Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

6th Edition - May 17, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Christopher J. Lyons, Scott R. Lambert
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 2 9 8 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 2 9 9 - 3

Providing foundational knowledge and expert guidance on the complete spectrum of childhood eye disorders and strabismus, Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus,… Read more

Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

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Providing foundational knowledge and expert guidance on the complete spectrum of childhood eye disorders and strabismus, Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 6th Edition, remains the #1 reference of choice for practicing and trainee pediatric ophthalmologists. Edited by global leaders in the field, Drs. Christopher J. Lyons and Scott R. Lambert, this newly revised volume offers authoritative coverage of all the pediatric ophthalmic conditions you’re likely to encounter in practice, including the latest clinical advances in etiology, diagnosis, and medical and surgical management. Comprehensive updates, as well as new chapters, images, and video clips, make this well-regarded title the most current and complete reference available in this evolving field.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
Video Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Section I: Epidemiology, growth, and development
1. Epidemiology and world-wide impact of visual impairment in children
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Specific Issues in the Epidemiological Study of Visual Impairment in Childhood
Framing the Question
Potential Sources of Information About Visual Impairment
Impact of Visual Impairment
Visual Impairment in the Broader Context of Child Health and Childhood Disability
Summary of Global Frequency and Causes of Childhood Visual Impairment
Prevention of Visual Impairment and Blindness in Childhood
The Role of Ophthalmic Professionals in Prevention of Childhood Visual Impairment
Vision 2020 and Universal Health Coverage
References
References
2. Clinical embryology and development of the eye
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Developmental Biology Concepts and Processes
Eye Embryology and Development Overview
Differentiation and Maturation of Elements
Appendix: Gene Abbreviations
References
References
3. Normal and abnormal visual development
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Retinal image quality
Visual acuity, stereoacuity, and fusion
Ocular motor development
Knock-on effects of abnormal visual development
References
References
4. Milestones and normative data
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Visual Acuity
Intercanthal distance and the eyelids
Tear Production
Cornea
Extraocular Muscles and Sclera
Angle Structures and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Intraocular Pressure
Lens
Pars Plana and Ora Serrata
Axial Length
Optic Nerve and Optical Coherence Tomography
Macula and Retina and Optical Coherence Tomography
Refraction, Corneal Curvature, and Astigmatism
Visual Field
Acknowledgments
References
Section II: Core practice
5. Examination, history, and special tests in pediatric ophthalmology
Abstract
Chapter contents
Assent and Consent
It’s all about the child
The equipment
History: include the child
A no-touch approach at first
Targeted examination
Next step: touching and other methods of annoying the child – the second part of the examination
Finally: rewarding success
A few words on virtual visits
References
6. Managing refractive errors in children
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Diagnosis of Refractive Errors in Children
Common Refractive Errors in Children
Treatment of Refractive Errors in Children
Myopia Control
References
7. Pediatric visual electrophysiology – objective measurement of visual function
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Standard tests and guidelines in visual electrophysiology
The tests – the electrophysiological toolkit
Chair time for a child
Which test to request?
