active constituents of tea
Method of analysis
Orbitrap-MS
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 14. Infusion times and temperature on the composition of tea beverages
Introduction
Effects of infusion times and temperature on compositions
Summary points
Chapter 15. Adulterants in tea
Tea as a health drink—introduction
Types of tea
Processing of tea
Threats to tea and workers
Adulterants in tea
Chemical adulterants in tea
Identification of chemical adulterants in tea
Adulterant check using DNA barcoding
Biological adulterants in tea
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 16. How the health-benefit components of tea vary depending on the cultivar and season: The example of Darjeeling tea
Introduction
Chemical basis of processed tea
Health-benefit properties of made tea
Profiling health-benefit traits in tea cultivars of Darjeeling
Antioxidant qualities vary among genotypes and harvesting seasons
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 17. Fluoride and teas consumption: A balanced synopsis
Fluorides
Teas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 18. Copper, iron and zinc content in tea and their nutritional aspects on human health
Introduction
Copper, iron, and zinc in tea plant
Copper, iron, and zinc in processed tea
Copper, iron, and zinc in tea infusion
Reference dose and risk assessment
Nutritional aspects of trace elements
Summary points
Chapter 19. Heavy metals in teas and their health implications
Introduction
Heavy metals
Heavy metal contamination in tea
Heavy metal levels in tea
Aluminum
Lead
Cadmium
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Cobalt
Heavy metal exposure from tea consumption and health risk assessment
What can be done to reduce heavy metal exposure?
Catechins in tea and their effects on health
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 20. Tea as a dietary antioxidant: Contribution to total antioxidant capacity
Introduction
How to estimate the dTAC?
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dTAC
Cardiovascular diseases and dTAC
Cancer and dTAC
Mental disorders and dTAC
T2DM and dTAC
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dTAC
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms (5–15 terms) (A-Z order)
Summary points
Chapter 21. Tea and food antioxidant interactions: Investigating antagonism and synergism
Introduction
Interaction between tea polyphenols and antioxidants
Interaction between tea polyphenols and food components
Conclusion
Other health effects of tea polyphenols
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 22. Matcha tea: and its antioxidant profile and effects
Introduction
Preparation of Matcha
Biochemical composition
Characteristics of the composition
Antioxidant profile: Polyphenols and phenolic compounds
Antioxidant profile: Catechins
Antioxidant profile: Vitamin C, quercetin, and flavonoids
Antioxidant profile: Caffeine
Antioxidant properties of Matcha
Factors affecting antioxidant potential
Effects on free-radical diseases
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 23. Tea, energy metabolism, and the satiety responses
Introduction
Energy metabolism
Satiety response
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
General aspects of the effects of tea
A. Body, organs, and tissues
Chapter 24. Tea consumption and body fat distribution
Introduction
Tea consumption, body adiposity, and weight management
Measurement of body fat distribution
Studies linking habitual tea consumption with body fat distribution
Potential mechanisms underpinning the tea–body fat distribution relationship
Further research needed
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 25. Revising the potential role of black tea in alleviating metabolic syndrome
Introduction
An overview of the major components of tea
Metabolic syndrome and the future trends of black tea as a potential therapy
Consumption of black tea and its impact on health: Collection of epidemiological and experimental studies
Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of black tea against metabolic syndrome
Conclusion
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 26. The effect of kombucha tea on liver functions: A review of accumulated evidence
Introduction
Fermentation of kombucha tea
Chemical composition of kombucha tea
Effect of kombucha tea in animal models of chemically induced (primary) liver injury
Hepatoprotective effect of kombucha tea in animal model for secondary liver injury
Clinical evidence of kombucha tea health effects
Side effects and toxicity of kombucha tea
Kombucha tea as a hepatoprotective functional food
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 27. Tea and the gut microbiota
Introduction
Characterization of teas and their polyphenol content
Bioavailability and metabolism of tea polyphenols in the small intestine
The colonic microbiota
Biocatabolism of tea polyphenols by gut microbiota in humans
Potential health benefits of tea catabolites
Effect of tea polyphenols on gut microbiota
Measuring the impact of tea on gut microbiota
In vitro models
Mouse models
Human interventions
Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 28. Evaluation of antiosteoporosis effects of Camellia sinensis (tea), its extracts, and major compounds
