Switchgear Design, Operation, and Maintenance Using Industry Standards
Protective Mechanisms, Sensing Technology, and Communication Standards
- 1st Edition - April 18, 2025
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Editors: Gyan Ranjan Biswal, Bhaveshkumar R. Bhalja
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 7 1 8 - 7
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 7 1 9 - 4
‘Switchgear Design, Operation, and Maintenance using Industry Standards: Protective Mechanisms, Sensing Technology, and Communication Standards’ is a practical handbook from both… Read more
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Request a sales quote‘Switchgear Design, Operation, and Maintenance using Industry Standards: Protective Mechanisms, Sensing Technology, and Communication Standards’ is a practical handbook from both industry experts and academics covering the latest developments in switchgear.
This book breaks down cutting-edge practical techniques according to the hierarchy of switchgear operations, with an emphasis on critical technologies for automation in the energy transition. Following a helpful refresher on switchgear fundamentals, Part I examines essential safety considerations from fault identification and resolution to DC-type circuit breakers and other protective mechanisms. Part II sets out operating principles and testing procedures for reliable smart substations, including communication protocols, validation, and cyber-security. Finally, Part III considers essential operational maintenance such as circuit-breaker maintenance, and the critical function of high-voltage DC switchgear for the energy transition.
An up-to-date helping hand for the transfer from university programs to industry, ‘Switchgear Design, Operation, and Maintenance using Industry Standards’ will allow professionals to design, operate, and maintain the smart, automated substations the energy transition needs.
This book breaks down cutting-edge practical techniques according to the hierarchy of switchgear operations, with an emphasis on critical technologies for automation in the energy transition. Following a helpful refresher on switchgear fundamentals, Part I examines essential safety considerations from fault identification and resolution to DC-type circuit breakers and other protective mechanisms. Part II sets out operating principles and testing procedures for reliable smart substations, including communication protocols, validation, and cyber-security. Finally, Part III considers essential operational maintenance such as circuit-breaker maintenance, and the critical function of high-voltage DC switchgear for the energy transition.
An up-to-date helping hand for the transfer from university programs to industry, ‘Switchgear Design, Operation, and Maintenance using Industry Standards’ will allow professionals to design, operate, and maintain the smart, automated substations the energy transition needs.
- Tailors itself to industry standards and the practical hierarchy of switchgear operations for maximum application
- Includes clear chapter objectives and case studies to support learning
- Covers the latest switchgear developments for automated substations to support the energy transition
Late-stage undergraduate and graduate students, and early-career-stage engineers and industry professionals in power engineering and power plants
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Chapter 1. Introduction to switchgear: Types and insulation mediums
- 1 State of the art
- 2 Types of switchgear and its insulation medium
- 3 Role of smart sensors to make GIS smarter
- 3.1 Smart sensors
- 3.2 Sensing technology in gas-insulated switchgear
- 4 Operation and maintenance of the GIS: Automation for real-time operation, preventive maintenance and fault diagnosis of GIS
- 5 Organization of the book
- Part I. Protection and safety
- Chapter 2. Protective mechanisms
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Power system protection in practice
- 2.1 Generating units
- 2.2 Generator protection philology
- 2.3 Substation protection review
- 2.4 Transmission lines
- 3 Relay setting scheme and protection setting for a generating plant: Case study
- 4 Future of protection
- 5 Conclusion
- Chapter 3. DC type circuit breakers
- 1 What is a DC circuit breaker?