When to use each test and what to look out for
The VEP and visual acuity
Prognosis
Overview
References
8. Imaging the child's eye
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Photography
Confocal microscopy
Corneal topography
Ultrasonography
Fundus autofluorescence
Angiography
Optical coherence tomography
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
References
9. Orbit and visual pathway imaging
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Pre-imaging multidisciplinary collaboration
Post-imaging multidisciplinary collaboration
References
10. Genetics and pediatric ophthalmology
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Genetic disorders
Variants and mutations
Genetic testing
Genetic counseling and ethical issues
Pre-test considerations
Presymptomatic and carrier testing
Conclusions
References
References
Section III: Infections, allergic and external eye disorders
11. Ocular manifestations of intrauterine infections
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Cytomegalovirus
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Zika
Herpes Simplex Virus
Other
References
References
12. Conjunctivitis of the newborn
Abstract
Chapter contents
Prophylaxis
Chemical Conjunctivitis
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
Other Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Herpetic Conjunctivitis
Neonatal Conjunctivitis in the Hospital
Laboratory Testing
Acknowledgment
References
13. Preseptal and orbital cellulitis
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Anatomy and Terminology
Classification
Preseptal Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
Microbiology of Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis
Subperiosteal and Orbital Abscess
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
References
14. Endophthalmitis
Abstract
Chapter contents
Clinical Presentation
Exogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis
Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis
Exogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
References
15. External eye disease and the oculocutaneous disorders
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
References
Section IV: Systematic pediatric ophthalmology
Part One: Disorders of the eye as a whole
16. Disorders of the eye as a whole
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Development of the Eye
Microphthalmia–Anophthalmia–Coloboma (MAC)
Other Disorders of the Eye as a Whole
Clinical Evaluation and Management of Patients with MAC Spectrum of Malformations
Genetic Testing
References
References
Part Two: Lids, brows, and oculoplastics
17. Lids: Congenital and acquired abnormalities − practical management
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Management of Congenital Lid Conditions
Congenital and Acquired Ptosis
Lid Retraction in Infancy
Seventh Nerve Palsy
Lid Tumors
Meibomian Gland Diseases
Anophthalmic Socket Management
Lid and Adnexal Trauma (see Chapter 70)
Acknowledgments
References
18. The lacrimal system
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
The Lacrimal Gland and Disorders
The Lacrimal Drainage System
References
Part Three: Orbit
19. The management of orbital disease in children
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Orbital Disease and Age
Clinical Assessment
Investigations
Surgery
References
20. Vascular diseases of the orbit
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Vascular Malformations
Tumors
References
21. Neurogenic tumors of the orbit
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Fundamental Science
Optic Pathway Gliomas
Primary Optic Nerve Meningiomas
Orbital Neurofibromas
Orbital Schwannomas (Neurilemmomas)
Perineurioma
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Malignancies (PNSM)
Epidemiology
Paragangliomas
references
22. Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
Abstract
Chapter Contents
General Points
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Approaches
Pathology
Genetics
Classification
Management
Prognosis
Summary
References
23. Other mesenchymal abnormalities
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Dysplasias
Other Craniofacial–Orbital Dysplasias
Giant Cell and Tumor-Like Lesions
Neoplasias
Other Bone Disorders
References
References
24. Metastatic, secondary, and lacrimal gland tumors
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Metastatic Disease
Secondary Disease
Other Secondary Orbital Tumors
Acknowledgment
References
25. Histiocytic, hematopoietic, and lymphoproliferative disorders
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG)
Rosai–Dorfman Disease (RDD)
Leukemia
Lymphoma
References
26. Craniofacial abnormalities
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Craniofacial Clefts
Craniosynostosis
Acknowledgment
References
27. Cystic lesions and ectopias
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Cystic Lesions
Ectopias
References
References
28. Inflammatory disorders
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy
Specific Causes of Orbital Inflammation
Idiopathic (Non-Specific) Orbital Inflammation (IOI)
References
Part Four: External disease and anterior segment
29. Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Anatomy
The Conjunctiva in Systemic Disease
Miscellaneous Disorders of Conjunctiva
References
30. Conjunctival tumors
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Anatomy
Examination
Classification
Specific Tumors
References
31. Anterior segment developmental anomalies
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Gene Mutations Causing Anterior Segment Developmental Anomalies
Gene Expression in the Developing Anterior Segment: Sites of Gene Action
Clinical Conditions Due to Anterior Segment Developmental Anomalies
Management Options for Anterior Segment Developmental Anomalies
References
32. Corneal abnormalities in childhood
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Abnormal Corneal Shape
Abnormal Corneal Diameter
Corneal Opacity
Corneal Vascularization
Prominent Corneal Nerves
Neurotrophic Keratitis
Corneal Degeneration
Corneal Dystrophies
Patient Management
Genetic Confirmation, Family Management, and Counseling
References
33. Corneal surgery
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
General Considerations and Preoperative Assessment
Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP)