Introduction
Tea extracts and tea polyphenols
Assessment of effects of tea extracts on bone metabolism through preclinical studies
Effect of tea constituents on bone metabolism
Clinical investigations on the impact of tea intake on bone
Summary and future perspective
Summary points
Chapter 29. Potential clinical application of green tea therapy in ocular protection
Introduction
Biological activities of green tea
Potential of green tea in eye protection
Clinical trials of green tea catechins for eye diseases
Green tea extract versus EGCG for clinical use
Precaution of green tea for clinical applications
Development of green tea formulation for ocular disease treatment
Prospective clinical use of green tea
Summary points
Chapter 30. Potential benefits of tea consumption against risk factors associated with the development of coronary artery disease
Introduction
A general overview of oxidative stress and inflammation, including their link with coronary artery disease
A brief overview of the classification and chemical composition of tea
Pharmacokinetics of tea
Clinical evidence on the potential effects of tea consumption in people with or at risk for CAD
Summary and future perspectives
Summary points
Chapter 31. Linking exercise and green tea consumption as an antioxidant strategy
Introduction
The connection between exercise and antioxidants: Exploring green tea consumption
Sipping on antioxidants: How green tea can enhance exercise benefits
Enhancing your workout: The power of combining exercise and green tea
A delicious and nutritious antioxidant strategy for active individuals
Green tea: An effective antioxidant to boost exercise performance
Maximizing your workout with green tea: The science behind this antioxidant strategy
Exercise and green tea: A promising combination for long-term health
Harnessing the antioxidant power of green tea for optimal exercise recovery
A natural approach to antioxidant supplementation: The benefits of green tea and exercise
From the gym to the kitchen: The role of green tea in supporting exercise-induced antioxidant defense
Conclusions: The intersection of exercise and green tea as an antioxidant strategy
Other health effects of tea or extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 32. Bioinformatics applications for evaluating health and pharmacological properties of tea: Use of computer-assisted drug discovery tools
Introduction
Bioinformatic studies in tea for food preservation and nutrition properties
Bioinformatics in tea to study therapeutic properties
Alzheimer's disease
Malaria and Zika virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Therapeutic agent for diabetes
Antineoplastic effect
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
B. Cellular and nonorgan effects
Chapter 33. Sunscreen from tea
Introduction
Other health effects of tea extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 34. Tea and kidney stone formation
Introduction
Oxalate content of black, green, and herbal teas
Urinary oxalate and hyperoxaluria
Tea consumption and risk of urinary stone formation
Effects of black tea consumption in healthy subjects
Conclusions
Summary points
Chapter 35. Tea and cancer risk
Introduction
Tea and lung cancer risk
Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea antioxidants
Conclusions and future perspective
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 36. Molecular aspects of the effects of green tea extracts in cancer studies
Introduction
Green tea components and different cellular pathways
Summary points
Chapter 37. Epigenetic factors of green tea consumption in cancer prevention
Introduction
Chemopreventive effects of green tea
DNA methylation patterns
Green tea anticancer action on DNA methylation patterns
Green tea anticancer action on miRNAs
Green tea anticancer action on lncRNAs
Histone acetylation status in cancer
Cancer prevention by using green tea as a modifier of the acetylation status of histone
Limitations of the chemopreventive effects of green tea
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 38. The potential for black tea in combating arsenic toxicity
Sources of arsenic and its global distribution
Biotransformation of arsenic
Health hazards due to arsenic
Effect of chronic iAs exposure on ROS generation and beyond
Role of arsenic in disrupting DNA repair
Arsenic and inflammation
Epigenetic modulations introduced by arsenic
Modulation of TGF-β pathway and induction of EMT by arsenic
Chemoprevention
Tea as a chemopreventive agent
Chapter 39. Tea extract and usage against multidrug-resistant bacteria
Introduction
Varieties of tea
Scientific classification
Chemical composition
Factors determining the concentration of catechins
Bioavailability
Antimicrobial spectrum
Anticariogenic effect
Effect on periodontal diseases
Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity
Reversal of antimicrobial resistance
Synergism with the antibiotics
Effect on bacterial virulence
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary
Chapter 40. Tea and its antibacterial effects compared to other plants
Introduction
Mechanisms of antibacterial action of tea