- 2 DC fault current interruption
- 3 Requirements of DC circuit breakers
- 4 Classification of DC circuit breakers
- 4.1 Mechanical circuit breakers
- 4.2 Solid-state circuit breakers
- 4.3 Hybrid circuit breakers
- 4.4 Inherent current limiters
- 5 Semiconductor characteristics
- 6 Fault detection
- Chapter 4. Switchgear faults and remedies
- 1 Introduction to switchgear and its faults
- 2 Types of switchgear faults
- 2.1 Mechanical faults
- 2.2 Electrical faults
- 2.2.1 Insulation failures
- 2.2.2 Arc faults
- 2.3 Environmental faults
- 2.3.1 Corrosion and degradation
- 2.3.2 Effects of temperature
- 3 Remedial actions for various types of faults
- 3.1 Remedial actions for mechanical faults
- 3.1.1 Misalignment remediation
- 3.1.2 Mechanical wear remediation
- 3.2 Remedial actions for electrical faults
- 3.2.1 Insulation failure remediation
- 3.2.2 Arc faults remediation
- 3.3 Environmental faults remediation
- 4 Conclusion
- Chapter 5. Design considerations for relay and circuit breaker
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Circuit breaker fundamentals
- 2.1 Design considerations for circuit breakers
- 3 Relay fundamentals
- 3.1 Design considerations for relays
- 4 Conclusion
- Part II. Control and instrumentation and self-sustaining ecosystems
- Chapter 6. Control and instrumentation aspects of switchgear operation
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Control in switchgear
- 1.2 Instrumentation in switchgear
- 2 Need for control and instrumentation in the industry environment
- 3 Speciality of automation in sub-station environment
- 3.1 IEC 61850/61851
- 3.2 IEEE C37.1
- 3.3 Applications of the standards
- 4 Data exchange between field smart devices and control centre
- 5 Future aspects of substation automation
- 6 Some brief industrial case studies on control and instrumentation aspects
- 6.1 Case 1: Efficient monitoring and control of switchgear using advanced instrumentation
- 6.2 Case 2: Automation and remote monitoring in switchgear control
- 6.3 Case 3: Integration of smart sensors for predictive maintenance
- 7 Let us address these real-life issues arising on C&I aspects of switchgear
- Chapter 7. Testing and validation of smart and intelligent sensors
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Sensors used in monitoring the physical parameters in switchgear
- 2.1 Temperature sensors based on fibre optic
- 2.2 Moisture measurement in SF6-GIS using capacitive humidity sensor
- 2.3 Ultrasonic sensor for density monitoring of SF6 gas
- 3 Sensors used to monitor the electrical parameters in switchgear of electrical power systems
- 3.1 Current sensor
- 3.1.1 Current transformers
- 3.1.2 Hall effect sensors
- 3.2 Voltage sensors
- 3.2.1 How does a voltage sensor work?
- 3.2.2 Different types of voltage sensors
- 4 Desiccant breather for transformer applications
- 4.1 How desiccant breathers work
- 4.2 Saturation period of desiccant breather
- 4.3 Possible ways to improve the life span of transformer desiccant breather
- 4.4 Size selection of desiccant breather for transformer
- 4.5 Setting of desiccant breather to work for transformer application
- 4.6 Maintenance of desiccant breather for transformer application
- 4.7 Benefits of desiccant breather for transformer application
- 5 The saturation level of silica-gel breather for transformer application
- 5.1 Mathematical formulation of moisture dynamics inside the breather
- 5.2 Modelling of moisture transfer from air to silica-gel inside the breather
- 5.3 Modelling of moisture transfer in the entire volume of silica-gel inside the breather
- 6 Response of the RH sensor
- 7 Computational validation of the model
- 7.1 Development of transfer function of the moisture model inside the breather
- 7.2 Simulation response of model
- 8 Conclusions
- Chapter 8. Incorporating communication protocols for substation automation
- 1 Introduction of substation
- 2 Overview of substation automation
- 3 Smart substation enabled with automation
- 4 Automation technology
- 5 Intelligent equipment for substation automation
- 6 Smart substation with automation – Driving factors
- 7 Smart is not a new concept
- 8 Standards are the key
- 9 The digital divide
- 10 Digital measurements
- 11 Global communication standard for substation automation (IEC 61850)
- 12 Logical nodes
- 13 Overview of the IEC 61850-based communication
- 14 Station bus communication for switchgear operation and control
- 15 Switchgear control using IEC 61850
- 16 Process bus communication from switchgear to IED
- 17 Switchgear maintenance using IEC 61850
- 18 Future developments and roadmap of IEC 61850
- 19 Other communication protocols
- 20 Modbus communication protocol
- 20.1 Modbus message frame
- 21 DNP communication protocol
- 21.1 DNP 3 structure of message frame
- 22 Inter control centre protocol
- 23 Case study on implementation of typical automation scheme
- 23.1 Devices used for implementation
- 23.2 Network model design
- 24 Automation scheme design
- 25 Implementation details of SA
- 26 Conclusion
- Chapter 9. Cybersecurity: Protection from cyber threats
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Evolution of communication technology in power system
- 1.2 Cyber-physical systems