Endothelial Keratoplasty
Keratoprosthesis
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Optical Iridectomy
Limbal Dermoid Excision
Corneal Neurotization
Corneal Crosslinking
Surgical Management of Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
References
34. The lens
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Anatomy
Embryology
Developmental Abnormalities of the Lens
Ectopia Lentis
Management of Ectopia Lentis
References
35. Childhood cataracts
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Detection
Morphology
Persistent Fetal Vasculature
Etiology
History
Ocular Examination
Laboratory Work-Up
Management
Postoperative Complications
Visual Outcomes
References
36. Childhood glaucoma
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Clinical presentation
Differential diagnosis
Classification
Assessment
Treatment
Acknowledgments
References
References
Part Five: The uvea
37. Pediatric iris disorders
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Anatomy, including variation in normal anatomy
Physiology including innervation: role of iris sphincter
Embryology and genetics: role of genes in iris development
Examination of the iris
Investigations
Developmental disorders
The iris in systemic disease/genetic disorders
Acquired disorders of the iris
References
38. Aniridia syndrome
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Clinical presentation
Genetics
Differential diagnosis
Management and treatment
New therapies under investigation
References
39. Uveitis
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Cause of uveitis
General considerations for management
Epidemiology of pediatric uveitis and vasculitis
Clinical types of uveitis (See Table 39.5)
Localized autoinflammatory diseases and uveitis
Lymphoproliferative and immunodeficiency disorders
Vasculitides
Treatment of uveitis
Treatment of vasculitis
Treatment of glaucoma
Surgical treatment
References
References
40. Albinism
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Classification of albinism by genes affected
Clinical phenotype
Differential diagnoses
Management
References
References
Part Six: Retinal and vitreous disorders
41. Vitreous
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Developmental anomalies of the vitreous
Vitreoretinal dysplasia
Inherited vitreoretinal disorders (See Also Chapter 51)
Acquired disorders of the vitreous
References
References
42. Retinoblastoma
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Epidemiology
Genetics
Pathology
Diagnosis
Associated diseases
Differential diagnosis
Other forms of retinoblastoma
Treatment
Life-long follow-up and prognosis
Perspective
References
43. Retinopathy of prematurity: pathophysiology and screening
NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Retinal vascular development
Pathogenesis
Risk or associated factors
Classification
Prethreshold and threshold ROP
Incidence and prevalence
Natural history
Retinopathy of prematurity screening
Automated diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity
Involving parents
Outcomes
References
References
44. Current treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
When to treat ROP
Management of non-“treatment-requiring” ROP
Treatment for type 1 ROP
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
References
45. Inherited retinal disorders
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Stationary retinal dysfunction syndromes
Progressive retinal dystrophies
Management of inherited retinal disorders
Conclusions
References
References
46. Retinal dystrophies with systemic associations and the retinal ciliopathies
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Usher syndrome: a deaf child who loses vision
The ciliopathies: a growing systemic retinal dystrophies group
Further rare syndromes with childhood retinal dystrophy
Conclusion
References
References
47. Inherited macular dystrophies
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Autosomal recessive inheritance
X-linked recessive inheritance
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Other developmental macular phenotypes
Conclusions
References
48. Congenital pigmentary and vascular abnormalities of the retina
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)
CHRPE associated with adenomatous polyposis of the colon (APC)
Congenital grouped pigmentation of the RPE
Congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium (CSHRPE)
Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (CHRRPE)
Torpedo maculopathy
Choroidal nevus
Retinal astrocytic hamartoma (RAH)
Retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH)
Retinal cavernous hemangioma
Coats disease
Familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity (FRAT)
Inherited retinal venous beading
Congenital retinal macrovessel
Racemose retinal hemangioma
Familial retinal arterial macroaneurysms (FRAM)
References
References
49. Retinal flecks, dots, and crystals
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Clinical evaluation
Yellow-white retinal lesions in primary ophthalmic disease
Yellow-white retinal lesions in acquired disease
Yellow-white retinal lesions in systemic disease,
References
References
50. Acquired and other retinal disorders (including juvenile X-linked retinoschisis)
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Diabetic retinopathy
Sickle cell retinopathy
Radiation retinopathy
Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation retinopathy
Retinal vasculitis
Frosted branch angiitis
Angioid streaks
Idiopathic epiretinal membrane
Lipemia retinalis
Cystoid macular edema
Choroidal neovascularization
Chronic granulomatous disease
Juvenile X-linked retinoschisis
Pediatric self-inflicted laser pointer maculopathy
References
References
51. Retinal detachment in childhood
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with trauma
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with developmental abnormality
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with inherited vitreoretinopathies
Surgical considerations in pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
References
Part Seven: Neural visual systems
52. The pupil
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Development (see Chapter 2)
The near synkinesis
Congenital and structural abnormalities
Afferent and efferent abnormalities of pupil reactivity