Mechanisms of antibacterial action of some culinary plants
Antibacterial effects of major polyphenols contained in tea compared to other plants
Comparative analysis of the antibacterial potential of tea with other culinary plants
Summary points
Section V. Focused areas, specific tea components, and effects on tissue and organ systems
Chapter 41. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate effects on leukemia cells
Introduction
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 42. Tea epigallocatechin gallate and impact on life span
Introduction
Molecular mechanisms of aging: emerging interrelationships
EGCG in health and longevity
Mechanisms of EGCG-mediated longevity extension
EGCG and oxi-inflammatory stress during aging
Conclusions and outlook
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 43. Epigallocatechin gallate and its antifungal profiles
Introduction
Overview of fungal infection
Treatment of fungal infection
Studies on EGCG as antifungals
Studies on EGCG against Candida
Studies on EGCG against dermatophytes
Studies of EGCG against other fungi and yeasts
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 44. Unraveling molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate by proteomic investigations
Introduction
Therapeutic potential of EGCG in human diseases
Unraveling molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of EGCG by proteomic investigations
Conclusions and perspectives
Summary points
Chapter 45. Autophagy and green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Applications to female reproductive cancers
Introduction
Incidence, mortality, and prevalence of female reproductive cancer
Anticancer effect of green tea against reproductive cancers
Autophagy mechanism and function
The role of autophagy in female reproductive cancer
Regulation of autophagy in female reproductive cancer by EGCG and green tea catechins treatment
Future perspectives of EGCG development for clinical application
Conclusion
Other health effects of green tea consumption
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 46. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate and its impact on heart health
Introduction
Overview of heart physiology
Common heart diseases
Epidemiological studies on tea and cardiovascular health
Direct effect of EGCG on cardiac muscle function
Antiinflammatory effect of EGCG in heart diseases
Antioxidative activity of EGCG in heart diseases
Antiapoptotic effect of EGCG in heart diseases
Preclinical and clinical studies on ECCG's efficacy for heart diseases
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 47. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its derivative: In silico reverse screening and molecular docking for therapeutics
Introduction
Biology of EGCG and ProEGCG
Chemistry of EGCG and ProEGCG
Computational virtual screening of protein targets
Difference of EGCG and ProEGCG
Limitation of computational study
Conclusions
Other health effects of EGCG and ProEGCG
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 48. Molecular effects of green tea epigallocatechin gallate on the microRNA-143/MAPK7 and microRNA-let-7a/HMGA2 pathways
Introduction
Role of miRNAs in obesity
Green tea effects on obesity via regulation of miRNAs
EGCG-induced cell growth inhibition via the miR-143/MAPK7 or miR-let7a/HMGA2 pathways in preadipocytes
EGCG prevents MAFLD by modulation of miRNAs
MiRNA-modulated anticancer function of EGCG
Other health effects of EGCG
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 49. Pharmacology of caffeine: Implications of tea drinking
Introduction
Caffeine content in different types of tea
Pharmacokinetics of caffeine
Pharmacodynamics of caffeine
Effect of caffeine on major organ systems
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 50. Caffeine and its potential use in Parkinson's disease
Introduction
Mechanism of PD onset
Other factors associated with the onset of PD are presented here
Therapeutics for PD
Caffeine in coffee
Plausible biochemical mechanisms of action of caffeine
Final words
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 51. Catechin: Features and linking effects on caffeine and mast cells
Introduction
Morphological evidence for mast cell-stabilizing properties of catechin and caffeine
Synergistic effect of catechin and caffeine on mast cell stabilization
Mechanisms by which catechin and caffeine exert mast cell–stabilizing properties
Plasma membrane deformation and mast cell–stabilizing property
Electrophysiological evidence for mast cell–stabilizing properties
Clinical implications of mast cell–stabilizing properties of catechin and caffeine
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 52. Green tea catechins and physical activity: Exploring their role in prostate cancer studies
Introduction to green tea catechins and physical activity
Understanding catechins: Chemical composition and health benefits
The link between green tea, physical activity, and prostate cancer
Green tea and physical activity: Influencing prostate cancer risk through diverse pathways
Mechanisms of action: How catechins and exercise affect cancer cells?
How to get more catechins in your diet?