- 1.2.1 Architecture of a cyber-physical system
- 1.2.2 Communication infrastructure of power grid
- 1.3 Need for cybersecurity in power systems
- 1.3.1 Classification of cyber attacks
- 1.3.2 Recent occurrences of cyber attacks in CPS
- 1.3.3 Implications of cyber attacks on the power system
- 2 Cyber attacks in power system
- 2.1 Availability-based attack
- 2.2 Integrity-based attack
- 2.3 Confidentiality-based attacks
- 3 Cybersecurity measures
- 3.1 Conventional methods
- 3.2 Machine learning and deep learning-based methods
- 4 Case study of DOS-impacted synchrophasor data and its countermeasures
- 5 Summary
- Part III. Operation and maintenance
- Chapter 10. Standard operation and maintenance of circuit breakers
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Historical evolution
- 1.2 Circuit breaker phenomenon
- 1.2.1 Short-circuit breaking current of circuit breaker
- 1.2.2 Rated short-circuit making capacity
- 1.2.3 Duty cycle of circuit breaker or rated operating sequence
- 1.2.4 Rated short time current
- 1.2.5 Rated voltage of circuit breaker
- 1.3 Condition monitoring of circuit breaker
- 1.4 Monitoring parameters
- 1.4.1 Coil current
- 1.4.2 Travel curve
- 1.4.3 Dynamic resistance measurement
- 1.4.4 Energy
- 1.4.5 Vibration
- 1.4.6 Environmental requirements
- 1.4.7 Insulating/quenching medium
- 1.4.8 Operation and timing
- 1.4.9 Auxiliary voltage
- 1.4.10 Charging motor of the operating mechanism
- 1.4.11 Main current and electrical wear
- 1.5 CB failure rate
- Chapter 11. High-Voltage DC applications for switchgear
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Overview of high-voltage DC technology
- 1.2 Growing importance of HVDC in modern power systems
- 1.3 Need for specialized switchgear in HVDC application
- 2 Fundamentals of high-voltage DC
- 2.1 Basic principles of HVDC transmission
- 2.1.1 Comparison with high-voltage AC systems
- 2.1.2 Unique challenges and considerations in HVDC applications
- 2.2 Components of HVDC switchgear
- 2.2.1 Converter station
- 2.2.2 Insulation systems
- 2.2.3 Control and protection system
- 3 Switchgear in HVDC applications
- 3.1 Traditional AC circuit breakers vs. HVDC circuit breakers
- 3.2 HVDC circuit breaker topologies
- 3.2.1 Electromechanical HVDC breaker
- 3.2.2 Solid-state HVDC breakers
- 3.2.3 Hybrid HVDC circuit breakers
- 3.3 Other switching devices
- 3.3.1 Disconnectors
- 3.3.2 Surge arrester
- 3.3.3 Earthing switch
- 4 Design and performance considerations
- 4.1 Insulation coordination
- 4.2 Thermal considerations
- 4.2.1 Heat dissipation in HVDC switchgear
- 4.2.2 Cooling systems for efficient operation
- 5 Reliability and maintenance
- 5.1 Importance of reliability in HVDC systems
- 5.2 Strategies for minimizing downtime
- 6 Case studies (notable HVDC projects and their switchgear solutions)
- 6.1 800kV HVDC substation knee type disconnector design by GE in India
- 6.2 ABB's hybrid HVDC circuit breaker
- 6.3 Siemens's HVDC solutions: Pugalur–Thrissur transmission link
- 7 Future trends and innovations
- 7.1 Emerging technologies in HVDC switchgear
- 7.1.1 Digital substations
- 7.1.2 Gas-insulated switchgear
- 7.1.3 Hybrid switchgear
- 7.2 Integration of digital solutions for monitoring and control
- 7.3 Environmental considerations and sustainability in HVDC systems
- 8 Challenges and solutions
- 8.1 Addressing technical challenges
- 8.1.1 Overcoming voltage limitations
- 8.1.2 Enhancing reliability and efficiency
- 8.2 Regulatory and standardisation issues
- 8.2.1 Safety standards
- 8.2.2 Interoperability requirements
- 8.2.3 Grid code compliance
- 8.2.4 Environmental regulations
- 9 Conclusion
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: April 18, 2025
- Imprint: Elsevier
- No. of pages: 276
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780443247187
- eBook ISBN: 9780443247194
GB
Gyan Ranjan Biswal
Gyan Ranjan Biswal is currently an Associate Professor and the Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at VSS University of Technology, India. He specialises in Power System Instrumentation, Substation and Industrial Automation, IoT-enabled Smart Sensors, and Hydrogen Fuel Cells, as well as the design and development of cooling systems for large-scale electrical generators. He has been in academia for more than 16 years. He has published more than 70 papers in journals and conferences at international and national levels, and also holds three patents.
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor and Head, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, VSS University of Technology, IndiaBB
Bhaveshkumar R. Bhalja
Bhaveshkumar R. Bhalja is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India. He has over 20 years of teaching experience and has published more than 150 papers in peer reviewed, national/international journals. He received the Fulbright Nehru Academic and Professional Excellence Fellowships. He has also written two books and two book chapters. He is involved in many research and development projects, working with DST, CSIR, CPRI and National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited, New Delhi. His research interests include Digital Protection & Automation and Condition Monitoring.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India