Horner syndrome
Pupil changes from high sympathetic “TONE”
Pupil changes from damage to the parasympathetic system (see Chapter 85)
Pharmacological agents
Abnormalities of the near reflex
Acknowledgment
References
53. Congenital anomalies of the optic discs
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Failure of retinal ganglion cell development or survival
Excavated optic nerve anomalies
Other congenital optic disc anomalies
Conclusions
References
References
54. Hereditary optic neuropathies
Abstract
Chapter contents
Monosymptomatic hereditary optic neuropathies
Hereditary optic atrophy with other neurologic or systemic signs
Optic neuropathy as a manifestation of hereditary degenerative or developmental diseases
References
55. Other acquired optic disc abnormalities in children
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Pseudopapilledema and optic disc drusen
Tumors
Acquired optic atrophy in childhood
References
56. Demyelinating, inflammatory, and infectious optic neuropathies
Abstract
Chapter contents
Pediatric optic neuritis
Infectious optic neuropathy
Infiltrative optic neuropathy
References
57. The optic chiasm
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Evolutionary Considerations
Anatomy
Embryology
Signs and Symptoms
Further Investigations
Developmental Defects
Trauma
Tumors
Granulomas and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders
Sphenoid Sinus Disease
Chiasmal Neuritis
Optochiasmatic Arachnoiditis
Third Ventricle Distension
Vascular Malformations
Radionecrosis
Empty Sella Syndrome
References
References
58. Headache in children
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Classification and Etiology
Migraine
Other Headache Disorders
Secondary Headaches
Summary
References
59. Raised intracranial pressure
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms of Raised Intracranial Pressure
Ophthalmologic Monitoring
Evaluation of Raised Intracranial Pressure
Causes of Raised Intracranial Pressure
References
60. The brain and cerebral visual impairment
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Developmental Defects
Perinatal Insults
Investigating the Neurophysiological Basis of CVI
Visual Recovery and (RE)Habilitation
References
Section V: Selected topics in pediatric ophthalmology
61. Delivering bad news
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Importance of knowing how to deliver bad news
How to deliver bad news
Training in the delivery of bad news
Conclusion
References
References
62. Common issues arising in children with visual impairment
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Promotion of vision development
Early interventions
Development in the child with visual impairment
Education
Orientation and mobility
Assistive technology
Neurodevelopmental issues and the child with visual impairment
Sleep
References
63. Visual conversion disorders and fabricated or exaggerated symptoms in children
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Features and definitions of visual conversion disorder (unconscious disorders)
Conversion disorder
Clinical presentation and symptoms
Depression
Child abuse
Association with organic disease
Psychological background
Detection of functional ocular disorders in children
Clinical examination in visual conversion disorders
Confirmatory studies
Management
Prognosis
References
64. Dyslexia
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Reading
Visual functions necessary to read
Dyslexia – reading disability
Diagnosis of dyslexia
Treatment of dyslexia
Controversial treatments
The role of the pediatric ophthalmologist
Recommendations
References
References
65. Neurometabolic disease and the eye
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Lysosomal storage disorders
Mitochondrial disorders
Peroxisomal disorders
Congenital defects of glycosylation
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism
Disorders of fatty acid and fatty alcohol metabolism
Disorders of sterol metabolism
Lipoprotein disorders
Copper transport disorders
References
66. Leukemia
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Lids
Conjunctiva
Cornea and sclera
Lens
Anterior chamber, iris, and intraocular pressure
Choroid
Retina and vitreous
Optic nerve
Other neuro-ophthalmic involvement
Complications of treatment
Cases
References
67. Mitochondrial disorders
Abstract
Chapter contents
Genetics
Diagnosis and investigation
Selected syndromes
Management
Future therapies
References
68. Phakomatoses
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Definition
Sturge–Weber syndrome (See Also Chapter 20)
Tuberous sclerosis
Von Hippel–Lindau disease
Other conditions sometimes grouped with phakomatoses
References
69. Neurofibromatosis type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 2
Abstract
Chapter contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)
References
70. Accidental trauma in children
Abstract
Chapter contents
Eye trauma classification
Eyelid and lacrimal trauma
Orbital trauma
Closed-globe injury
Open-globe injury
Associational trauma
References
71. Child maltreatment, abusive head trauma and the eye
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk and protective factors
Clinical presentation
Ophthalmic features of physical abuse
Non-ocular features of physical abuse
Differential diagnosis of retinal hemorrhages
Management
Investigations
Ophthalmology outcome on follow-up of abusive head injury
Natural history of retinal hemorrhages
Fabricated inflicted injury (Munchausen syndrome by proxy) and corporal punishment
The ophthalmologist and legal proceedings
Prevention
Summary
References
72. Refractive surgery in children
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Types of refractive surgery used in children
Safety of ASA versus LASIK
Phakic intraocular lenses
Refractive lens exchange and clear lens extraction
Strategy for pediatric refractive surgery
Improvements in visual acuity and visual function
Controversies in pediatric refractive surgery
Summary
References
Section VI: Amblyopia, strabismus, and eye movements
Part One: The fundamentals of strabismus and amblyopia
73. Binocular vision
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Normal development of binocular vision
Testing binocular vision in infants and children
Stereopsis and esotropia
Binocular vision and amblyopia
Why do we care about binocular vision?