Key findings in prostate cancer studies with emphasis on lifestyle
Potential synergistic benefits and limitations
Future directions in catechin and physical activity research
Conclusion: Implications for prostate cancer prevention and lifestyle choices
Other health effects of tea or extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 53. Potential of tea-derived phytoconstituents against Candida albicans and C. glabrata infection
Introduction
Candida species: Characteristics and pathogenesis
Tea and its bioactive components
Mechanistic insights into the action of tea derived phytoconstituents against Candida species
Challenges and considerations for the clinical application of the tea derived phytoconstituents
Conclusion
Mini dictionary of terms
Chapter 54. Theaflavins in tea: Features and effects
Introduction
Features of theaflavins
Effects of TFs on health
The antimicrobial properties of TFs
Skin protective effects of TFs
Effect of TFs on urinary system
Mini-dictionary terms
Summary points
Chapter 55. Theaflavin-enriched black tea: Uses and applications
Introduction to theaflavin enriched black tea
Health benefits of theaflavin-enriched black tea
Theaflavins and cancer prevention
Theaflavin-enriched black tea in neurological health
Theaflavins in dermatology and skincare
Theaflavins in dermatology and skincare
Theaflavins in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements
Future perspectives and challenges
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Declarations
Chapter 56. Theanine (l-glutamylethylamide) in tea and its protective effects against bladder dysfunction
Introduction
Characteristics of theanine
Bladder dysfunction with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity
An animal model of urinary frequency and chronic sympathetic hyperactivity
Preventive effects of theanine on bladder dysfunction
Other health effects of theanine
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 57. Computational studies to explore tea catechins and theaflavins as drug candidates
Computer-aided drug discovery: Concepts and methods
Application of computational techniques to screen tea polyphenols
Molecular docking and screening studies
Molecular dynamics simulation studies
QSAR studies
Limitations and opportunities
Conclusion
Mini dictionary
Summary points
Chapter 58. Oolonghomobisflavans in oolong tea and lifespan effects
Introduction
Chemical composition of oolong tea
Biological functions
Antioxidant mechanisms of oolong tea polyphenol
Summary
Mini-dictionary of terms (at least five terms)
Summary points (at least five points)
Section VI. Behavior, brain, and neurological systems
Chapter 59. Tea consumption and depression
Introduction
Observational studies on effect of tea on depression
The role of tea in the pathogenesis of depression
Importance of short-chain fatty acids production in depression
Antidepressive effects of tea types
Conclusion
Other health effects of tea
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 60. Tea drinking and reduction of anxiety
Introduction
Anxiety
Etiology of anxiety
Mechanism of anxiety
Treatment for anxiety disorders
Tea
Tea as an alternative treatment for anxiety disorders
Studies on the association between tea drinking and mental/psychological disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 61. Theanine and amelioration of brain stress
Introduction
Stress-relieving effects of theanine in animal studies
Stress-relieving effects of theanine in humans
Stress-relieving effects of green tea
Summary points
Chapter 62. Theanine (L-gamma-glutamylethylamide) in green tea, and its impact on cognitive function
Introduction
Theanine content in different green tea grades
Effect of green tea on age-related cognitive decline
Amount of theanine required to improve cognitive function
Effect of Co-administration of theanine and caffeine on cognitive function
Effect of theanine on cognitive function improvement
Glutamate Toxicity—A factor associated with neuronal cell death
Potential mechanism underlying the effect of theanine on cognitive improvement
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 63. Theanine (L-gamma-glutamylethylamide) in tea: Effects on attention and underlying neurophysiology
Introduction
Attention: Types and testing
Effect of theanine and theanine-caffeine combination on attention
Mechanisms of attentoinal effects of theanine: Neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging evidence
Conclusions and future directions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 64. Green tea prevents apoptosis in stroke
Introduction
Apoptosis
Stroke
TNF-a
Green tea
TNFR1
Caspase-3
Bcl-2
Other health effects of tea extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 65. Caffeine and beneficial cognitive effects
Introduction
Evaluation of caffeine effect on cognition in clinical trials
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 66. Tea catechins and visual motion processing
Introduction
Effects of catechins on retinal degeneration
Visual motion processing for optokinetic responses
Effect of tea catechins on OKRs in mice
Possible effects of tea catechins on visual motion processing in humans
Other health effects of tea extracts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 67. Green tea and health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and dementia
Introduction
The impact of green tea on cardiovascular health and mortality
The impact of green tea on cancer
The impact of green tea on dementia
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Section VII. Adverse effects and contaminants of tea and tea-related products