Conclusion
References
References
74. Amblyopia: the basics, the questions, and the practical management
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Methods of detection
Methods of treatment
Refractive correction
Occlusion therapy
“Penalization” therapy
Occlusion compared to penalization
Fogging
Active therapy
Systemic therapy
Combined therapies
Discontinuation of treatment/maintenance therapy
Compliance
Reverse amblyopia
Treatment of older children and adults
References
References
75. Anatomy of strabismus
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Overview of the extraocular muscles
Details of the extraocular muscles
Orbital and global layer compartmentalization of extraocular muscles
Structure of pulleys
Functional anatomy of pulleys
Kinematics of pulleys
Transverse compartmentalization of extraocular muscles
Anatomy of compartmentalization
Compartmental biomechanics
Functional anatomy of compartmentalization
Vertical fusional vergence
Compartmental brainstem control
Compartmental extraocular muscle pathology
Pathologic anatomy of pulleys
References
76. The orthoptic assessment
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Setting the Stage
Beginning the assessment
An Approach to the ASSESSMENT
Non-Surgical Strabismus Management
Amblyopia Management
Summary
References
Part Two: Esotropias
77. Infantile esotropias
Abstract
Epidemiology
Assessment and Differential Diagnosis
Dissociated Vertical Deviation (DVD) and Inferior Oblique Overaction (IOOA)
Dissociated horizontal deviation
Fusion Maldevelopment Nystagmus Syndrome (Latent Nystagmus),
Optokinetic Asymmetry
Treatment and Outcomes
Controversies
Sensory Outcomes
Psychological Aspects
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
78. Accommodative esotropias
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Characteristics
Classification
The Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio (AC/A)
Risk Factors for Accommodative Esotropia
Clinical Evaluation
Nonsurgical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Long-Term Prognosis
References
79. Special esotropias (acute comitant, myopia-associated, and microtropia)
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia (Aace)
Myopic Esotropia
Microtropia
References
Part Three: Exotropias
80. Intermittent exotropia
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Definition
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Psychosocial Effect
Clinical Evaluation
Differential Diagnosis
Non-Surgical Management
Surgical Management
Complications
References
81. Special forms of comitant exotropia
Abstract
Chapter contents
Introduction
Infantile Exotropia
Cyclic Exotropia
Micro-Exotropia
Sensory Exotropia
Consecutive Exotropia
References
References
Part Four: Vertical, “pattern” strabismus, and abnormal head posture
82. Vertical strabismus
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Overview and Definitions
Physiology
Patient Evaluation
General Treatment Principles
Specific Clinical Entities
Special Forms Of Vertical Strabismus
References
83. “A,” “V,” and other pattern strabismus
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Overview and Definitions
History
Occurrence
Etiology
Presentation
Examination
Sensory findings
Surgical Treatment of A And V Patterns
Optical Management
References
Part Five: “Neurological” strabismus
84. Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Congenital Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles
Duane Retraction Syndrome
Human Homeobox A1 Spectrum (Mim #601536)
Horizontal Gaze Palsy and Progressive Scoliosis (Mim #607313)
Möbius Syndrome (Mim #157900)and its Variants
Summary
References
85. Ocular motor nerve palsies
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Examination Techniques
Epidemiology
Congenital Third Nerve Palsy
Acquired Third Nerve Palsy
Congenital Fourth Nerve Palsy
Acquired Fourth Nerve Palsy
Congenital Sixth Nerve Palsy
Acquired Sixth Nerve Palsy
Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies
Role of Botulinum Toxin
Mimickers of Paralytic Strabismus
Acknowledgments
References
86. Myasthenia gravis in children
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Part Six: Strabismus treatment
87. Strabismus: non-surgical treatment
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Optical Correction
Occlusion Therapy
Prisms
Orthoptic Exercises/Vision Therapy
Drugs
References
88. Strabismus surgery
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Surgically Important Anatomy
Gross Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
General Surgical Considerations
Recession of the Rectus Muscles
Resection
Surgery On The Inferior Oblique Muscle
Transposition Procedures
Adjustable Suture Techniques