Chapter 68. Toxicity of tea polyphenols
Foundational toxicology concepts
Tea polyphenol toxicity: Evidence from the literature
Hormesis: A model for tea polyphenols and their health effects
Conclusion
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 69. Arsenic and chromium in teas
Introduction
Source and forms of arsenic and chromium in the rhizosphere
Arsenic and chromium content in tea-growing soil
Impact of arsenic and chromium on the human body
The content of As and Cr in tea leaves, various types of made teas, and tea infusions
Risk appraisal corresponding to arsenic and chromium by consuming tea
Other health effects of tea
Other health effects of tea extracts
Other health effects of tea polyphenols
Other health effects of caffeine
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary
Chapter 70. Anthraquinones in tea and implications for toxicology
Introduction
Presence of anthraquinone in tea
The origin of anthraquinone in tea
Harmful effects of anthraquinone
Presence of other anthraquinones in tea
The origin of emodin and physcion in tea
Harmful effects of emodin and physcion
Health benefits of emodin and physcion
Risk/benefit balance of the presence of anthraquinones in tea
Other health effects of microbial fermented teas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 71. Clinical evidence of tea–drug interactions
Introduction
Historical overview of tea–drug interaction studies
Tea–drug interactions by the inhibition of DMEs
Tea-drug interactions by the inhibition of drug transporters
Tea–drug interactions by other or unknown mechanisms
Summary points
Chapter 72. Glyphosate in tea as a potentially toxic compound
Introduction
Properties of glyphosate
Analytical methods for determination of glyphosate residues in tea and tea Infusion
Level of glyphosate in tea and risk assessment
Conclusions
Summary points
Chapter 73. Microplastic pollution in tea: What do we know?
Introduction
Evidence of contamination of tea by microplastic
The five steps of contamination
Technological improvements for the detection of MP in tea
Health impacts of drinking tea and possible MP consumption
Suggestions in light of the current state
Concluding remarks
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary points
Section VIII. Applications of byproducts, selective methods, and resources
Chapter 74. Usage of spent tea leaves: A new narrative
Introduction
Status of spent tea leaves
Composition of spent tea leaves
Health effects of tea and its extract
Technologies for conversion of spent tea leaves
Value-added products from spent tea leaves
Conclusion and future recommendations
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 75. Utilization and profiles of spent black tea: Extraction techniques and microencapsulation
Introduction
Black tea
Nonextractable polyphenols
Polyphenols in spent black tea
Bioavailability of polyphenols in black tea
Microencapsulation
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 76. Advanced analytical techniques for bioactive compounds in tea
Introduction
Bioactive compounds in tea and overview of their analysis
Overview on analysis of tea bioactive compounds
Advanced analytical techniques
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 77. Catechins in tea and methods for their detection
Introduction
Biological action and uses of green tea
Chemical composition of green tea
Health benefits of catechins
Pharmacokinetic properties of catechins
Analytical methods for the determination of catechin
Electrochemical methods for the determination of catechin
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 78. Methods and technologies for the analysis of caffeine in tea
Introduction
Sample processing methods for extracting caffeine
Analytical methods for estimating caffeine in tea
Summary points
Chapter 79. Pesticides in teas: Methods of analysis
Introduction
Sample preparation methods
Solid-phase extraction
Solid-phase microextraction
Stir bar sorptive extraction
Matrix solid-phase dispersion
Dispersive solid-phase extraction
Magnetic solid-phase extraction
Solvent extraction
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
Microwave-assisted extraction
Accelerated solvent extraction
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
Quick easy cheap effective robust and safe
Other methods
Analytical separation and detection methods
Chromatographic methods
Gas chromatography
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
High-performance liquid chromatography
Supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Spectroscopic methods
Sensors
Immunoassay
Quantum dot-based fluorescent probes
Other methods
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Chapter 80. Carotenoids in tea
Introduction
Biosynthesis of carotenoids in tea plant
Variation in carotenoids between tea cultivars
Effects of environmental factors on accumulation of carotenoids in tea
Changes in carotenoids during tea processing
Variation in level of carotenoids between various kinds of tea
Highlight
Chapter 81. Contamination level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and tea infusion: Analytical methods and risk assessment
Introduction
Classification of PAHs and acceptable levels in food
Analytical methods for determination of PAHs in tea
Level and profile of PAHs in tea
Health risk assessment
How to reduce PAHs in tea products?
Conclusion
Summary points
Chapter 82. Recommended resources for tea in health and disease prevention
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Summary points
Index

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Vinood Patel

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health