Special Procedures
References
89. Complications in strabismus surgery
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Definitions
Classification and Grading of Complications
Incidence
Severe Complications
Minor Complications
Wrong-Muscle/Wrong-Direction Surgery
Consent In Strabismus Surgery
References
Part Seven: Nystagmus and eye movements
90. Nystagmus in childhood
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Causes of Infantile Nystagmus
Quality of Life and Infantile Nystagmus
Classification of Infantile Nystagmus
Terminology Used in Nystagmus
Clinical Assessment
Clinical Characteristics of Infantile Nystagmus Types
Treatment
References
91. Supranuclear eye movement disorders, acquired and neurologic nystagmus
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology (Table 91.1)
Clinical Assessment
Disorders of Supranuclear Eye Movements
Acquired and Neurologic Nystagmus
References
Section VII: Common practical problems in a pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus practice
92. “I think my baby can't see!”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
History
Examination
References
93. “My baby's got a red eye, Doctor!”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Is conjunctival congestionsuperficial or deep?
Superficial conjunctivalcongestion with discharge?
Itchy red eye?
Painful conjunctival congestion?
Deep congestion with photophobia and tearing?
Painless conjunctival congestion?
Painless red eye with no conjunctival congestion?
COVID-19?
Uveitis in infants?
Does a normal red eye exist in infancy?
References
94. “My child keeps blinking and closing his eye”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
What is the role of the ophthalmologist?
Do these children need further investigation for seriousneurological disease?
If this is a tic – what do we do?
References
References
95. “My child seems to hate the bright light”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Differential Diagnosis
History
Examination
Ancillary Testing
Causes of Photophobia
Management
References
96. “My child’s eyes keep watering”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Signs and symptoms
Examination
Causes and treatment
References
97. Proptosis at different ages
Abstract
98. “My child's teacher says she can't see properly”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Mode of presentation
Diagnosis
Causes and treatment
99. The child with a dual sensory loss (deafblind)
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Etiology
Concomitant disorders
Ophthalmological sequelae
Ophthalmological assessment
Cochlear implantation
Approach to the deafblind child
References
100. “My little girl tells me she sees strange things”
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Entoptic phenomena
Benign blurred (“fuzzy”) vision
Transient loss of vision
Movement illusions (oscillopsia and Pulfrich phenomenon)
Color (dyschromatopsia)
Seeing multiples (monocular diplopia, triplopia, and polyopia)
Size (micropsia, macropsia, teleopsia, lilliputianism)
Distortion (dysmetropsia, metamorphopsia, and “Alice in Wonderland” syndrome)
Bradyopsia
Visual perseveration and other rare cerebral visual disturbances
Visual disturbances associated with migraine
Hallucinations
Psychogenic (“functional”) visual loss
Medical conditions
Psychiatric disease
References
101. Wobbly eyes in infancy
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Classification
History
Ophthalmological examination
Common types of nystagmus in infancy
Summary
References
102. Abnormal head postures in children
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Non-ocular causes of head postures (see Fig. 102.1; Box 102.1)
Ocular causes of head postures
References
103. Hand defects and the eye
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Embryology
Etiology
References
104. Optimizing compliance in patching therapy
Abstract
Chapter Contents
Introduction
Barriers related to the patient and family understanding of amblyopia and its therapy
Barriers associated with inconsistent instructions and follow-up
Barriers associated with patient and family motivation
Barriers associated with reduced level of vision while patching
Barriers associated with financial, health, and psychosocial considerations
Alternatives to conventional occlusion
What if it is not amblyopia?
References
105. Vision screening
Abstract
Chapter Contents
What is screening?
When is ophthalmic screening appropriate in the pediatric population?
Instrument-based vision screening (IVS)
Traditional acuity screening
Support for vision screening
References
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey

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